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'Cortona' is a town and comune in the province of Arezzo, in Tuscany, Italy.
Cortona was founded by the Etruscans, who called it ''Curtun'' in their language. The city was also important during Roman times.
The Etruscan antiquity of the city is not in doubt, but its foundation is lost in the mists of many legends which were already told in classical times. These were later reworked especially in the late Renaissance period under Cosimo I de' Medici. They were concerned with reconciling of two opposed purposes:
(a) The Florentine ruling class wanted to portray the huge domain of Tuscany as ancient Etruria, and to trace all its most famous towns right back to the time immediately following Noah's Flood. They wanted official recognition for them as a Grand Duchy, to obtain the title of Grand Duke for Cosimo. This was granted by Pope Pius V in 1570.
(b) The Cortonese ruling class wanted to portray the city as the oldest and most noble in Tuscany, and to suggest that its local government arose from the Etruscan ''lucumonia'' and had been perpetuated in the medieval ''Comune''. Hence they could argue for a share in the citizen government, after their rivals, the Florentine Lords, had taken control of the town.
The 17th-century ''Guide'' of Giacomo Lauro, reworked from writings of the notorious forger Annio of Viterbo (1432-1502), which draws on many ancient writers, tells that 108 years after the Flood Noah, navigating from the mouth of the Tiber across the Paglia entered the Val di Chiana and, liking this place better than anywhere else in Italy because it was so fertile, stopped and dwelt there for thirty years.
Among his descendants a son named Crano came to the hilltop and, liking the high position, the fine countryside and the calm air, built the city of Cortona on it in the year 273 after the Flood. Stefano (Greek historian, c.AD 539-545) calls this the third city of Italy constructed after the Flood, and the original capital of the ''Turreni''. Noah, approving of Crano's work, named him Corito, i.e. King, and heir to the Kingdom.
Crano, taking this title, built a palace tower atop the hill. Its remains are still at Torremozza. Crano's kingdom was called ''Turrenia'' because Noah's descendants built cities with high towers. That was the original name of Tuscany, and its inhabitants were called ''Turreni''. But being descended from Noah, who was saved from the waters (Latin, "ab imbribus"), some were also called Imbri or (commonly) Umbri.
Dardanus, a descendant of Cranus, after local disputes fled to Samothrace, then to Phrygia and at last to Lydia, and founded there the city of Troy. From Troy some descendants of Dardano, still Greek, returned to live in Turrenia (i.e. Toscana), and were the Etruscans. Among them were Ulysses and Pythagoras.
Aristotle (4th century BC) and his contemporary Theopompus report older traditions that Ulysses emigrated to Italy after his return to Ithaca. According to them he came to Etruria, to a city which Theopompus calls Curtonaia, and they locate his tomb nearby. In Etruria (where he is esteemed) Ulysses was called Nanos, 'the Wanderer', and his tomb was said to be at "Monte Perge" near modern Pergo. According to Virgil (Aeneid III and VII) Aeneas, a descendant of Dardano, fled the destruction of Troy and came to Latium (Lazio) where his descendants founded Rome. Hence Cortona had given rise first to Troy, and then to Rome.
The story that Pythagoras lived at Cortona, died and was buried there (the "Tanella di Pitagora") was a confusion between Cortona and Crotona in southern Italy.
The prevailing character of Cortona’s architecture is medieval with steep narrow streets situated on a hillside (altitude 600 metres), embracing a view of the whole of the Valdichiana. From the Piazza Garibaldi is a fine prospect of Lago Trasimeno, scene of Hannibal's ambush of the Roman army in 217 BC (Battle of Lake Trasimene). Parts of the Etruscan city wall can still be seen today as the basis of the present wall.
Inside the ''Palazzo Casali ''is the ''Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca ''that displays items from Etruscan, Roman, and Egyptian civilizations, as well as art and artefacts from the Medieval and Renaissance eras. The distinguished Etruscan Academy Museum had its foundation in 1727 with the collections and library of Onofrio Baldelli. Among its most famous ancient artefacts is the bronze 'lampedario' or Etruscan hanging lamp, found at Fratta near Cortona in 1840 and then acquired by the Academy for the large sum of 1600 Florentine scudi. Its iconography includes (under the 18 burners) alternating figures of Silenus playing panpipes or double flutes, and of sirens or harpies. Within zones representing waves, dolphins and fiercer sea-creatures is a gorgon-like face with protruding tongue. Between each burner is a modelled horned head of Achelous. It is supposed that the lampedario derived from some important north Etruscan religious shrine of around the second half of the fourth century BC. A later (2nd century BC) inscription shows it was rededicated for votive purposes (tinscvil) by the ''Musni'' family at that time (P. Bruschetti et al., ''Il Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca di Cortona, Catalogo'' (2nd Ediz., Calosci, Cortona 1996). The Museum contains several other important Etruscan bronzes.
