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EspañolCOMPACT MUON SOLENOID
View of the CMS endcap through the barrel sections. The yellow arm of the cherry-picker gives an impression of scale
The 'Compact Muon Solenoid' ('CMS') experiment is one of two large general-purpose particle physics detectors being (as of 2006) built on the proton-proton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland. Approximately 2300 people from 159 scientific institutes form the collaboration building it. It will be located in an underground chamber at Cessy in France, just across the border from Geneva. The completed detector will be cylindrical, 21 metres long and 16 metres diameter and weigh approximately 12500 tonnes.
Goals
The main goals of the experiment are:
★ to explore physics at the TeV scale
★ to discover the Higgs boson
★ to look for evidence of physics beyond the standard model, such as supersymmetry, or extra dimensions
★ to be able to study aspects of heavy ion collisions
Highlights
The main highlight features of the detector:
★ Its relatively small size
★ The powerful solenoid magnet
★ Its optimization for tracking muons
Detector overview
CMS is designed as a general-purpose detector, capable of studying many aspects of proton collisions at 14 TeV, the center-of-mass energy of the LHC particle accelerator. It contains subsystems which are designed to measure the energy and momentum of photons, electrons, muons, and other products of the collisions. The innermost layer is a silicon-based tracker. Surrounding it is a scintillating crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, which is itself surrounded with a sampling calorimeter for hadrons. The tracker and the calorimetry are compact enough to fit inside the CMS solenoid which generates a powerful magnetic field of 4 T. Outside the magnet are the large muon detectors, which are inside the return yoke of the magnet.
The set up of the CMS. In the middle, under the so-called barrel there is a man for the scale. (HCAL=hadron calorimeter, ECAL=electromagnetic calorimeter)
The layers of CMS – from the center outwards
A slice of the CMS detector. Flash animation can be reached here
The collision region - at the center
This is where the protons smash into each other. The focusing magnets in the LHC force the proton beams, traveling in opposite directions, to cross at the center of the CMS detector.
The beams are arranged into "bunches" of protons. Each bunch contains approximately 100 billion protons. The particles are so tiny that the chance of any two colliding is very small. When the bunches cross, there will be only about 20 collisions among 200 billion particles.
When two protons collide at such high energy, they are ripped apart, and the exchange of mass and energy means that particles which do not usually occur in the world around us can be created. Most of these processes are already well understood - only around 100 in every 1 billion collisions will produce "interesting" physics.
Consequently, the bunches are spaced closely in the beam, so that there are 40 million bunch crossings per second - one every 25ns.
Layer 1 – The tracker
Finely segmented silicon sensors (strips and pixels) enable charged particles to be tracked and their momenta to be measured. They also reveal the positions at which long-lived unstable particles decay.
Layer 2 – The electromagnetic calorimeter
Nearly 80 000 crystals of scintillating lead tungstate (PbWO4) are used to measure precisely the energies of electrons and photons. A ‘preshower’ detector, based on silicon sensors, helps particle identification in the endcaps.
 The silicon strip tracker of CMS |  Preparing Lead Tungstate Crystals for the ECAL |
Layer 3 – The hadron calorimeter
Half of the Hadron Calorimeter
Layers of dense material (brass or steel) interleaved with plastic scintillators or quartz fibers allow the determination of the energy of hadrons, that is, particles such as protons, neutrons, pions and kaons. The brass used in the endcaps of the HCAL used to be Russian artillery shells. [1]
Layer 4 – The magnet
Like most particle physics detectors, CMS has a large solenoid magnet. This allows the charge/mass ratio of particles to be determined from the curved track that they follow in the magnetic field. It is 13 meters long and 6 meters in diameter, and its refrigerated superconducting niobium-titanium coils will produce a 4-tesla magnetic field.
The inductance of the magnet is 14 Henries and the nominal current is 19500 Amps, giving a total stored energy of 2.66 GJ, equivalent to about half-a-tonne of TNT. There are dump circuits to safely dissipate this energy should the magnet quench. The circuit resistance (essentially just the cables from the power converter to the cryostat) have a resistance of 0.1 milliohms which leads to a circuit time constant of nearly 39 hours. This is the longest time constant of any circuit at CERN.
Layer 5 – The muon detectors and return yoke
To identify muons (essentially heavy electrons) and measure their momenta, CMS uses three types of detector: drift tubes (DT), cathode strip chambers (CSC) and resistive plate chambers (RPC). The DT's are used for precise trajectory measurements in the central ''barrel'' region, while the CSC's are used in the ''end caps''. The RPC's provide a fast signal when a muon passes through the muon detector, and are installed in both the barrel and the end caps.
 The Hadron Calorimeter Barrel (in the foreground, on the yellow frame) waits to be inserted into the superconducting magnet (the silver cylinder in the centre of the red magnet yoke). |  A part of the Magnet Yoke, with drift tubes and resitive-plate chambers in the barrel region. |
Collecting and collating the data
Pattern recognition
Testing the data read-out electronics for the tracker.
New particles discovered in CMS will be typically unstable and rapidly transform into a cascade of lighter, more stable and better understood particles. Particles travelling through CMS leave behind characteristic patterns, or ‘signatures’, in the different layers, allowing them to be identified. The presence (or not) of any new particles can then be inferred.
Trigger system
To have a good chance of producing a rare particle, such as a Higgs boson, the particle bunches in the LHC collide up to 40 million times a second. Particle signatures are analyzed by fast electronics to save (or ‘trigger on’) only those events (around 100 per second) most likely to show new physics, such as the Higgs particle decaying to four muons. This reduces the data rate to a manageable level. These events are stored for subsequent detailed analysis.
Data analysis
Physicists from around the world use cutting-edge computing techniques (such as the Grid) to sift through millions of events from CMS to produce data that could indicate the presence of new particles or phenomena.
Milestones
 The insertion of the vacuum-tank, June 2002 |  YE+2 descent into the cavern |
 YE+1, a component of CMS weighing 1,270 tonnes, finishes its 100m descent into the CMS cavern, January 2007 |
Context
Another experiment called ATLAS, installed at another point on the LHC ring, is meant to do similar physics; the ATLAS and CMS collaborations may compete to make major discoveries.
The Tevatron is a proton - antiproton collider at Fermilab, with a center-of-mass energy of about 2 TeV. It has been operating since 1987. There are two experiments on the Tevatron ring called CDF and D0.
References
★
External links
★ CMS home page
★ CMS Outreach
★ CMS Times
★ http://petermccready.com/portfolio/07041601.html Panoramic view - click and drag to look around the experiment under construction (with sound!) (requires Quicktime)
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