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EspañolCUMBERLAND SCHOOL OF LAW
:''This institution is 'unrelated' to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky.''
'Cumberland School of Law' is an ABA accredited law school and one of the oldest law schools in the United States. [1] It is currently located in Birmingham, Alabama. The school has the distinction of having trained two United States Supreme Court Justices, placing it just behind Harvard, Yale and Columbia in that respect.[2][3] It has also trained Cordell Hull who is considered to have been the father of the United Nations and numerous U.S. Representatives, Senators and judges. The school is well known for its emphasis on Trial Advocacy and the 2006 Princeton Review ranked the school 6th in its "Professors Rock (Legally Speaking)" category and 7th in its "Best Quality of Life" category.
The school offers two degree programs: the 90 hour Juris Doctor (J.D.), and the Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), which is designed to instruct foreign lawyers on the basic legal principles of the United States. The school also offers six dual-degree programs.
Cumberland has two publications: the'' Cumberland Law Review'' and the ''American Journal of Trial Advocacy'', and the law library is a 42,500 net square foot building with over 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents.
It also has four research centers including the The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics, which studies the ethical implications of biotechnology and has attracted speakers such as atmospheric scientist John Christy, medical ethicist Gregory Pence, and U.S. Representative Artur Davis. The Center's location is convenient because of the proximity of the UAB medical center. Additionally, Birmingham is one of the current major emerging biotechnology markets with more than 90 biotech-related businesses in Alabama alone.[4] Birmingham is also noted as having been one of the primary industrial centers of the southern United States.
History
Cumberland University c.1858. Burned during the Civil War.
This summary is based on ''From Maverick to Mainstream'',[5] which is a review of Cumberland's history and the development of the American legal education system. Legal scholar Kermit L. Hall stated that the work "is not just about the 'Cumberland School of Law', but about the significant changes that have reshaped the nature of legal education."[6]
Pre-Civil war
Cumberland School of Law was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University. Founder and first professor Judge Abraham Caruthers said, "I call it an adventure, I speak of it as an experiment." At the end of 1847, 15 law schools existed in the country. It is clear, however, that prior to its founding Cumberland facilitated the study of law, evidenced by graduates like George W. Harkins, a Choctaw chief who became a judge in 1834.
Prior to the official founding of these first law schools, the primary means for a legal education was apprentiship. To give some perspective, establishing law schools was difficult in the early 1800s. Harvard only reestablished its law school in 1829 and Yale in 1826. By 1859 Cumberland, Harvard, and the Virginia School of Law were the top three largest law schools in the United States. By 1860 only 21 university law schools existed in the country and in no documented case did the curriculum last over two years.
It was during these Antebellum years that Cumberland enjoyed great success. Nathan Green, Jr., son of then professor Nathan Green, Sr., stated that Cumberland enjoyed "the highest degree of prosperity", with a beautiful 20 acre campus, picturesque trees and fences and fine architecture.[7] Cumberland's first graduate Paine Page Prim ultimately became chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.[8]
Nathan Green Jr. in 1861
Students were taught through reading treatises, approximately two hours worth of recitations each morning, and a mandatory moot court program. Caruthers considered the law a science and the Socratic Method a necessity.[8] The cost was fifty dollars a session and a five dollar "contingent fee".[10] After the Civil War, this treatise method, the legal formalism of the school's approach and Nathan Green Jr.'s unwillingness to make changes, are all considered to be reasons for Cumberland's drift out of the mainstream.[11] But Cumberland appeared at a unique time in history and offered a unique educational option. The American Civil War, however, would totally destroy the school and the rebuilding effort would be a long, slow process.
