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EspañolCORONA (SATELLITE)
:Other Corona uses, see also: Corona (disambiguation)
'Corona' was the name of a series of US military reconnaissance satellites operated under a CIA program with substantial assistance from the US Air Force, used for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union, China and other areas from June 1959 until May 1972 . The project name is sometimes given as CORONA, but it is a codeword, not an acronym.
The project was accelerated after the U-2 incident in May 1960.
The satellites were designated 'KH-1', 'KH-2', 'KH-3', 'KH-4', 'KH-4A' and 'KH-4B'. KH stood for 'Key Hole' or 'Keyhole' (Code number 1010)[1] , and the incrementing number indicated changes in the surveillance instrumentation, such as the change from single-panoramic to double-panoramic cameras. The KH naming system was first used in 1962 with KH-4 and the earlier numbers were retroactively applied. There were 144 Corona satellites launched, of which 102 returned usable imagery.
The Corona satellites used 31,500 ft (9,600 m) of special 70 mm film with a 24 inch (0.6 m) focal length lens. Initially orbiting at 165 to 460 km, the cameras could resolve images on the ground down to 7.5 m. The two KH-4 systems improved the resolution to 2.75 m and 1.8 m respectively and used a lower altitude pass.
Ironically, the name Corona was more fitting than its originators had ever imagined. The initial missions of the program suffered from many technical problems, among them, mysterious fogging and bright streaks were seen on the returned film of some missions, only to disappear on the next mission. Eventually it was determined by a collaborative team of scientists and engineers from the project and from academia, (among them: Luis Alvarez, Sidney Beldner,
Malvin Ruderman, and Sidney Drell) that electrostatic discharges (called corona discharge) caused by rubber components of the camera, were exposing the film. Recommended corrective actions solving the problem included better grounding of spacecraft components and outgassing testing of parts before launch. These practices are still used on practically all US reconnaissance satellites today.
The initial Corona launches were obscured as part of a space technology program called 'Discoverer', the first test launches for which were in early 1959. The first launch with a camera was June 1959 as Discoverer 4, which was a 750 kg satellite launched by a Thor-Agena rocket. The satellites returned film canisters to Earth in capsules, called "buckets", which were recovered in mid-air by a specially equipped aircraft during their parachute descent (they were designed to float in water for a short period of time, and then sink, if the mid-air recovery failed). The first camera-fitted Discoverer missions failed to return usable film, but following repeated recovery tests on August 18, 1960 with Discoverer 14, a bucket was successfully retrieved two days later by a C-119.
An alternative program named SAMOS included several satellite types that used a different method, taking an image on film, developing the film on board the spacecraft, and then scanning the image and transmitting it to the ground. The Samos E-1 and E-2 satellite programs used this technology, but it was not able to take many pictures and relay them to the ground each day. Later Samos programs, such as the E-5 and the E-6, used the film-return approach, but neither one was successful.
The Corona film-return capsule was later adapted for the KH-7 GAMBIT satellite, which took higher resolution photos.
Discoverer 13 was the first satellite that landed and was recovered on August 11, 1960. The last launch under the Discoverer name was Discoverer 38 on 27 February 1962; with a successful midair recovery of the capsule on the 65th orbit (13th recovery, 9th in midair).[2] After that, the launches were entirely secret. The last Corona launch was on May 25, 1972 - the project was abandoned after a Soviet submarine was detected waiting below a Corona mid-air retrieval zone. The best sequence of Corona launches was from 1966 to 1971 when there were 32 consecutive launch-and-film-recoveries.
: ''Source'': Yenne
★ Discoverer 1, 28 February 1959, 1298 pounds, polar orbit, unsuccessful.
★ Discoverer 2, 12 April 1959, 1738 pounds(194 pound returnable capsule), ejected on 17th orbit, lost in Arctic waters.
★ Discoverer 5,6,8,11 launched and capsule ejected successfully, recoveries failed.
★ Discoverer 14, 10 August 1960, 1st successful in-air recovery.
★ Discoverer 38, 27 February 1962, 2094 pounds, mission successful.
: ''Source'': USGS[3]
'
★ '(The stray "quote marks" are the original designations of the first three generations of cameras, as described in Perry's history.)
Corona was officially secret until 1992. On February 22, 1995, the imagery acquired by the Corona and two contemporary programs (Argon and Lanyard) was declassified.[5] Review of "obsolete broad-area film-return systems other than Corona" mandated by the order led to the 2002 declassification of the imagery from KH-7 and the KH-9 low-resolution camera system.
The declassified imagery has since been used by a team of scientists from the Australian National University to locate and explore ancient habitation sites, pottery factories, megalithic tombs, and Palaeolithic remains in northern Syria. [6][7][8]
★ KH-5-ARGON, KH-6-LANYARD, KH-7, KH-8-GAMBIT
★ KH-9-HEXAGON "Big Bird"
★ KH-10-DORIAN or Manned Orbital Laboratory
★ KH-11, KH-12, KH-13.
