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EspañolCOALITION (AUSTRALIA)
'The Coalition' in Australian politics refers to the grouping of two centre-right political parties (three including the CLP since 1975) that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922, with only brief breaks (e.g. 1987):
★ Liberal Party of Australia/United Australia Party/Nationalist Party of Australia
★ National Party of Australia/National Country Party/Country Party
★ Country Liberal Party (CLP)
The state Country Party members first contested the 1919 federal election, with an established federal Country Party contesting the 1922 federal election. The 1922 election saw the main anti-Labor party, the Nationalist Party of Australia deprived of a majority, and were required to form a coalition in order to command a majority on the floor of parliament. The price for such support was the resignation of Nationalist (ex-Labor) Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, and was replaced by Stanley Bruce.
The CLP operates in the Northern Territory as neither the Liberal nor the National parties have a presence in the territory. Both the Liberals and the Nationals receive Country Liberal Party delegations, and the party president has full voting rights with the National Party and observer status with the Liberal Party. The party also directs its federal members and senators as to which of the two other parties they should sit with in the parliamentary chamber. The CLP vote is often tabulated together with either of its coalition partners in many election results tables, or included within a single Coalition vote.
The Coalition between these parties exist at the Federal level (three party), as well as in the states of New South Wales and Queensland (two party). There is no coalition between the Liberal and National parties in the states of Victoria, Western Australia or South Australia, although historically coalitions between the two have existed in these states.
At the Federal level, the Coalition agreement was broken (while the parties were in opposition), in April 1987. After their loss at the federal election in July 1987, in which the Labor government was able to campaign on the disunity of the opposition parties, the Coalition agreement was renewed on 6 August 1987.[1]
It's said that the Coalition couldn't have worked if it weren't for Australia's unique preferential voting systems, as the system allows the Liberals and Nationals to compete locally, but direct preferences to each other in elections, thereby avoiding "three-cornered-contests", usually with the Australian Labor Party (ALP) that may occur under first past the post voting. From time to time friction is caused by the fact that the Liberal and National candidates are campaigning against each other, but is does not usually cause any long term damage to the relationship.
Indeed the whole point of introducing preferential voting was to allow safe spoiler-free three-cornered contests. It was a government of the forerunner to the modern Liberal party that introduced the necessary legislation.
For example, this preferential voting system was implemented in October 1918, after a byelection for a federal seat in Western Australia caused an ALP candidate to win after the conservative vote was split in two. Two months later, a byelection held under preferential voting caused the initially-leading ALP candidate to lose after some lower-placed candidates' preferences had been distributed.
As a result of variations on the preferential voting system are used in every state and territory, the Coalition has been able to thrive, wherever both its member parties have both been active. The National Party isn't organised in Tasmania and in recent years has attracted little support in South Australia and Western Australia, but has long been a major player in rural areas of Queensland, New South Wales, and to a lesser extent in Victoria. The preferential voting system has allowed the Liberal and National parties to compete and cooperate at the same time. By contrast, a variation of the preferential system known as Optional Preferential Voting has proven a significant handicap to coalition co-operation in Queensland and New South Wales, because significant numbers of voters don't bother to express all useful preferences.
In South Australia, the only National Party member of State Parliament, Karlene Maywald, has since 2004 been a Minister in the Rann Labor government, informally creating a coalition between the ALP and the National Party at South Australia's state level of government. The National Party, however, rejects the notion that it's in a coalition with Labor at the state level. State National Party President John Venus told journalists that: "We (The Nationals) are not in coalition with the Labor Party, we aren't in coalition with the Liberals, we are definitely not in coalition with anyone. We stand alone in South Australia as an independent party." Flinders University political scientist Haydon Manning disagrees saying that it is "churlish to describe the government as anything but a coalition".
For the sake of convenience, most commentators and the general public use the term "two party" given the traditional arrangement. Surveys conducted on a two-party preferred vote basis refer to a comparison of Labor and the Coalition.
