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EspañolCOMMUNITY RESOURCES AGAINST STREET HOODLUMS
'Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums', usually known as 'CRASH', was a special unit of the Los Angeles Police Department established in the early 1970s to combat the rising problem of gangs in Los Angeles, California. Each of the 18 divisions had a CRASH unit whose primary goal was to suppress the influx of gang-related crimes in Los Angeles that came about primarily due to the increase in narcotics trade.[1][2]
In addition to gang-related crime prevention, CRASH officers also had to obtain information about a specific gang that was assigned to them and relay that information between districts.2 The CRASH officer's "freedom of movement and activity" and "gung-ho" nature has led some of them to incite controversy among themselves and the whole CRASH unit.[3]
In March of 2000, CRASH was gradually diminished and replaced with a similar anti-gang unit. This unit's minimum requirements for enlistment are higher than was CRASH's, requiring recruits to have a sufficiently high amount of experience and a low amount of personnel complaints.[4][5] Major categories of crime offenses and attempted crimes in 2000 in Los Angeles increased over those of the previous year, when CRASH was at full staff.Contents Operation Hammer Rampart CRASH Scandal Media references References External links
Main articles: Operation Hammer
Operation Hammer was a CRASH initiative that began in 1987 to crack down on gang violence in South Central Los Angeles. As a result of increasing gang violence and a drive-by killing resulting in the deaths of six to seven people, then Chief of Police Daryl Gates responded by sending CRASH officers to arrest suspected gang members. At the height of this operation in April 1988, 1,453 people were arrested by one thousand police officers in a single weekend. This operation was maligned with accusations of racism; some believe Operation Hammer heavily employed racial profiling targeting African-American and Hispanic youths that were labelled as "urban terrorists" and "ruthless killers." However, proponents of the operation counter that it was not discriminatory as each gang member arrested had warrants for their arrests.
Main articles: Rampart Scandal
One of the prominent CRASH units was stationed in the Rampart Division.
On February 26, 1998, two CRASH officers from Rampart were stripped of their jobs when allegations arose of a cover-up of the beating and asphyxiation of an 18th Street gang member. Officer Brian Hewitt was accused of choking the gang member in an interview room when the suspect refused to provide evidence of gang activities. Hewitt, along with officers Ethan Cohan and Daniel Lujan, did not report this incident. When the gang member reported his beating at a hospital, evidence, including blood in the interview room, implicated the three officers. Before a Board of Rights council, only Lujan was acquitted of his role.
In August 1998, the same month that Chief Bernard Parks claimed that the Christopher Commission reforms were "essentially complete", officer Rafael Pérez, a nine-year veteran of the department, was arrested on charges of stealing six pounds (≈three kilograms) of cocaine from LAPD's Property Division. Perez was initially tried on one count of possession of cocaine for sale, grand theft and forgery each. After a mistrial on December 7 of that year, more reports of cocaine theft by Perez arose. In September 1999, in exchange for partial immunity from prosecution, he testified about a pattern of abuse and misconduct that threatened to overturn thousands of criminal convictions, accusing about seventy fellow CRASH officers.
As part of his plea bargain, Rafael Pérez implicated scores of officers from the Rampart Division's anti-gang unit, describing routinely beating gang members, planting evidence on suspects, falsifying reports and covering up unprovoked shootings.[6]
As of May, 2001, the Rampart investigation had brought 58 officers before an internal administrative board. Of these, 12 were suspended, seven resigned, and five were terminated. [7]
These events are sometimes referred to as the Rampart Scandal. The State Librarian, Kevin Starr, in discussing this sordid episode, wrote that "CRASH ... became, in effect, the most badass gang in the city."[8]
★ The 1988 film ''Colors'' starring Sean Penn and Robert Duvall revolved around the LAPD C.R.A.S.H. unit.
★ The video game '' is set in a fictional state of "San Andreas" that is intended to represent a combination of 1990s Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Las Vegas. The corrupt officers of the fictional "Los Santos Police Department" are members of the C.R.A.S.H. unit.
The actions of the C.R.A.S.H. unit (Officers Tenpenny, Pulaski and Hernandez) in the video game, '', are remniscent of the alleged activities that their real-life counterparts were involved in (homicide, planting evidence, misconduct, assault causing bodily harm, falisfying reports etc.)
★ The cable channel FX's series ''The Shield'' centers on a corrupt police unit named the Strike Team, modeled after the Rampart Division's CRASH unit. One of the names originally considered for the show was "Rampart."
★ The exteriors of the Rampart Station were featured in the 1960's television show, ''Adam 12''.
★ Rapper Xzibit mentions the "Crooked ass cops from the Rampart District" on the song '"Multiply"'.
★ Rapper The Game mentions the Rampart scandal in a song called '"Start from Scratch"' from his album, The Documentary.
★ The films ''Cellular'' (2004) and ''Dirty'' (2005) were inspired by the Rampart Scandal while ''Training Day'' (2001), written before the incident, was modified to include some elements from the scandal.
★ In the Special Features section on the DVD version of ''Cellular'', there's a segment on the Rampart Scandal called "Code of Silence."
1. Gangs: Additional Resources
2. CRASH Culture
3. Interviews: Gerald Chaleff
4. LAPD's Anti-Gang Unit is Disbanded Following Widespread Corruption Scandal
5. Rampart Scandal Timeline
6. StreetGangs.com
7. PBS.org
8. Kevin Starr, ''Coast of Dreams: California On The Edge, 1990-2003'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 92.
