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'Cloisonné', an ancient metalworking technique, is a multi-step enamel process used to produce jewelry, vases, and other decorative items. Objects produced by this process are also called ''cloisonné''.
Cloisonné first developed in the Near East. It spread to the Byzantine Empire and from there along the Silk Road to China. Chinese cloisonné is probably the most well known and ubiquitous. Russian cloisonné from the Tsarist era is highly prized by collectors. Chinese cloisonné is sometimes confused with Canton enamel, a similar type of enamel work that is painted on freehand and does not utilize partitions to hold the colors separate. Before the communist takeover of mainland China, cloisonné production there was particularly fine and was employed for adorning everything from images of Mahayana Buddhist deities to opium pipes. [1]
★ First, the artist forms metal (such as copper or brass) into the shape of the finished object.
★ A paper pattern and a pencil are used to transfer a design to the metal object.
★ Partitions (French: ''cloisons'') that act as color-separators are applied according to the transferred pattern and are held in place by a soldering paste (this is finely divided metal of low melting temperature in a flux paste). The partitions are bent and cut to length from flat wire stock (usually by hand using simple pliers) while the paste is applied with a small brush.
★ Heating the piece in an oven permanently affixes the partitions to the base metal by melting the solder. The piece is then allowed to cool.
★ Frit (glass crushed to a powder) in a water-based paste is painted into the partitions using an annotated pattern similar to the "paint by numbers" craft technique. After the frit has dried, firing in an oven melts it onto the metal. Several repetitions of the process may ensue to build up the coatings to the height of the partitions. Various colors and transparencies may be used in combination within a single partition to obtain the desired artistic effect.
★ The glass and a portion of the cloisons are ground and polished to form an even and smooth surface.
★ The exposed metal is electroplated with a thin film of gold to prevent corrosion and to give a pleasing appearance.
Cloisonné beads also occur commonly; and one use of Chinese cloisonné beads involves making jewelry.
★ The Pala d'Oro, Saint Mark's Cathedral, Venice
★ The Alfred Jewel, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament
★ Vitreous enamel
★ Champlevé enamel
★ An Interview with Contemporary Enamel Artist Laura Zell Demonstrating Basic Cloisonné Techniques
Ming Dynasty cloisonné bowl
Qing Dynasty cloisonné dish
| Contents |
| History |
| Cloisonné process |
| Beads |
| Other examples |
| See also |
| External links |
| Gallery |
History
Cloisonné first developed in the Near East. It spread to the Byzantine Empire and from there along the Silk Road to China. Chinese cloisonné is probably the most well known and ubiquitous. Russian cloisonné from the Tsarist era is highly prized by collectors. Chinese cloisonné is sometimes confused with Canton enamel, a similar type of enamel work that is painted on freehand and does not utilize partitions to hold the colors separate. Before the communist takeover of mainland China, cloisonné production there was particularly fine and was employed for adorning everything from images of Mahayana Buddhist deities to opium pipes. [1]
Cloisonné process
Adding cloisons according to the pattern previously transferred to the workpiece
Detail showing pattern and partially completed cloisons
Adding frit with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished and electroplated
★ First, the artist forms metal (such as copper or brass) into the shape of the finished object.
★ A paper pattern and a pencil are used to transfer a design to the metal object.
★ Partitions (French: ''cloisons'') that act as color-separators are applied according to the transferred pattern and are held in place by a soldering paste (this is finely divided metal of low melting temperature in a flux paste). The partitions are bent and cut to length from flat wire stock (usually by hand using simple pliers) while the paste is applied with a small brush.
★ Heating the piece in an oven permanently affixes the partitions to the base metal by melting the solder. The piece is then allowed to cool.
★ Frit (glass crushed to a powder) in a water-based paste is painted into the partitions using an annotated pattern similar to the "paint by numbers" craft technique. After the frit has dried, firing in an oven melts it onto the metal. Several repetitions of the process may ensue to build up the coatings to the height of the partitions. Various colors and transparencies may be used in combination within a single partition to obtain the desired artistic effect.
★ The glass and a portion of the cloisons are ground and polished to form an even and smooth surface.
★ The exposed metal is electroplated with a thin film of gold to prevent corrosion and to give a pleasing appearance.
Beads
Cloisonné beads also occur commonly; and one use of Chinese cloisonné beads involves making jewelry.
Other examples
★ The Pala d'Oro, Saint Mark's Cathedral, Venice
★ The Alfred Jewel, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament
See also
★ Vitreous enamel
★ Champlevé enamel
External links
★ An Interview with Contemporary Enamel Artist Laura Zell Demonstrating Basic Cloisonné Techniques
Gallery
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