1. The Nationals - An Introduction, National Party Document, p.12
★ Liberals site
★ Nationals site
★ CLP site
★ ''History of preferences'' page at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation site
★ Liberal Party of Australia/United Australia Party/Nationalist Party of Australia
★ National Party of Australia/National Country Party/Country Party
★ Country Liberal Party (CLP)
The state Country Party members first contested the 1919 federal election, with an established federal Country Party contesting the 1922 federal election. The 1922 election saw the main anti-Labor party, the Nationalist Party of Australia deprived of a majority, and were required to form a coalition in order to command a majority on the floor of parliament. The price for such support was the resignation of Nationalist (ex-Labor) Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, and was replaced by Stanley Bruce.
The CLP operates in the Northern Territory as neither the Liberal nor the National parties have a presence in the territory. Both the Liberals and the Nationals receive Country Liberal Party delegations, and the party president has full voting rights with the National Party and observer status with the Liberal Party. The party also directs its federal members and senators as to which of the two other parties they should sit with in the parliamentary chamber. The CLP vote is often tabulated together with either of its coalition partners in many election results tables, or included within a single Coalition vote.
The Coalition between these parties exist at the Federal level (three party), as well as in the states of New South Wales and Queensland (two party). There is no coalition between the Liberal and National parties in the states of Victoria, Western Australia or South Australia, although historically coalitions between the two have existed in these states.
At the Federal level, the Coalition agreement was broken (while the parties were in opposition), in April 1987. After their loss at the federal election in July 1987, in which the Labor government was able to campaign on the disunity of the opposition parties, the Coalition agreement was renewed on 6 August 1987.[1]
| Contents |
| Overview |
| Terminology |
| References |
| External links |
Overview
It's said that the Coalition couldn't have worked if it weren't for Australia's unique preferential voting systems, as the system allows the Liberals and Nationals to compete locally, but direct preferences to each other in elections, thereby avoiding "three-cornered-contests", usually with the Australian Labor Party (ALP) that may occur under first past the post voting. From time to time friction is caused by the fact that the Liberal and National candidates are campaigning against each other, but is does not usually cause any long term damage to the relationship.
Indeed the whole point of introducing preferential voting was to allow safe spoiler-free three-cornered contests. It was a government of the forerunner to the modern Liberal party that introduced the necessary legislation.
For example, this preferential voting system was implemented in October 1918, after a byelection for a federal seat in Western Australia caused an ALP candidate to win after the conservative vote was split in two. Two months later, a byelection held under preferential voting caused the initially-leading ALP candidate to lose after some lower-placed candidates' preferences had been distributed.
As a result of variations on the preferential voting system are used in every state and territory, the Coalition has been able to thrive, wherever both its member parties have both been active. The National Party isn't organised in Tasmania and in recent years has attracted little support in South Australia and Western Australia, but has long been a major player in rural areas of Queensland, New South Wales, and to a lesser extent in Victoria. The preferential voting system has allowed the Liberal and National parties to compete and cooperate at the same time. By contrast, a variation of the preferential system known as Optional Preferential Voting has proven a significant handicap to coalition co-operation in Queensland and New South Wales, because significant numbers of voters don't bother to express all useful preferences.
In South Australia, the only National Party member of State Parliament, Karlene Maywald, has since 2004 been a Minister in the Rann Labor government, informally creating a coalition between the ALP and the National Party at South Australia's state level of government. The National Party, however, rejects the notion that it's in a coalition with Labor at the state level. State National Party President John Venus told journalists that: "We (The Nationals) are not in coalition with the Labor Party, we aren't in coalition with the Liberals, we are definitely not in coalition with anyone. We stand alone in South Australia as an independent party." Flinders University political scientist Haydon Manning disagrees saying that it is "churlish to describe the government as anything but a coalition".
Terminology
For the sake of convenience, most commentators and the general public use the term "two party" given the traditional arrangement. Surveys conducted on a two-party preferred vote basis refer to a comparison of Labor and the Coalition.
References
1. The Nationals - An Introduction, National Party Document, p.12
External links
★ Liberals site
★ Nationals site
★ CLP site
★ ''History of preferences'' page at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation site
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