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:''This article describes complex system as a type of system. For other meanings, see complex systems.''
'Complex system' is a system comprised of interconnected simple parts, that together exhibit a high degree of complexity from which emerges a higher order behavior. Examples of complex systems include ant-hills, ants themselves, human economies, climate, nervous systems, cells and living things, including human beings, as well as modern energy or telecommunication infrastructures.

Contents

Overview

Types of complex systems

Chaotic systems

Complex adaptive systems

Nonlinear system

Topics on complex systems

Features of complex systems

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Overview

A complex system is any system featuring a large number of interacting components, whose aggregate activity is nonlinear and typically exhibits hierarchical self-organization under selective pressures.^[1] Now the term ''complex systems'' has multiple meaning:

★ A specific kind of systems, that are complex

★ A field of science studying these systems, ''see further complex systems''

★ A paradigm, that complex systems have to be studied with non-linear dynamics, ''see further complexity''
Various informal descriptions of complex systems have been put forward, and these may give some insight into their properties. A special edition of ''Science'' about complex systems ^[2] highlighted several of these:

★ A complex system is a highly structured system, which shows structure with variations (Goldenfeld and Kadanoff)

★ A complex system is one whose evolution is very sensitive to initial conditions or to small perturbations, one in which the number of independent interacting components is large, or one in which there are multiple pathways by which the system can evolve (Whitesides and Ismagilov)

★ A complex system is one that by design or function or both is difficult to understand and verify (Weng, Bhalla and Iyengar)

★ A complex system is one in which there are multiple interactions between many different components (D. Rind)

★ Complex systems are systems in process that constantly evolve and unfold over time (W. Brian Arthur).

Types of complex systems

Chaotic systems

Main articles: Chaos theory

For a dynamical system to be classified as chaotic, most scientists will agree that it must have the following properties:
# it must be sensitive to initial conditions,
# it must be topologically mixing, and
# its periodic orbits must be dense.
Sensitivity to initial conditions means that each point in such a system is arbitrarily closely approximated by other points with significantly different future trajectories. Thus, an arbitrarily small perturbation of the current trajectory may lead to significantly different future behaviour.

Complex adaptive systems

Main articles: Complex adaptive system

Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are special cases of complex systems. They are complex in that they are diverse and made up of multiple interconnected elements and adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. Examples of complex adaptive systems include the stock market, social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the ecosystem, the brain and the immune system, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any human social group-based endeavour in a cultural and social system such as political parties or communities.

Nonlinear system

Main articles: Nonlinearity

A nonlinear system is one whose behavior can't be expressed as a sum of the behaviors of its parts (or of their multiples.) In technical terms, the behavior of nonlinear systems is not subject to the principle of superposition. Linear systems are subject to superposition.

Topics on complex systems

Features of complex systems

Complex systems in nature have the following features.

★ 'Relationships are non-linear': In practical terms, this means a small perturbation may cause a large effect (see butterfly effect), a proportional effect, or even no effect at all. In linear systems, effect is ''always'' directly proportional to cause. See nonlinearity.

★ 'Relationships contain feedback loops': Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are often found in complex systems. The effects of an element's behaviour are fed back to in such a way that the element itself is altered.

★ 'Complex systems are open': Complex systems in nature are usually open systems — that is, they exist in a thermodynamic gradient and dissipate energy. In other words, complex systems are usually far from energetic equilibrium: but despite this flux, there may be pattern stability. See synergetics.

★ 'Complex systems have a memory': The history of a complex system may be important. Because complex systems are dynamical systems they change over time, and prior states may have an influence on present states. More formally, complex systems often exhibit hysteresis.

★ 'Complex systems may be nested': The components of a complex system may themselves be complex systems. For example, an economy is made up of organisations, which are made up of people, which are made up of cells - all of which are complex systems.

★ 'Boundaries are difficult to determine': It can be difficult to determine the boundaries of a complex system. The decision is ultimately made by the observer.

★ 'Dynamic network of multiplicity': As well as coupling rules, the dynamic network of a complex system is important. Small-world or scale-free networks which have many local interactions and a smaller number of inter-area connections are often employed. Natural complex systems often exhibit such topologies. In the human cortex for example, we see dense local connectivity and a few very long axon projections between regions inside the cortex and to other brain regions.

★ 'May produce emergent phenomena': Complex systems may exhibit behaviors that are emergent, which is to say that while the results may be deterministic, they may have properties that can only be studied at a higher level. For example, the termites in a mound have physiology, biochemistry and biological development that are at one level of analysis, but their social behavior and mound building is a property that emerges from the collection of termites and needs to be analysed at a different level.

See also

★ Agent based model

★ Complex (Disambiguation)

★ Complexity (disambiguation)

★ Systems theory

References

1. Luis M. Rocha, 1999.
2. Science Vol. 284. No. 5411 (1999)]

Further reading

★ Rocha, Luis M., ''BITS: Computer and Communications News''. Computing, Information, and Communications Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. November 1999.

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External links

★ Complex Systems Modeling based on Luis M. Rocha, 1999.

★ Complex systems in scholarpedia.