CROWN-CARDINAL

Thomas Cardinal Wolsey

A 'crown-cardinal' (Italian: ''cardinale delle corone'')[1] was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals[2][3] and, if applicable, exercise the ''jus exclusivae''.[4] More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.

Contents
History
Role in conclaves
List of crown-cardinals
Of Austria
Of England
Of France
Of the Holy Roman Empire
Of Naples
Of Poland
Of Portugal
Of Savoy
Of Sicily
Of Spain
List of other national cardinal protectors
Of Aragon
Of Castile and the West Indies
Of Flanders
Of Switzerland
See also
Refences
Notes

History


The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century.[5] The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the consistory of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.[6]
Monarch/Nation Cardinal Notes
Charles VII of FranceRenaud de ChartresChancellor of France
Charles VII of FranceGuillaume d'EstoutevilleRoyal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint Michel
Henry VI of EnglandLouis de Luxembourg de BeaurevoirChancellor for France
Henry VI of EnglandJohn Kempeformer chancellor of England and archbishop of York
Afonso V of PortugalAntonio Martinez de ChavesBishop of Porto
Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum)Dionysius SzechyPrimate-designate of Hungary
Władysław III of PolandZbigniew OlesnickiArchbishop of Krakow
Holy Roman Empire (interregnum)Petrus de SchaumburgImperial Counsellor
René I of NaplesNiccolo d'AcciapaccioArchbishop of Capua
MilanGerardo Landriani CapitaniBishop of Como
GenoaGiorgio Fieschi di LavagnaArchbishop of Genoa
Philip the GoodJean Le JeuneAmbassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence

The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' says 1424) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 161. This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.
Some crown-cardinals were cardinal-nephews or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.[7] During the reigns of Avignon Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.
Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals ''in pectore''.[8] Pope Urban VI (1378—1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.[9]
As of 1913, the only state with a crown-cardinal was the Kingdom of Portugal. World War I cemeted the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either went extinct or declined in power.

Role in conclaves


Main articles: jus exclusivae

In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the ''jus exclusivae'' (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a papal conclave on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccessfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck arrived too late to the Papal conclave of 1846 to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX).

List of crown-cardinals


Of Austria

Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko, crown-cardinal of Austria, was the last to exercise the ''jus exclusivae''.


★ Federico Sforza (1664—1666, substitute protector of Habsburg hereditary lands)

★ Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737—August 30, 1761

★ Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck (circa Papal conclave, 1846)

★ Jan Maurycy PaweÅ‚ Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko (circa Papal conclave, 1903)
Of England

Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protectors of England, Scotland, and Ireland were generally chosen exclusively by the pope and often had no prior relationship to the British Isles.

★ Francesco Piccolomini (1492–1503) (future Pope Pius III)

★ Giulio de'Medici (1514–1523) (future Pope Clement VII)[10]

★ Lorenzo Campeggio (1523–1534)

★ Giovanni Morone, (1578–1579)[11]

★ Philip Howard (1682–1694)[12]

★ Filippo Antonio Gualterio (circa 1717)

★ Cardinal Baschi (circa November 4, 1797)

★ Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (circa 1817, acting)
;Of Ireland

★ Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)

★ Ludovico Cardinal Ludovisi (circa 1628–November 18, 1632)Days of Deliverance Part 9: Rome makes the New Irish Confederation invincible."
;Of Scotland

★ Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa March 5, 1550[13]

★ Filippo Antonio Gualterio (circa 1706)
Of France

François de Joyeuse, cardinal protector of France, anointing Queen Dowager Marie de Medici in 1610

Jules Cardinal Mazarin

The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time, chosen by a complicated process which involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the pope.[14] The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot ''commendatario'' of several French abbeys.[15]

★ André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489—November 10, 1500)

★ Federico Sanseverino (circa October 6, 1513)[16]

★ Giulio de'Medici (circa 1516) (future Pope Clement VII)

★ Scaramuccia Trivulzio (circa 1518)

★ Agostino Trivulzio (circa 1527)

★ Niccolò Gaddi (from 1533)[17]

★ Ippolito II d'Este (from May 1549)[18][19]

★ Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (circa 1552)

★ Luigi d'Este (circa February 23, 1573)

★ François de Joyeuse (February 16, 1587—1615)

★
★ Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609—May 1611)[20]

★ Alessandro Orsini (until 1620)

★ Guido Bentivoglio (from 1620)

★ Maurizio di Savoia (circa Papal conclave, 1623)

★ Antonio Barberini (circa 1644)[21]

★ Rinaldo d'Este (circa 1645—1672)[22]

★ Alessandro Bichi (until 1657)

★ Francesco Maria de'Medici (1703—June 19, 1709)

★ Henri-Osvald de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon (December 20, 1737—April 23, 1747)
Of the Holy Roman Empire

Ludovico Madruzzo, crown-cardinal of the Holy Roman Empire

The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.