Civil war
April 13, 1861 jolted Cumberland out of its "Golden Age" when President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to invade the southern states. The campus split within a week; some students joined the northern army; many joined the southern army. Nathan Green Jr.'s father, a law professor, went home, but Abraham Caruthers fled to Marietta, Georgia in fear of arrest where he died just over one year later.[7]
During the war professors John Carter and Nathan Green, Jr. fought as Confederate officers. Carter was killed but Green survived the war. The campus did not. The trees were cut down and fences destroyed and burned. The Confederate Army burned the University buildings, apparently because a Confederate Major was offended that black Union soldiers had used them as barracks.[13]
Crest
Reconstruction
The campus may have been totally destroyed but the law school began the slow process of rebuilding. In July 1866 Cumberland adopted the image of the phoenix, which is an Egyptian mythological bird that is reborn from its own ashes. The new motto was "E Cineribus Resurgo" or "I rise from the ashes."[14]
In September 1865 classes resumed with eleven students, which soon grew to twenty. The 1865 class included a Confederate General and Union colonel, enemies only a few months earlier. Nathan Green, Jr. kept the school together until a circuit judge named Henry Cooper, Andrew B. Martin and Robert L. Caruthers, brother of deceased founder Abraham Caruthers, joined the faculty. Robert Caruthers had previously served as the state attorney general and had been elected Governor of Tennessee during the war in 1863, but he was never innaugurated. Cooper did not serve on the faculty for long.[15]
Cumberland School of Law - Corona Hall - Law School from 1873-1878
The destruction of the campus and the devastation of war had impoverished the school and it was almost fifteen years before it saw students enter from outside the South when a student from Illinois and a member of the Choctaw Nation enrolled at Cumberland. But there were few students from outside of the defeated Southern states, which Langum and Walthall claim underscored "how terribly the Civil War blighted Cumberland."[16]
Robert Caruthers persisted despite the setbacks and in 1878 Caruthers Hall was dedicated in his honor. This new school replaced Corona Hall, which had unknown limitations. The new hall apparently had "excellent acoustics and hard seats" and is desciped as a:
"splendid structure, built after the latest architectural style, is nearly one hundred feet from base to spire, and contains two recitation rooms for the Law Department, two Society Halls, a Library, and a chapel whose seating capacity is about seven hundred.[17]
Caruthers Hall, from the ''Phoenix'' in 1903.
But despite the seemingly heroic efforts to keep the school alive, Cumberland was falling into the minority. It maintained a one year curriculum when other schools moved toward longer terms, and it entrenched with legal formalism, which had reached its peak in the 1870s and would soon be on the decline. In 1876, for instance, Harvard Law School began to encourage a three year curriculum.[18]
In 1903 Nathan Green, Jr. did become the first official dean of the law school. For the prior 57 years the school did not have this position, which was becoming more and more popular amongst the law schools.
But Cumberland progressed in other ways. It first admitted women in 1901[8] and during this time the library grew from six hundred volumes in 1869 to three thousand in 1878.[20] Today, the Lucille Stewart Beeson law library collection contains 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents.[21]
As great as this early progress was, historian Lewis L. Laska observed that:
Cumberland, which had once marked the high point of professional education, had become a captive of its own success. Unwilling to adopt modern techniques such as the case method, or to expand and deepen its curriculum by opting for the three-year standard, Cumberland became the symbol of the democratic bar.[22]
Through 1919, Cumberland did not adapt to the shift in legal education.[22]
In 1915 Cumberland refurbished its halls by an eight thousand dollar grant from the U.S. government as reparation for federal occupancy during the Civil War.[24]
When Cordell Hull, the Father of the United Nations, graduated from Cumberland, he commented on the diploma privilege, which granted the right to practice law without taking a bar exam, saying that:
according to custom, we members of the graduating class, the moment we received our diplomas, took them to the courthouse, where a district judge awaited us. He swore us in as members of the bar. I was not twenty years old.[25]
Cumberland did adapt to the changing times, but became unique again in 1961 when it sold from Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee to Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama. It still remains the only law school in the country to have been sold from one University to another.
Today the law school is well known for its emphasis on Trial Advocacy and is building a biotechnology emphasis through its Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics.
Institution
Judge John L. Carroll, dean of Cumberland, 2006 graduation ceremony.
The law school emphasizes practical skills and integrity. The current dean, former federal judge John L. Carroll (class of '74) states that:
"The prevailing philosophy is simple: Practical skill outweighs raw knowledge, and application transcends erudition. If the goal were to produce great law students, the tenets might be exactly the opposite. Our goal is to produce exceptional lawyers. That’s why Cumberland’s curriculum emphasizes the core competencies of legal practice: research, writing and persuasion."
Langum and Walthall summarize the history of 'Cumberland Law School' as:
"From its very local, Tennessee origins in 1847, Cumberland School of Law soon emerged as a premier law school with a national status. It excelled in faculty, teaching methodology, and numbers of students. Following the American Civil War, Cumberland rebuilt itself and ultimately succeeded on a grand scale with its single-year curriculum."[26]
Another unique aspect of the law school is that it is not native to Alabama. In fact the law school was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University making the school approximately 160 years old. During the American Civil War the campus was totally destroyed and Confederate forces reportedly burned law school to the ground. In 1961, Samford University, formerly Howard College, purchased the law school from Cumberland University and today Cumberland remains the only law school to have been sold from one University to another.
