CLAIRE LEE CHENNAULT
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(Redirected from Claire L. Chennault)
Lt. Gen. 'Claire Lee Chennault' (September 6, 1893 – July 27, 1958), was a United States military aviator famous for commanding the "Flying Tigers" during World War II. His family name is pronounced shen-''awlt''.
Born in Commerce, Texas, to John Stonewall Jackson Chennault and Jesse (Lee) Chennault,[1] he was raised in the town of Waterproof in Tensas Parish, Louisiana. The 1900 US Census record from Franklin Parish, LA, Ward 2 states that C L Chennault was age 6 in 1900, with a younger brother age 3 (born in Louisiana) (1900 US Federal Census).
Chennault's age has not been without controversy. He began misrepresenting his birth date as being in September 1890 perhaps as early as mid-1909. The probability is that being only 15 at the time he says that he applied to West Point, he made himself appear older (or old enough) on the application.
Chennault attended Louisiana State University between 1909 and 1910 and received ROTC training (Claire). He learned to fly in the Army during World War I and became Chief of Pursuit Training ffrom the US Army Air Corps in the 1930s. Poor health and disputes with superiors led Chennault to resign from the service in 1937. He then joined a small group of American civilians training Chinese airmen and served as 'air adviser' to Kuomintang (KMT) leader Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Soong Mei-ling, during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). Chennault participated in planning operations and observed the Chinese Air Force in combat from a Curtiss (P-36 Mohawk). In this period, he would organize the International Squadron.[1]
Chennault's 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) — better known as the "Flying Tigers" — began training in August 1941 and fought the Japanese for six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.[2] Chennault's three squadrons used P-40s & his tactics of "defensive pursuit" to guard the Burma Road, Rangoon, and other strategic locations in Southeast Asia and western China against Japanese forces, as China had few, if any, modern planes.
The Flying Tigers were formally incorporated into the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. Prior to that, Chennault had rejoined the Army with the rank of colonel. He was later promoted to brigadier and then major general, commanding the Fourteenth Air Force.
Throughout the war Chennault was engaged in a bitter dispute with the American ground commander, General Joseph Stilwell. Chennault asserted that the Fourteenth Air Force, operating out of bases in China, could bring about the downfall of Japan with air power alone. In contrast, Stilwell insisted the key to victory was the coupling of that air-power with well-trained Chinese troops in solid, take-and-hold ground operations. Chiang Kai-shek favored Chennault's plans, most likely because they allowed him to hoard materiel and money. As the war progressed, Chennault's bases were all but wiped off the map by the steady expansion of Japanese ground power.
As supply to the China-Burma-India Theater was very limited — all ground routes to China had been closed by the Japanese, leaving only the tenuous Hump air route from India over the Himalayas — the fight for tonnage between the two generals was rancorous. Chennault was a long-time friend of Chiang Kai-shek and had the ear of Franklin Roosevelt, so he usually came out ahead. Eventually, the air-bases established by Chennault were entirely overrun and all equipment lost. Chiang and Chennault managed to persuade Washington the fault lay with Stilwell and had him relieved of command. This freed Chennault and Chiang to largely orchestrate the conduct of the remainder of the war. Chennault retired from the Army in mid 1945, shortly before the Allied victory in the Pacific.
Chennault, who unlike Joseph Stilwell had a high opinion of Chiang Kai-shek, advocated international support for Asian anti-communist movements. Returning to China, he purchased several surplus military aircraft and created Civil Air Transport (later Air America). These aircraft facilitated the Kuomintang occupation of Northern Burma throughout the mid and late 1950's and provided support for the Thai police force (which at the time was openly engaging in heroin and opium trafficking).
Chiang and Chennault considered the stress this created for the fledgling Burmese democracy was justified as in their opinion the fight to restore the Chiangs to Chinese rule was the only way to protect the world from Chinese Communism. As a consequence of the violence it spawned, Myanmar's democracy was soon toppled by a military coup.
Later, many of the founders and leaders of Civil Air Transport would become involved in Southeast Asian politics, policing and drug cartels, ultimately morphing into Air America, the CIA's air transport company that served throughout the Korean War, the French First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War.
Chennault advocated changes in the way foreign aid was distributed and encouraged Congress to focus on individuals. This viewpoint may have reflected his experiences during the Chinese Civil War, where the Kuo Min Tang (recipients of huge sums of poorly distributed American aide) were defeated by Chinese Communist forces. Shortly before his death, Chennault was asked to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee of the U.S. Congress. When the committee member asked him who won the Korean War, his response was blunt; "The Communists."''
Chennault was ultimately promoted to lieutenant general, just one day before his death. He died of lung cancer in 1958 after the removal of most of one lung the previous year. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Chennault is commemorated by a statue in the ROC capital of Taipei, as well as by monuments on the grounds of the Louisiana state capitol at Baton Rouge, and at the former Chennault Air Force Base – now the commercial Chennault International Airport – in Lake Charles, Louisiana. An antique P-40 aircraft, nicknamed "Joy", is on display at the riverside war memorial in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, painted in the colors of the Flying Tigers.
