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A 'coffeehouse', 'coffee shop', or 'cafe' (French/Spanish/Portuguese: '''café'''; Italian: '''caffè''', German: '''Kaffeehaus''') shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. As the name suggests, coffeehouses focus on providing coffee and tea as well as light snacks. In some countries, cafes more closely resemble restaurants, offering a range of hot meals, and possibly being licensed to serve alcohol. Many coffee houses in the Muslim world, and in Muslim districts in the West, offer ''shisha'', powdered tobacco smoked through a hookah. In establishments where it is tolerated - which may be found notably in the Netherlands, in Amsterdam - cannabis may be smoked as well.
From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: the coffeehouse provides social members with a place to congregate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups.

Contents

History

Contemporary American and British coffeehouses

Contemporary cafes

Other countries

See also

External links

References

History

Since the 16th century, the coffeehouse (''al-maqhah'' in Arabic, ''qahveh-khaneh'' in Persian or ''Kahvehane'' or ''kıraathane'' in Turkish) has served as a social gathering place in Middle Eastern countries where men assemble to drink coffee (usually Turkish coffee) or tea, listen to music, read books, play chess and backgammon, and perhaps hear a recitation from the works of Antar or from Shahnameh. In 1530 the first coffee house was opened in Damascus [1], and not long after there were many coffee houses in Cairo and Istanbul.

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular. The first coffeehouses in Western Europe appeared in Venice, due to the traffics beetween La Serenissima and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650 by a Jewish man named Jacob. ^[1] The first coffeehouse in London was opened two years later in St. Michael's Alley in Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the Ragusan servant of a trader in Turkish goods named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment [2] ^[2]. Boston had its first in 1670, and Paris in 1671. The Cafe Le Procope [3], which was founded in Paris in 1686, is still in business. It was a major locus of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the ''Encyclopédie'', the first modern encyclopedia.
Though Charles II later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public flocked to them. They were great social levellers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. More generally, coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and the ''London Gazette'' (government announcements) read. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739 there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs, wits and stockjobbers, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center. According to one French visitor, the Abbé Prévost, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government," were the "seats of English liberty."

Ladies were not permitted in coffeehouses. In a well-known engraving of a Parisian coffeehouse of c. 1700 [4], the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffeepots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, decently separated in a canopied booth, from which she doles out coffee in tall cups.
The traditional tale of the origins of Viennese coffeehouses begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki. Kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard.
In London, coffeehouses preceded the club of the mid-18th century, which skimmed away some of the more aristocratic clientele. Jonathan's Coffee-House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's.
In New York the Tontine Coffeehouse at the foot of Wall Street near the docks became a central meeting place. In small cities a coffeehouse functioned as a place where messages might be left and picked up.
In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the public house (pub).
Starting with late 18th century Persia, coffeehouses (Ghahve-Khaneh) became popular as social places where philosophers would meet and would carry on philosophical as well as social and political discussions. This is the era when Coffee-House-Style were popularized in Iran. Coffee-House-Style painting was a new phenomenon in this nation's art history. While preserving all the logical, religious and traditional style, it flourished as a sign of respect for popular beliefs. People needed images of their saints and their heroes. In such an era, humble artists sat alone in coffee-houses, gymkhanas and mosques, hanging on the tales of narrators and interpreting every word into images. They were messengers of light and impossible dreams.

Contemporary American and British coffeehouses

Main articles: List of coffeehouse chains


The current spate of chain coffee shops have a clear lineal descent from the espresso and pastry centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian-American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston's North End, and San Francisco's North Beach. Both Greenwich Village and North Beach were major haunts of the Beats, who became highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. Before the rise of the Seattle-based Starbucks chain, Seattle and other parts of the Pacific Northwest had a thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; Starbucks standardized and mainstreamed this model. American coffee shops are also often connected with indie, jazz and acoustic music, and will often have them playing either live or recorded in their shops.
Liquor laws in much of the United States prohibit anyone under the age of 21 from entering bars, so coffeehouses are often gathering places for youths. Coffeehouses have also proven popular additions to communities where alcoholic beverage sales are prohibited altogether, such as in dry counties.
In the United States, since approximately the Beat era, the term "coffeehouse" has come to imply the availability of espresso drinks, while "coffee shop" suggests a diner where coffee is also served.
A counter clerk in a coffeehouse has come to be known in English as a barista, from the Italian word for bartender.
The contemporary coffeehouse is the latest example of a drinking establishment—bars, public houses, taverns and soda shops have also served this purpose—as the center for cultural exchange in a particular community, often fomenting social and political change. See, for example, the meetings of the Sons of Liberty of the American Revolution and the abortive Beer Hall Putsch by the German Nazi party in 1923.
In the United States, from the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly folk performers. This was likely due to the ease at accommodating a lone performer accompanying themself only with a guitar, even with limited floorspace; the political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their above-referenced association with political action. A number of well known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses. Blues singer Lightnin' Hopkins bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing, in his 1969 ''Coffeehouse Blues''.
From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, many churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like ''The Gathering Place'' (Riverside, CA), ''The Lost Coin'' (New York City), and ''Jesus For You'' (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual "unchurchy" setting. These coffeehouses usually had a rather short life, about three to five years or so on average. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, ''A Coffeehouse Manual'', served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.
In the United Kingdom, traditional coffeehouses as gathering places for youths fell out of favour after the 1960s, but the concept has been revived since the 1990s by chains such as
Starbucks, Coffee Republic, Costa Coffee and Caffè Nero as places for professional workers to meet and eat out or simply to buy beverages and snack foods on their way to and from the workplace.