To put its founding in perspective, at the end of 1847 only 15 law schools existed in the United States, which makes Cumberland one of the oldest in the country.
As of 2006, the law school had 495 enrolled students.
''Memory Leake Robinson Hall'' in 2006
One of 'Cumberland's' more notable graduates, Cordell Hull, served under Franklin Delano Roosevelt as Secretary of State and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945. At one point in his life he stated that:
"if this historic institution ('Cumberland') had been located in any other section of the country instead of having been an unpretentious school in an unpretentious locality, its wonderful work would be as widely known and recognized as that of any educational institution of like age in any part of America."[27]
After witnessing the Civil War, the Great Depression, two world wars, and the Civil Rights Movement, Cumberland stands on a long, proud history, but now looks "to regain the premier status it once held."
Life at Cumberland
Cumberland students generally attend school for three years. The first year classes are preselected: Civil Procedure, Contracts, Property, Torts, Criminal Law, and Evidence. Students are divided into one of three sections, where the students remain together in their respective classes for the entire first year. First year students are also enrolled in even smaller sections for Lawyering and Legal Reasoning, a class that focuses on honing the students' ability to think and write like a lawyer.
''Cordell Hull'' Moot Court Room in 2006
Second and third year courses give students more choices and allow some degree of specialization. Cumberland offers a balance of traditional courses, such as Criminal Procedure, Family Law, and Basic Federal Income Tax, and practical courses, such as Basic and Advanced Trial Skills, Business Drafting, Real Estate Transactions, and Law Office Practice and Management.
Students are taught using the Socratic Method, typical of law school pedagogy.
Students must also take Professional Responsibility and the MPRE, which is an exam that is required to practice in addition to the Bar exam.
Cumberland offers numerous extracurricular activities, in addition to the opportunities provided by Samford University. See below for a list of publications, research centers, and student organizations. The Student Bar Association sponsors Bar Review most Thursday nights, where Cumberland students frequent the many bars of Birmingham, Alabama.
Housing for law students is not available on campus, but students typically rent apartments or buy houses in the surrounding community.
Competition for grades and rank can be aggressive but rarely personal, and there is a surprising degree of camaraderie amongst the students, which many students consider to be atypical of the environment on most law school campuses.
The Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library
The library building is 42,500 net square feet with 13 conference rooms, 474 study spaces and large carrels equipped with electrical and data connections as well as three computer labs.
The collection consists of approximately 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents. Other formats for legal materials that the library offers include electronic resources and audiovisuals. There are seven full-time librarians, eight full-time support staff members, and four part-time support staff members.[21]
Bar passage and employment rates
★ First time takers from the Class of 2006 had a 93.3% passage rate on the July 2006 Alabama Bar exam.
★ First time takers from the Class of 2005 had a 94.1% passage rate on the July 2005 Alabama Bar exam.
★ 93.7% of the Class of 2004 is currently employed, with 68.9% in private practice, 5.91% in judicial clerkships, 4.1% in business and industry, 11.1% in government, 1.5% in public interest, .7% in academics, and 6.7% pursued advanced degrees.[29]
Admissions
Bird's-Eye View of the Campus
The Fall 2006 entering class had an average LSAT score of 156 and average undergraduate GPA of 3.28. The top quarter of the entering class had an LSAT score of 159 or higher and a GPA of 3.59 or higher. Candidates are selected based on "LSAT, undergraduate GPA, discipline of study, graduate work, undergraduate grade trends, employment, undergraduate institution, personal statement, and letters of recommendation."[29]
Joint degree programs
Cumberland offers 6 joint degree programs:
★ 'JD/Master of Accountancy', 'JD/Master of Business Administration', in conjunction with the Samford University School of Business,
★ 'JD/Master of Divinity', in conjunction with the Beeson Divinity School of Samford University,
★ 'JD/Master of Science in Environmental Management', in conjunction with the graduate school of Samford University,
★ 'JD/Master of Public Administration', in conjunction with the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of the University of Alabama at Birmingham,
★ 'JD/Master of Public Health', in conjunction with the School of Public Health of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Foreign programs
★ Summer 2006 - Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, England;
★ Summer 2006 - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil;
★ Summer 2006 - University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.[31]
Organizations
Publications
# The ''Cumberland Law Review''[32] whose members are selected by write-on from the top 15% of the freshman class and
# ''The American Journal of Trial Advocacy''[33] whose members are selected by write-on from the top 33% of the freshman class
Research centers
# The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics
# Cumberland Community Mediation Center
# The Center for Law & Church
# The Alabama Center for Law and Civic Education
Selected student organizations
''Justice Tempered by Mercy - Statue located in the Courtyard of the Law School''
★ Alabama Defense Lawyer's Association[34]
★ The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy[35]
★ Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA)[36]
★ Black Law Students Association[37]
★ Christian Legal Society[38]
★ Cordell Hull Speakers Forum[39]
★ Federalist Society[40]
★ Henry Upson Sims Moot Court Board[41]
★ Law, Science and Technology Society
★ Phi Alpha Delta[42]
★ Student Bar Association
★ Trial Advocacy Board[43]
★ Women in the Law[44]
Founders
★ Abraham Caruthers
★ Robert L. Caruthers
★ Nathan Green, Sr.