Chennault is recognized as a major contributor to Chinese history within China. His Chinese name is ''Chen-na-de'' (陳纳德). Chennault's first wife, Nell Thompson, was an American of British ancestry. By the time he was serving in China, they had divorced. Chennault then married Chen Xiangmei, a young reporter for the Central News Agency. Anna Chennault, as his wife was known, became one of Taiwan's chief lobbyists in Washington.
★ Flying Tigers
★ Republic of China Air Force
★ Second Sino-Japanese War
★ History of the Republic of China
★ Military of the Republic of China
★ Kuomintang
★ Chiang Kai-shek
★ Madame Chiang Kai-shek
1. Caidin, ''Ragged, Rugged Warriors''. It is possible his command of this formation as well as the AVG leads to the mistaken belief AVG was in action before Pearl Harbor.
2. Caidin, ''ibid.'', dates the departure of the first AVG pilots 10 Dec 1941.
★ Martha Byrd - ''Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger'' ISBN 0-8173-0322-7
★ Claire Chennault - ''Way of a Fighter'' (Putnam's, 1949)
★ Daniel Ford - ''Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942'' ISBN 0061246557
★ Robert Lee Scott Jr - ''Flying Tiger: Chennault of China'' ISBN 0-8371-6774-4
★ Martin Caidin - ''The Ragged, Rugged Warriors'' Ballantine, 1978.
★ Jon Latimer, ''Burma: The Forgotten War'', London: John Murray, 2004 ISBN 0-7195-6576-6
★ http://www.warbirdforum.com/ch2.htm
★ http://www.warbirdforum.com/clc.htm
★ http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/clc.htm
★ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/clchenna.htm
★ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790624-1,00.html
★ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/clchenna.htm
"Claire Lee Chennault." Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 6: 1956-1960. 1980. Biography Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 22 Sep. 2006.
Martin Caidin - ''The Ragged, Rugged Warriros'' Ballantine, 1978.
Claire Lee Chennault
Lt. Gen. 'Claire Lee Chennault' (September 6, 1893 – July 27, 1958), was a United States military aviator famous for commanding the "Flying Tigers" during World War II. His family name is pronounced shen-''awlt''.
| Contents |
| Early life |
| Military career |
| Flying Tigers |
| China-Burma-India Theater |
| Postwar |
| Death and legacy |
| See also |
| Notes |
| Further reading |
| External links |
| Works Cited |
Early life
Born in Commerce, Texas, to John Stonewall Jackson Chennault and Jesse (Lee) Chennault,[1] he was raised in the town of Waterproof in Tensas Parish, Louisiana. The 1900 US Census record from Franklin Parish, LA, Ward 2 states that C L Chennault was age 6 in 1900, with a younger brother age 3 (born in Louisiana) (1900 US Federal Census).
Chennault's age has not been without controversy. He began misrepresenting his birth date as being in September 1890 perhaps as early as mid-1909. The probability is that being only 15 at the time he says that he applied to West Point, he made himself appear older (or old enough) on the application.
Military career
Chennault attended Louisiana State University between 1909 and 1910 and received ROTC training (Claire). He learned to fly in the Army during World War I and became Chief of Pursuit Training ffrom the US Army Air Corps in the 1930s. Poor health and disputes with superiors led Chennault to resign from the service in 1937. He then joined a small group of American civilians training Chinese airmen and served as 'air adviser' to Kuomintang (KMT) leader Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Soong Mei-ling, during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). Chennault participated in planning operations and observed the Chinese Air Force in combat from a Curtiss (P-36 Mohawk). In this period, he would organize the International Squadron.[1]
Flying Tigers
Chennault's 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) — better known as the "Flying Tigers" — began training in August 1941 and fought the Japanese for six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.[2] Chennault's three squadrons used P-40s & his tactics of "defensive pursuit" to guard the Burma Road, Rangoon, and other strategic locations in Southeast Asia and western China against Japanese forces, as China had few, if any, modern planes.
Dr Seuss thanked Chennault by inducting him into the Society of Red Tape Cutters on August 30th, 1942
The Flying Tigers were formally incorporated into the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. Prior to that, Chennault had rejoined the Army with the rank of colonel. He was later promoted to brigadier and then major general, commanding the Fourteenth Air Force.
China-Burma-India Theater
Throughout the war Chennault was engaged in a bitter dispute with the American ground commander, General Joseph Stilwell. Chennault asserted that the Fourteenth Air Force, operating out of bases in China, could bring about the downfall of Japan with air power alone. In contrast, Stilwell insisted the key to victory was the coupling of that air-power with well-trained Chinese troops in solid, take-and-hold ground operations. Chiang Kai-shek favored Chennault's plans, most likely because they allowed him to hoard materiel and money. As the war progressed, Chennault's bases were all but wiped off the map by the steady expansion of Japanese ground power.
