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EspañolCITY RIGHTS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES
'City rights' are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. A liegelord, usually a count, duke or similar member of high nobility, granted a settlement he owned certain town privileges that settlements without city rights did not have.
In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, a settlement is, often proudly, called a city when it was granted city rights at one time of its history. As the current number of inhabitants has no relevance on this, there are very small cities. The smallest one is Staverden in the Netherlands, with 40 inhabitants. In Belgium, Durbuy is the smallest city, whilst the smallest in Luxembourg is Vianden.
To stimulate the establishment of cities, landlords started to grant privileges to settlements around the year A.D. 1000. The total package of these privileges are the ''city rights''. City rights turned settlements into interesting locations for merchants. This resulted in economic growth of the cities. The liegelord took profit from this economic growth by means of taxes. City rights were also often granted in exchange for additional support to the city's liege. This support often consisted of additional taxes, sorely needed for the costly medieval wars. Originally, the liegelord remained in charge of the composition of local government. However, as cities accumulated privileges, and the power of cities grew, several cities managed to acquire a reasonable amount of autonomy over the years (especially after the privilege to construct and defend city walls was granted). Some cities even managed to develop into city-states. The growing economical and military power concentrating in the cities lead to a very powerful class of well-to-do merchants and traders.
'Privileges'
★ City walls (the right to erect a defence wall around an inhabited area)
★ Market right (the right to hold a market and receive income from the markets)
★ Storage right (the right to store and exclusively trade particular goods, often only granted to a few cities)
★ Toll right (the right to charge toll)
★ Mint right (the right to mint city coinage)
'Freedoms'
★ Personal freedom (citizens had a relative degree of personal freedom in comparison to citizens of rural areas: they were not subject to the liegelord and had freedom of mobility) — Hence the old saying ''Stadslucht maakt vrij'' ('City air makes free').
'Governance'
★ City governance (Well-to-do citizens could sometimes elect local government officials)
★ Judiciary and law making (Within its boundaries the city could have a large degree of autonomy)
★ Taxation (the right to levy taxes)
One of the last towns that became a city in Belgium, was Genk.
Main articles: List of cities in Luxembourg
''Note several of the following were first granted city rights during the medieval period.''
The first community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Deventer in 956. It can be argued that some cities have older rights such as Nijmegen that may already have received city rights during the Roman Empire. Another case is Voorburg, which is built on the site of the Roman settlement Forum Hadriani and was granted city rights in about 151. Forum Hadriani was abandoned however in the late third century, thus the current settlement is not considered an uninterrupted continuation of the Roman city. With the end of the Middle Ages, the number of city rights granted dropped dramatically. The strong role of merchants and traders allowed the Netherlands to become the first modern republic in the 16th century. When several important settlements (predominantly the Hague) wanted the right to call themselves cities, rather than towns, the old custom knew a short-lived Romantic revival in the early 19th century. The last community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Delfshaven in 1825.
The institution of city rights came gradually to its end with the development and centralization of a national government. In the Netherlands the last city to receive real city rights (as defined above) was Willemstad in 1586. During the Dutch Republic period, only Blokzijl gained city rights (in 1672). After the Batavian revolution in 1795, municipalities were styled after the French model and city rights were abolished by law. Although partially restored after 1813, cities would not fully regain the authorities they previously had: law making and judiciary had become part of the state. After the Constitution of 1848 and the Municipal Law of 1851, the difference between cities, towns, and villages was permanently erased.
The city rights which were granted at the beginning of the 19th century (the last one to Delfshaven in 1825) cannot be compared to the rights bestowed in the Middle Ages and are only symbolic in nature. Cities such as Den Haag and Assen fall into this category which received their rights during the French period.
★ Town privileges
★ City status in the United Kingdom
★ Scottish Burgh
★ City Rights in the Netherlands (in Dutch)
In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, a settlement is, often proudly, called a city when it was granted city rights at one time of its history. As the current number of inhabitants has no relevance on this, there are very small cities. The smallest one is Staverden in the Netherlands, with 40 inhabitants. In Belgium, Durbuy is the smallest city, whilst the smallest in Luxembourg is Vianden.