Contemporary cafes

In the United States and the United Kingdom, a 'cafe' (from the Spanish word for coffee) is a small restaurant. Styles of cafes vary; some concentrate upon many styles of coffee, tea, and hot chocolate, with possibly a selection of baked goods and sandwiches, while others offer full menus. American cafes may or may not serve alcoholic beverages, and the serving of coffee may be incidental to the serving of food. British cafes, however, do not sell alcohol.
In France, a 'cafe' certainly serves alcoholic beverages. French cafes also often serve simple snacks (sandwiches etc...). They may or may not have a restaurant section. A ''brasserie'' is a cafe that serves meals, generally single dishes, in a more relaxed setting than a restaurant. A "''bistro''" is a cafe / restaurant, especially in Paris. Bistro food is supposed to be cheap, but in recent years bistros, especially in Paris, have become increasingly expensive.
As a result of significant immigration from mainland Europe in the 19th century and 20th century a traditional European 'cafe' culture is thriving in the major cities in Australia with dozens of privately owned establishments operating in even moderately sized cities. Often known locally as 'coffee shops' these establishments often cluster along certain streets and with the weather allowing curb side seating much of the year certain areas resemble a large party on a Friday or Saturday evening.
Cafes developed from the coffeehouses that became popular in Europe upon the introduction of coffee. Those also spawned another, completely different type of restaurant, the cafeteria.
There are two types of cafes: those that specialize in coffee and hot beverages, and those with a full menu, the most famous examples of which are the "French cafes," especially those in Paris.
Cafes, on warmer days, may have an outdoor section (terrace, ''pavement'' or sidewalk cafe) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafes. See also public space.
Cafes offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol. Many people complain that traditional, local venues are being pushed out by cloned, characterless cafes controlled by big business. This is often due to the business practices of chains such as Starbucks, which critics have complained will oversaturate an area so as to drive overall corporate profits up while lowering the profits of individual establishments, a business strategy known as cannibalization.
One of the original uses of the cafe, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet cafe or Hotspot (Wi-Fi). The spread of modern style cafes to many places, urban and rural, went hand in hand with computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue helps to create a youthful, modern, outward-looking place, compared to the traditional pubs, or old-fashioned diners that they replaced. In the mid 2000s, cafes commonly offer Internet access, just as they offer telephones and newspapers.

Other countries

In the Netherlands, where the sale of cannabis is decriminalized, many cannabis shops call themselves coffeeshops.
In modern Egypt, Turkey and Syria, coffeehouses attract many men and boys to watch TV or play chess and have the ''shisha''.

See also

★ Coffee

★ Starbucks

★ Cannabis coffee shops

★ Central Perk

★ Bar (establishment)

★ Cafeteria

★ Coffee Palace

★ Coffeehouse (event)

★ Diner

★ Greasy spoon

★ Internet cafe

★ Public house

★ Manga cafe

★ Viennese café

★ Kopi tiam, coffee shop of Malaysia and Singapore

★ Tea room

★ Tea house

★ Coffee Palace

★ A. K. Gopalan

★ Indian Coffee House

External links

★ Thomas Jordan, "News from the Coffeehouse"

★ "indiecoffeeshops.com" US Independent Coffee Shop database

★ "Cup of NYC" Independent coffee shops in New York

★ OpenWiFiSpots - coffeehouses offering free WiFi Internet access

★ "cosycafes.com" - Independent coffee houses, mainly in the North of England

★ "CafeHunt.com" - Community Contributed Independent coffee shops around the world

★ "CoffeeHouseBlog.com" - Literary Blogging from random Coffeehouses around America with reviews of each Coffeehouse.

References

★ Dutch police plan to cut `cannabusiness' in half, The Observer, Amsterdam, Mar. 19, 2005.

★ Markman Ellis (2004), ''The Coffee House: a cultural history'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson

★ Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place (Oldenburg): Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day (New York: Paragon Books, 1989) ISBN 1-56924-681-5

★ Tom Standage, ''A History of the World in Six Glasses'', Walker & Company 2006, ISBN 0802714471