★ Satellite imagery
The 1963 thriller novel ''Ice Station Zebra'' and its 1968 film adaptation were inspired, in part, by news accounts from April 17, 1959, about a missing experimental Corona satellite capsule (Discoverer II) that inadvertently landed near Spitzbergen on April 13 and was believed to have been recovered by Soviet agents.[9][10]
★ Corona page at NASA primary article source
1. ''The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft'', Yenne, Bill, , , Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York, 1985, ISBN 0-671-07580-2 p.82 'Key Hole'
2. ''The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft'', Yenne, Bill, , , Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York, 1985, ISBN 0-671-07580-2 p.37 'Discoverer'
3. Declassified intelligence satellite photographs fact sheet 090-96
4. A History of Satellite Reconnaissance Volume I--CORONA, Robert Perry, , , Central Intelligence Agency, ,
5.
6. http://car.anu.edu.au/researchsyria.html
7. http://www.physorg.com/news73840698.html
8. http://www.livescience.com/history/060807_syria_satellite.html
9. Chronology of Spy Satellites @ Totse.com
10. Taubman, ''Secret Empire'', p. 287.
★ Dwayne A. Day, John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell (Eds.), ''Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-56098-773-1 (paperback) or ISBN 1-56098-830-4 (hardcover).
★ Curtis Peebles, ''The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites''. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-688-4.
★ Phil Taubman, ''Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America’s Space Espionage.'' New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003 ISBN 0684856999
★ US Geological Survey overview and image search
★ Corona page at NRO
★ GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence
★ A Point in Time, an hourlong CIA film documenting the program
KH-4B Corona satellite
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule (typical for the Corona series
'Corona' was the name of a series of US military reconnaissance satellites operated under a CIA program with substantial assistance from the US Air Force, used for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union, China and other areas from June 1959 until May 1972 . The project name is sometimes given as CORONA, but it is a codeword, not an acronym.
The project was accelerated after the U-2 incident in May 1960.
The satellites were designated 'KH-1', 'KH-2', 'KH-3', 'KH-4', 'KH-4A' and 'KH-4B'. KH stood for 'Key Hole' or 'Keyhole' (Code number 1010)[1] , and the incrementing number indicated changes in the surveillance instrumentation, such as the change from single-panoramic to double-panoramic cameras. The KH naming system was first used in 1962 with KH-4 and the earlier numbers were retroactively applied. There were 144 Corona satellites launched, of which 102 returned usable imagery.
| Contents |
| Technology |
| Discoverer |
| Discoverer Highlights |
| Corona Launches |
| Declassification |
| See also |
| Popular culture |
| References |
| External links |
Technology
Diagram of "J-1" type stereo / panoramic reciprocating Corona reconnaissance satellite camera system used on KH-4A missions from 1963 to 1969.
The Corona satellites used 31,500 ft (9,600 m) of special 70 mm film with a 24 inch (0.6 m) focal length lens. Initially orbiting at 165 to 460 km, the cameras could resolve images on the ground down to 7.5 m. The two KH-4 systems improved the resolution to 2.75 m and 1.8 m respectively and used a lower altitude pass.
Ironically, the name Corona was more fitting than its originators had ever imagined. The initial missions of the program suffered from many technical problems, among them, mysterious fogging and bright streaks were seen on the returned film of some missions, only to disappear on the next mission. Eventually it was determined by a collaborative team of scientists and engineers from the project and from academia, (among them: Luis Alvarez, Sidney Beldner,
Malvin Ruderman, and Sidney Drell) that electrostatic discharges (called corona discharge) caused by rubber components of the camera, were exposing the film. Recommended corrective actions solving the problem included better grounding of spacecraft components and outgassing testing of parts before launch. These practices are still used on practically all US reconnaissance satellites today.
Discoverer
Corona image of the Pentagon, 25 Sep 1967
The initial Corona launches were obscured as part of a space technology program called 'Discoverer', the first test launches for which were in early 1959. The first launch with a camera was June 1959 as Discoverer 4, which was a 750 kg satellite launched by a Thor-Agena rocket. The satellites returned film canisters to Earth in capsules, called "buckets", which were recovered in mid-air by a specially equipped aircraft during their parachute descent (they were designed to float in water for a short period of time, and then sink, if the mid-air recovery failed). The first camera-fitted Discoverer missions failed to return usable film, but following repeated recovery tests on August 18, 1960 with Discoverer 14, a bucket was successfully retrieved two days later by a C-119.
An alternative program named SAMOS included several satellite types that used a different method, taking an image on film, developing the film on board the spacecraft, and then scanning the image and transmitting it to the ground. The Samos E-1 and E-2 satellite programs used this technology, but it was not able to take many pictures and relay them to the ground each day. Later Samos programs, such as the E-5 and the E-6, used the film-return approach, but neither one was successful.
The Corona film-return capsule was later adapted for the KH-7 GAMBIT satellite, which took higher resolution photos.