Etruscan chamber-tombs nearby include the 'Tanella di Pitagora' (halfway up the hill from Camucia), two at the foot of the hillside at Il Sodo, and a complex in Camucia. Il Sodo I contains pitch-roofed chambers of slab construction with an inscription, and can be visited. Il Sodo II contained a stone stepped platform with carved sphinxes devouring warriors, the originals in Arezzo Museum (1998). (see ''La Cortona dei Principes'', ed P.Z. Grassi, Cortona 1992)
The town's chief artistic treasures are two panels by Fra Angelico in the Diocesan Museum, an ''Annunciation'' and a ''Madonna and Child with Saints''. A third surviving work by the same artist is the fresco above the entrance to the church of'' San Domenico'', likewise painted during his stay at Cortona in 1436. [1],[2]. The Diocesan Museum houses also a group of work by Giuseppe Maria Crespi, known as Lo Spagnuolo, called ''Ecstasy of St. Margaret''. The Academy Museum includes the very well-known painting ''Maternità'' of 1916 by the Cortonese artist Gino Severini. There are also examples of the works of Pietro Berrettini (1596-1669), called Pietro da Cortona, pupil of Andrea Commodi.
Also noteworthy is the church of ''Santa Maria delle Grazie'', designed by Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
Cortona may be accessed by rail: the closest station is Camucia-Cortona, three kilometres away. There are direct trains from Florence, Rome, and Foligno (via Perugia).
★ Tabula Cortonensis - An ancient Etruscan artifact found in the city of Cortona in 1992.
★ Italian Wikipedia
★ Cortona - Art and Architecture
★ - Maec - The Museum of the Etruscan Academy
| Contents |
| History |
| The Cortona foundation legend |
| Main sights |
| Transportation |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
History
Cortona was founded by the Etruscans, who called it ''Curtun'' in their language. The city was also important during Roman times.
The Cortona foundation legend
The Etruscan antiquity of the city is not in doubt, but its foundation is lost in the mists of many legends which were already told in classical times. These were later reworked especially in the late Renaissance period under Cosimo I de' Medici. They were concerned with reconciling of two opposed purposes:
(a) The Florentine ruling class wanted to portray the huge domain of Tuscany as ancient Etruria, and to trace all its most famous towns right back to the time immediately following Noah's Flood. They wanted official recognition for them as a Grand Duchy, to obtain the title of Grand Duke for Cosimo. This was granted by Pope Pius V in 1570.
(b) The Cortonese ruling class wanted to portray the city as the oldest and most noble in Tuscany, and to suggest that its local government arose from the Etruscan ''lucumonia'' and had been perpetuated in the medieval ''Comune''. Hence they could argue for a share in the citizen government, after their rivals, the Florentine Lords, had taken control of the town.
The 17th-century ''Guide'' of Giacomo Lauro, reworked from writings of the notorious forger Annio of Viterbo (1432-1502), which draws on many ancient writers, tells that 108 years after the Flood Noah, navigating from the mouth of the Tiber across the Paglia entered the Val di Chiana and, liking this place better than anywhere else in Italy because it was so fertile, stopped and dwelt there for thirty years.
Among his descendants a son named Crano came to the hilltop and, liking the high position, the fine countryside and the calm air, built the city of Cortona on it in the year 273 after the Flood. Stefano (Greek historian, c.AD 539-545) calls this the third city of Italy constructed after the Flood, and the original capital of the ''Turreni''. Noah, approving of Crano's work, named him Corito, i.e. King, and heir to the Kingdom.
Crano, taking this title, built a palace tower atop the hill. Its remains are still at Torremozza. Crano's kingdom was called ''Turrenia'' because Noah's descendants built cities with high towers. That was the original name of Tuscany, and its inhabitants were called ''Turreni''. But being descended from Noah, who was saved from the waters (Latin, "ab imbribus"), some were also called Imbri or (commonly) Umbri.
View of Piazza della Repubblica.