★ Media Reports of Rampart Scandal
★ Timeline of LAPD scandals
★ PBS interviews people involved in the Perez scandal
★ Full Transcripts of Rafael Perez interrogation
★ Report of the Rampart Independent Review Panel (16 November 2000).
★ LAPD Online - Rampart Reconsidered
In addition to gang-related crime prevention, CRASH officers also had to obtain information about a specific gang that was assigned to them and relay that information between districts.2 The CRASH officer's "freedom of movement and activity" and "gung-ho" nature has led some of them to incite controversy among themselves and the whole CRASH unit.[3]
In March of 2000, CRASH was gradually diminished and replaced with a similar anti-gang unit. This unit's minimum requirements for enlistment are higher than was CRASH's, requiring recruits to have a sufficiently high amount of experience and a low amount of personnel complaints.[4][5] Major categories of crime offenses and attempted crimes in 2000 in Los Angeles increased over those of the previous year, when CRASH was at full staff.
Operation Hammer
Main articles: Operation Hammer
Operation Hammer was a CRASH initiative that began in 1987 to crack down on gang violence in South Central Los Angeles. As a result of increasing gang violence and a drive-by killing resulting in the deaths of six to seven people, then Chief of Police Daryl Gates responded by sending CRASH officers to arrest suspected gang members. At the height of this operation in April 1988, 1,453 people were arrested by one thousand police officers in a single weekend. This operation was maligned with accusations of racism; some believe Operation Hammer heavily employed racial profiling targeting African-American and Hispanic youths that were labelled as "urban terrorists" and "ruthless killers." However, proponents of the operation counter that it was not discriminatory as each gang member arrested had warrants for their arrests.
Rampart CRASH Scandal
Main articles: Rampart Scandal
One of the prominent CRASH units was stationed in the Rampart Division.
On February 26, 1998, two CRASH officers from Rampart were stripped of their jobs when allegations arose of a cover-up of the beating and asphyxiation of an 18th Street gang member. Officer Brian Hewitt was accused of choking the gang member in an interview room when the suspect refused to provide evidence of gang activities. Hewitt, along with officers Ethan Cohan and Daniel Lujan, did not report this incident. When the gang member reported his beating at a hospital, evidence, including blood in the interview room, implicated the three officers. Before a Board of Rights council, only Lujan was acquitted of his role.
In August 1998, the same month that Chief Bernard Parks claimed that the Christopher Commission reforms were "essentially complete", officer Rafael Pérez, a nine-year veteran of the department, was arrested on charges of stealing six pounds (≈three kilograms) of cocaine from LAPD's Property Division. Perez was initially tried on one count of possession of cocaine for sale, grand theft and forgery each. After a mistrial on December 7 of that year, more reports of cocaine theft by Perez arose. In September 1999, in exchange for partial immunity from prosecution, he testified about a pattern of abuse and misconduct that threatened to overturn thousands of criminal convictions, accusing about seventy fellow CRASH officers.
As part of his plea bargain, Rafael Pérez implicated scores of officers from the Rampart Division's anti-gang unit, describing routinely beating gang members, planting evidence on suspects, falsifying reports and covering up unprovoked shootings.[6]
As of May, 2001, the Rampart investigation had brought 58 officers before an internal administrative board. Of these, 12 were suspended, seven resigned, and five were terminated. [7]
These events are sometimes referred to as the Rampart Scandal. The State Librarian, Kevin Starr, in discussing this sordid episode, wrote that "CRASH ... became, in effect, the most badass gang in the city."[8]
Media references
★ The 1988 film ''Colors'' starring Sean Penn and Robert Duvall revolved around the LAPD C.R.A.S.H. unit.
★ The video game '' is set in a fictional state of "San Andreas" that is intended to represent a combination of 1990s Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Las Vegas. The corrupt officers of the fictional "Los Santos Police Department" are members of the C.R.A.S.H. unit.
The actions of the C.R.A.S.H. unit (Officers Tenpenny, Pulaski and Hernandez) in the video game, '', are remniscent of the alleged activities that their real-life counterparts were involved in (homicide, planting evidence, misconduct, assault causing bodily harm, falisfying reports etc.)
★ The cable channel FX's series ''The Shield'' centers on a corrupt police unit named the Strike Team, modeled after the Rampart Division's CRASH unit. One of the names originally considered for the show was "Rampart."
★ The exteriors of the Rampart Station were featured in the 1960's television show, ''Adam 12''.
★ Rapper Xzibit mentions the "Crooked ass cops from the Rampart District" on the song '"Multiply"'.
★ Rapper The Game mentions the Rampart scandal in a song called '"Start from Scratch"' from his album, The Documentary.
★ The films ''Cellular'' (2004) and ''Dirty'' (2005) were inspired by the Rampart Scandal while ''Training Day'' (2001), written before the incident, was modified to include some elements from the scandal.
★ In the Special Features section on the DVD version of ''Cellular'', there's a segment on the Rampart Scandal called "Code of Silence."
References
1. Gangs: Additional Resources
2. CRASH Culture
3. Interviews: Gerald Chaleff
4. LAPD's Anti-Gang Unit is Disbanded Following Widespread Corruption Scandal
5. Rampart Scandal Timeline
6. StreetGangs.com
7. PBS.org
8. Kevin Starr, ''Coast of Dreams: California On The Edge, 1990-2003'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 92.
External links
★ Media Reports of Rampart Scandal
★ Timeline of LAPD scandals
★ PBS interviews people involved in the Perez scandal
★ Full Transcripts of Rafael Perez interrogation
★ Report of the Rampart Independent Review Panel (16 November 2000).
★ LAPD Online - Rampart Reconsidered
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