Overview
To stimulate the establishment of cities, landlords started to grant privileges to settlements around the year A.D. 1000. The total package of these privileges are the ''city rights''. City rights turned settlements into interesting locations for merchants. This resulted in economic growth of the cities. The liegelord took profit from this economic growth by means of taxes. City rights were also often granted in exchange for additional support to the city's liege. This support often consisted of additional taxes, sorely needed for the costly medieval wars. Originally, the liegelord remained in charge of the composition of local government. However, as cities accumulated privileges, and the power of cities grew, several cities managed to acquire a reasonable amount of autonomy over the years (especially after the privilege to construct and defend city walls was granted). Some cities even managed to develop into city-states. The growing economical and military power concentrating in the cities lead to a very powerful class of well-to-do merchants and traders.
Common City rights
'Privileges'
★ City walls (the right to erect a defence wall around an inhabited area)
★ Market right (the right to hold a market and receive income from the markets)
★ Storage right (the right to store and exclusively trade particular goods, often only granted to a few cities)
★ Toll right (the right to charge toll)
★ Mint right (the right to mint city coinage)
'Freedoms'
★ Personal freedom (citizens had a relative degree of personal freedom in comparison to citizens of rural areas: they were not subject to the liegelord and had freedom of mobility) — Hence the old saying ''Stadslucht maakt vrij'' ('City air makes free').
'Governance'
★ City governance (Well-to-do citizens could sometimes elect local government officials)
★ Judiciary and law making (Within its boundaries the city could have a large degree of autonomy)
★ Taxation (the right to levy taxes)
Rights granted to the cities of present-day's Belgium
One of the last towns that became a city in Belgium, was Genk.
Rights granted to the cities of present-day's Luxembourg
Main articles: List of cities in Luxembourg
Modern era
''Note several of the following were first granted city rights during the medieval period.''
★ 1843 Diekirch ★ 1843 Echternach ★ 1843 Grevenmacher ★ 1843 Luxembourg City ★ 1843 Remich | ★ 1843 Vianden ★ 1843 Wiltz ★ 1906 Esch-sur-Alzette ★ 1907 Differdange | ★ 1907 Dudelange ★ 1907 Ettelbruck ★ 1907 Rumelange ★ 1914 Hollerich-Bonnevoie |
Rights granted to the cities of the present-day's Netherlands
The first community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Deventer in 956. It can be argued that some cities have older rights such as Nijmegen that may already have received city rights during the Roman Empire. Another case is Voorburg, which is built on the site of the Roman settlement Forum Hadriani and was granted city rights in about 151. Forum Hadriani was abandoned however in the late third century, thus the current settlement is not considered an uninterrupted continuation of the Roman city. With the end of the Middle Ages, the number of city rights granted dropped dramatically. The strong role of merchants and traders allowed the Netherlands to become the first modern republic in the 16th century. When several important settlements (predominantly the Hague) wanted the right to call themselves cities, rather than towns, the old custom knew a short-lived Romantic revival in the early 19th century. The last community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Delfshaven in 1825.
End of city rights
The institution of city rights came gradually to its end with the development and centralization of a national government. In the Netherlands the last city to receive real city rights (as defined above) was Willemstad in 1586. During the Dutch Republic period, only Blokzijl gained city rights (in 1672). After the Batavian revolution in 1795, municipalities were styled after the French model and city rights were abolished by law. Although partially restored after 1813, cities would not fully regain the authorities they previously had: law making and judiciary had become part of the state. After the Constitution of 1848 and the Municipal Law of 1851, the difference between cities, towns, and villages was permanently erased.
The city rights which were granted at the beginning of the 19th century (the last one to Delfshaven in 1825) cannot be compared to the rights bestowed in the Middle Ages and are only symbolic in nature. Cities such as Den Haag and Assen fall into this category which received their rights during the French period.
Granting of city rights, chronologically
See also
★ Town privileges
★ City status in the United Kingdom
★ Scottish Burgh
External links
★ City Rights in the Netherlands (in Dutch)
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