★ Francesco Piccolomini (1492—1503) (future Pope Pius III)[23]

★ Innocenzo Cibo (circa 1542)

★ Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (circa 1558)[24]

★ Ludovico Madruzzo (circa 1573)

★ Scipione Borghese (from 1611)

★ Franz Seraph von Dietrichstein (circa 1635)[25]

★ Federico Sforza (1664—1666, substitute protector)

★ Francesco Maria de'Medici (1689—1703)[26]

★ Franziskus Herzan von Harras (circa Papal conclave, 1800)
Of Naples


★ Federico Sforza (1664—1676)

★ Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)[27]
Of Poland


★ Lorenzo Pucci (circa 1514)[28]

★ Jan Aleksander Lipski (December 20, 1737—February 20, 1746)
Of Portugal


★ Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugual and the Two Sicilies)[29]

★ Odoardo Farnese (circa 1621)[30]

★ Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737—February 27, 1754)[31][32]
Of Savoy


★ Paolo Emilio Cesi (circa 1534)
Of Sicily


★ Alfonso Gesualdo (circa 1585) (Protector of Portugual and the Two Sicilies)

★ Federico Sforza (1664—1666, substitute protector)

★ Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa 1738) (Protector of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily)
Of Spain

Ferdinando de' Medici, crown-cardinal of Spain from 1582 to 1584

Giulio Alberoni

The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors (Spanish: ''Protector de Espana'') simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.[33]

★ Pedro González de Mendoza (May 7, 1473—January 11, 1495)[34]

★ Francisco Pacheo de Toledo (circa 1564)

★ Francesco Alciati (circa 1569)

★ Alessandro Sforza (circa 1575)[35]

★ Juan Hurtado de Mendoza (circa 1591)[36]

★ Francisco de Ãvila (circa 1598)[37]

★ Pedro de Deza Manuel (circa 1599)[38]

★ Ferdinando de' Medici (1582—1584)[39]

★ Alessandro d'Este (from 1611)

★ Carlo de' Medici (circa 1645)[40]

★ Gil Carrillo de Albornoz (August 30, 1627—December 19, 1649)

★ Francesco Maria de' Medici (1703—June 19, 1709)

★ Francesco Acquaviva D'Aragona (from 1713)[41]

★ Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada (circa 1732)[42]

★ Troiano Acquaviva D'Aragona (circa April 1743)

★ Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735—December 18, 1754)[43]

★ Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756—March 21, 1775)[44]

List of other national cardinal protectors


Of Aragon


★ Federico Sforza (1664—1666, substitute protector)
Of Castile and the West Indies


★ Federico Sforza (1664—1667, substitute protector)
Of Flanders


★ Flavio Orsini (circa 1578)

★ Ascanio Colonna (circa 1606)[45]

★ Federico Sforza (1664—1666, substitute protector)
Of Switzerland


★ Charles Borromeo (circa 1586)[46]

★ Francesco Barberini (from February 26, 1626

See also



★ Prince of the Church

★ Prince-Bishop

★ Lord Bishop

★ Cardinal-nephew

Refences



★ Pastor, Ludwig. 1902. ''The History of Popes''. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.

Notes


Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

1. Chadwick, Owen. p. 265-267.
2.
3. Reinerman, Alan J. 1989. Austria and the Papacy in the Age of Metternich''. Catholic University of America Press. p. 59.
4.
5. Bireley, Robert. 2007. Book Review. ''The Catholic Historical Review''. '93', 1: 172-173.
6. Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Nicholas V (1447)."
7. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "The election of Pope Eugenius IV (1431)."
8. Pastor, 1940, p. 133.
9.
10. Nenner, Howard A. 1977, March. Book Review. ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion''. '45', 1: 101.
11. Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "Consistory of June 2, 1542 (VII)."
12.
13. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of July 1, 1517 (V)."
14. Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164.
15. Salvator, Miranda. 1998. "Consistory of November 7, 1689."
16. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of March 9, 1489 (I)."
17. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 3, 1527 (I)."
18. Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 164-165.
19. Yardley, Jonathan. 2005, June 26. "The Cardinal's Hat." ''Washington Post''. BW02.
20. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 10, 1607 (III)."
21. Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 128.
22. Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 165.
23. Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 29.
24. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 19, 1544 (VIII)."
25. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 3, 1599 (IV)."
26. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "September 2, 1686 (II)."
27. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of October 1, 1732 (IV)."
28. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of September 23, 1513 (I)."
29. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)."
30. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 6, 1591 (II)."
31. Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312294638. p. 173.
32. Minor, Vernon Hyde. 2005. ''The Death of the Baroque and the Rhetoric of Good Taste''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521843413. p. 138.
33. Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002. Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521641462. p. 163.
34. Burke-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)."
35. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of March 12, 1565 (IV)."
36. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of December 18, 1587 (V)."
37. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of September June 5, 1596 (II)."
38. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of February 21, 1578 (V)."
39. Minnich, Nelson H. 2003. Book Review. ''The Catholic Historical Review''. '89', 4: 773-778.
40. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of December 2, 1615 (VI)."
41. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of May 17, 1706 (II)."
42. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of November 29, 1719 (XIV)."
43. Pastor, 1941, p. 405.
44. Robinson, Nancy Nowakowski. 2004. ''Institutional Anti-Judaism''. Xlibris. ISBN 141342161X. p. 75.
45. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. " Consistory of November 16, 1586 (III)."
46. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Consistory of January 31, 1560 (I)."


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