Dardanus, a descendant of Cranus, after local disputes fled to Samothrace, then to Phrygia and at last to Lydia, and founded there the city of Troy. From Troy some descendants of Dardano, still Greek, returned to live in Turrenia (i.e. Toscana), and were the Etruscans. Among them were Ulysses and Pythagoras.
Aristotle (4th century BC) and his contemporary Theopompus report older traditions that Ulysses emigrated to Italy after his return to Ithaca. According to them he came to Etruria, to a city which Theopompus calls Curtonaia, and they locate his tomb nearby. In Etruria (where he is esteemed) Ulysses was called Nanos, 'the Wanderer', and his tomb was said to be at "Monte Perge" near modern Pergo. According to Virgil (Aeneid III and VII) Aeneas, a descendant of Dardano, fled the destruction of Troy and came to Latium (Lazio) where his descendants founded Rome. Hence Cortona had given rise first to Troy, and then to Rome.
The story that Pythagoras lived at Cortona, died and was buried there (the "Tanella di Pitagora") was a confusion between Cortona and Crotona in southern Italy.
Main sights
The prevailing character of Cortona’s architecture is medieval with steep narrow streets situated on a hillside (altitude 600 metres), embracing a view of the whole of the Valdichiana. From the Piazza Garibaldi is a fine prospect of Lago Trasimeno, scene of Hannibal's ambush of the Roman army in 217 BC (Battle of Lake Trasimene). Parts of the Etruscan city wall can still be seen today as the basis of the present wall.
Inside the ''Palazzo Casali ''is the ''Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca ''that displays items from Etruscan, Roman, and Egyptian civilizations, as well as art and artefacts from the Medieval and Renaissance eras. The distinguished Etruscan Academy Museum had its foundation in 1727 with the collections and library of Onofrio Baldelli. Among its most famous ancient artefacts is the bronze 'lampedario' or Etruscan hanging lamp, found at Fratta near Cortona in 1840 and then acquired by the Academy for the large sum of 1600 Florentine scudi. Its iconography includes (under the 18 burners) alternating figures of Silenus playing panpipes or double flutes, and of sirens or harpies. Within zones representing waves, dolphins and fiercer sea-creatures is a gorgon-like face with protruding tongue. Between each burner is a modelled horned head of Achelous. It is supposed that the lampedario derived from some important north Etruscan religious shrine of around the second half of the fourth century BC. A later (2nd century BC) inscription shows it was rededicated for votive purposes (tinscvil) by the ''Musni'' family at that time (P. Bruschetti et al., ''Il Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca di Cortona, Catalogo'' (2nd Ediz., Calosci, Cortona 1996). The Museum contains several other important Etruscan bronzes.
Etruscan chamber-tombs nearby include the 'Tanella di Pitagora' (halfway up the hill from Camucia), two at the foot of the hillside at Il Sodo, and a complex in Camucia. Il Sodo I contains pitch-roofed chambers of slab construction with an inscription, and can be visited. Il Sodo II contained a stone stepped platform with carved sphinxes devouring warriors, the originals in Arezzo Museum (1998). (see ''La Cortona dei Principes'', ed P.Z. Grassi, Cortona 1992)
The church of Santa Maria delle Grazie by Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
The town's chief artistic treasures are two panels by Fra Angelico in the Diocesan Museum, an ''Annunciation'' and a ''Madonna and Child with Saints''. A third surviving work by the same artist is the fresco above the entrance to the church of'' San Domenico'', likewise painted during his stay at Cortona in 1436. [1],[2]. The Diocesan Museum houses also a group of work by Giuseppe Maria Crespi, known as Lo Spagnuolo, called ''Ecstasy of St. Margaret''. The Academy Museum includes the very well-known painting ''Maternità'' of 1916 by the Cortonese artist Gino Severini. There are also examples of the works of Pietro Berrettini (1596-1669), called Pietro da Cortona, pupil of Andrea Commodi.
Also noteworthy is the church of ''Santa Maria delle Grazie'', designed by Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
Transportation
Cortona may be accessed by rail: the closest station is Camucia-Cortona, three kilometres away. There are direct trains from Florence, Rome, and Foligno (via Perugia).
See also
★ Tabula Cortonensis - An ancient Etruscan artifact found in the city of Cortona in 1992.
References
★ Italian Wikipedia
External links
★ Cortona - Art and Architecture
★ - Maec - The Museum of the Etruscan Academy
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