Discoverer 13 was the first satellite that landed and was recovered on August 11, 1960. The last launch under the Discoverer name was Discoverer 38 on 27 February 1962; with a successful midair recovery of the capsule on the 65th orbit (13th recovery, 9th in midair).[2] After that, the launches were entirely secret. The last Corona launch was on May 25, 1972 - the project was abandoned after a Soviet submarine was detected waiting below a Corona mid-air retrieval zone. The best sequence of Corona launches was from 1966 to 1971 when there were 32 consecutive launch-and-film-recoveries.
Discoverer Highlights
: ''Source'': Yenne
★ Discoverer 1, 28 February 1959, 1298 pounds, polar orbit, unsuccessful.
★ Discoverer 2, 12 April 1959, 1738 pounds(194 pound returnable capsule), ejected on 17th orbit, lost in Arctic waters.
★ Discoverer 5,6,8,11 launched and capsule ejected successfully, recoveries failed.
★ Discoverer 14, 10 August 1960, 1st successful in-air recovery.
★ Discoverer 38, 27 February 1962, 2094 pounds, mission successful.
Corona Launches
: ''Source'': USGS[3]
| Time period | No. | Nickname | Resolution | Notes | Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 1959– Sep 1960 | KH-1 | "Corona", C [4] | 7.5 m | First series of US imaging spy satellites. Each satellite carried a single panoramic camera and a single return vehicle. | 10 systems; 1 recovery. |
| Oct 1960– Oct 1961 | KH-2 | Corona′, C′,(C-prime)' ★ ' | 7.5 m | Single panoramic camera and a single return vehicle. | 7 systems; 4 recoveries. |
| Aug 1961– Jan 1962 | KH-3 | Corona‴, C‴,(C-triple-prime)' ★ ' | 7.5 m | Single panoramic camera and a single return vehicle. | 9 systems; 5 recoveries. |
| Feb 1962- Dec 1963 | KH-4 | Corona-M, Mural | 7.5 m | Film return. Two panoramic cameras. | 26 systems; 20 recoveries. |
| Aug 1963- Oct 1969 | KH-4A | Corona J-1 | 2.75 m | Film return with two reentry vehicles and two panoramic cameras. Large volume of imagery. | 52 systems; 94 recoveries. |
| Sep 1967- May 1972 | KH-4B | Corona J-3 | 1.8 m | Film return with two reentry vehicles and two panoramic cameras. | 17 systems; 32 recoveries. |
| Feb 1961- Aug 1964 | KH-5 | Argon | 140 m | Low-resolution mapping missions; single frame camera. | 12 systems; 5 recoveries. |
| Mar 1963- July 1963 | KH-6 | Lanyard | 1.8 m | Experimental camera in a short-lived program. | 3 systems; 2 recoveries. |
'
★ '(The stray "quote marks" are the original designations of the first three generations of cameras, as described in Perry's history.)
Declassification
Corona was officially secret until 1992. On February 22, 1995, the imagery acquired by the Corona and two contemporary programs (Argon and Lanyard) was declassified.[5] Review of "obsolete broad-area film-return systems other than Corona" mandated by the order led to the 2002 declassification of the imagery from KH-7 and the KH-9 low-resolution camera system.
The declassified imagery has since been used by a team of scientists from the Australian National University to locate and explore ancient habitation sites, pottery factories, megalithic tombs, and Palaeolithic remains in northern Syria. [6][7][8]
See also
★ KH-5-ARGON, KH-6-LANYARD, KH-7, KH-8-GAMBIT
★ KH-9-HEXAGON "Big Bird"
★ KH-10-DORIAN or Manned Orbital Laboratory
★ KH-11, KH-12, KH-13.
★ Satellite imagery
Popular culture
The 1963 thriller novel ''Ice Station Zebra'' and its 1968 film adaptation were inspired, in part, by news accounts from April 17, 1959, about a missing experimental Corona satellite capsule (Discoverer II) that inadvertently landed near Spitzbergen on April 13 and was believed to have been recovered by Soviet agents.[9][10]
References
★ Corona page at NASA primary article source
1. ''The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft'', Yenne, Bill, , , Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York, 1985, ISBN 0-671-07580-2 p.82 'Key Hole'
2. ''The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft'', Yenne, Bill, , , Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York, 1985, ISBN 0-671-07580-2 p.37 'Discoverer'
3. Declassified intelligence satellite photographs fact sheet 090-96
4. A History of Satellite Reconnaissance Volume I--CORONA, Robert Perry, , , Central Intelligence Agency, ,
5.
6. http://car.anu.edu.au/researchsyria.html
7. http://www.physorg.com/news73840698.html
8. http://www.livescience.com/history/060807_syria_satellite.html
9. Chronology of Spy Satellites @ Totse.com
10. Taubman, ''Secret Empire'', p. 287.
★ Dwayne A. Day, John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell (Eds.), ''Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-56098-773-1 (paperback) or ISBN 1-56098-830-4 (hardcover).
★ Curtis Peebles, ''The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites''. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-688-4.
★ Phil Taubman, ''Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America’s Space Espionage.'' New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003 ISBN 0684856999
External links
★ US Geological Survey overview and image search
★ Corona page at NRO
★ GlobalSecurity.org: Imagery Intelligence
★ A Point in Time, an hourlong CIA film documenting the program
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