As supply to the China-Burma-India Theater was very limited — all ground routes to China had been closed by the Japanese, leaving only the tenuous Hump air route from India over the Himalayas — the fight for tonnage between the two generals was rancorous. Chennault was a long-time friend of Chiang Kai-shek and had the ear of Franklin Roosevelt, so he usually came out ahead. Eventually, the air-bases established by Chennault were entirely overrun and all equipment lost. Chiang and Chennault managed to persuade Washington the fault lay with Stilwell and had him relieved of command. This freed Chennault and Chiang to largely orchestrate the conduct of the remainder of the war. Chennault retired from the Army in mid 1945, shortly before the Allied victory in the Pacific.
Postwar
Chennault, who unlike Joseph Stilwell had a high opinion of Chiang Kai-shek, advocated international support for Asian anti-communist movements. Returning to China, he purchased several surplus military aircraft and created Civil Air Transport (later Air America). These aircraft facilitated the Kuomintang occupation of Northern Burma throughout the mid and late 1950's and provided support for the Thai police force (which at the time was openly engaging in heroin and opium trafficking).
Chiang and Chennault considered the stress this created for the fledgling Burmese democracy was justified as in their opinion the fight to restore the Chiangs to Chinese rule was the only way to protect the world from Chinese Communism. As a consequence of the violence it spawned, Myanmar's democracy was soon toppled by a military coup.
Later, many of the founders and leaders of Civil Air Transport would become involved in Southeast Asian politics, policing and drug cartels, ultimately morphing into Air America, the CIA's air transport company that served throughout the Korean War, the French First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War.
Chennault advocated changes in the way foreign aid was distributed and encouraged Congress to focus on individuals. This viewpoint may have reflected his experiences during the Chinese Civil War, where the Kuo Min Tang (recipients of huge sums of poorly distributed American aide) were defeated by Chinese Communist forces. Shortly before his death, Chennault was asked to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee of the U.S. Congress. When the committee member asked him who won the Korean War, his response was blunt; "The Communists."''
Death and legacy
Chennault was ultimately promoted to lieutenant general, just one day before his death. He died of lung cancer in 1958 after the removal of most of one lung the previous year. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Chennault is commemorated by a statue in the ROC capital of Taipei, as well as by monuments on the grounds of the Louisiana state capitol at Baton Rouge, and at the former Chennault Air Force Base – now the commercial Chennault International Airport – in Lake Charles, Louisiana. An antique P-40 aircraft, nicknamed "Joy", is on display at the riverside war memorial in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, painted in the colors of the Flying Tigers.
Chennault is recognized as a major contributor to Chinese history within China. His Chinese name is ''Chen-na-de'' (陳纳德). Chennault's first wife, Nell Thompson, was an American of British ancestry. By the time he was serving in China, they had divorced. Chennault then married Chen Xiangmei, a young reporter for the Central News Agency. Anna Chennault, as his wife was known, became one of Taiwan's chief lobbyists in Washington.
See also
★ Flying Tigers
★ Republic of China Air Force
★ Second Sino-Japanese War
★ History of the Republic of China
★ Military of the Republic of China
★ Kuomintang
★ Chiang Kai-shek
★ Madame Chiang Kai-shek
Notes
1. Caidin, ''Ragged, Rugged Warriors''. It is possible his command of this formation as well as the AVG leads to the mistaken belief AVG was in action before Pearl Harbor.
2. Caidin, ''ibid.'', dates the departure of the first AVG pilots 10 Dec 1941.
Further reading
★ Martha Byrd - ''Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger'' ISBN 0-8173-0322-7
★ Claire Chennault - ''Way of a Fighter'' (Putnam's, 1949)
★ Daniel Ford - ''Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942'' ISBN 0061246557
★ Robert Lee Scott Jr - ''Flying Tiger: Chennault of China'' ISBN 0-8371-6774-4
★ Martin Caidin - ''The Ragged, Rugged Warriors'' Ballantine, 1978.
★ Jon Latimer, ''Burma: The Forgotten War'', London: John Murray, 2004 ISBN 0-7195-6576-6
External links
★ http://www.warbirdforum.com/ch2.htm
★ http://www.warbirdforum.com/clc.htm
★ http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/history/prewwii/clc.htm
★ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/clchenna.htm
★ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790624-1,00.html
★ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/clchenna.htm
Works Cited
"Claire Lee Chennault." Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 6: 1956-1960. 1980. Biography Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 22 Sep. 2006.
"1900 United States Federal Census, Franklin Parish, Louisiana, Ward 2." Ancestry.com 20 Jan. 2007
Martin Caidin - ''The Ragged, Rugged Warriros'' Ballantine, 1978.
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