★ Nathan Green, Jr.
Deans
| Dean | Tenure | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nathan Green, Jr. | 1903 |
| 2 | Andrew Martin | |
| 3 | Edward E. Beard | |
| 4 | William R. Chambers | acting dean |
| 5 | Albert Williams | acting dean 1933–1935 |
| 6 | Albert B. Neil | acting dean |
| 7 | Samuel Gilreath | acting dean 1947–1948 |
| 8 | Arthur A. Weeks | 1947–1952 |
| 9 | Donald E. Corley | acting dean 1972–1973, dean 1974–1984 |
| 10 | Brad Bishop | acting dean 1984–1985 |
| 11 | Parham H. Williams | 1985–1996 |
| 12 | Barry A. Currier | 1996–2000 |
| 13 | Michael D. Floyd | acting dean 2000–01 |
| 14 | John L. Carroll | 2001–present |
Miscellany
Notable facts
''Classroom in Memory Leake Robinson Hall''
★ Cumberland has trained:
★
★ 2 United States Supreme Court Justices, Howell Edmunds Jackson and Horace Harmon Lurton,
★
★ a Nobel Peace Prize recipient,
★
★ 9 U.S. senators,
★
★ U.S. Secretary of State, Cordell Hull,
★
★ and numerous federal and state judges, representatives and governors.
★ Cumberland is the first law school to have been sold from one university to another.
★ Cumberland is well known in the Southeast for its focus on Trial Advocacy.
★ The school is composed of two buildings: the main classroom building, Memory Leake Robinson Hall, and the Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library, which is a 42,500 net square foot building with over 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents [45].
★ The school's motto is "Where good people become exceptional lawyers."
★ Also according to ''U.S. News & World Report'', Cumberland, as of 2006, is tied with Gonzaga University with a 0.21 diversity rating based on a 7% African-American enrollment.
★ In 2006, the ''Princeton Review'' ranked the school 6th in its "Professors Rock (Legally Speaking)" category and 7th in its "Best Quality of Life" category.
★ Motto: 'E Cineribus Resurgo' means "I rise from the ashes" in Latin and was the motto of Cumberland School of Law following the American Civil War when the campus was burned to the ground by Confederate troops.
Notable alumni
Cordell Hull - ''Nobel Peace Prize, U.S. Sec of State, Father of the U.N.''
Horace Lurton - ''Supreme Court Justice''
Howell Jackson - ''Supreme Court Justice''
Tom Stewart - US Senator, Chief Prosecutor of the Scopes Trial
Robert H. Hatton (O) - US Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
★ James Allred (D) - 2 term Governor of Texas
★ Roger Bedford, Jr. (D) - seven term Alabama Senator
★ Beverly Briley (D) - mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
★ Gordon Browning (D) - Governor of Tennessee, U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ John L. Carroll - former federal judge and dean of Cumberland School of Law, Legal Director of the Southern Poverty Law Center
★ Robert L. Caruthers - Governor of Tennessee, Tennessee Attorney General
★ Sidney J. Catts (P) - Governor of Florida (22nd), Prohibition party candidate
★ Harry E. Claiborne - notorious federal judge
★ LeRoy Collins (D) - Governor of Florida
★ Charlie Crist (R) - Governor of Florida, Former Florida Attorney General
★ Edward H. East (W) - Secretary of State for Tennessee
★ Grafton Green - associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court, presided over the appeal of John T. Scopes
★ Carl Hatch (D) - U.S. Senator from New Mexico, author of the Hatch Act of 1939
★ Van Hilleary (R) - Tennessee politician and lobbyist
★ William J. Holloway (D) - Governor of Oklahoma
★ James Edwin Horton - Judge who presided over the retrial of the Scottsboro Boys who set aside the juries conviction and sentence of death and was them removed by the Alabama Supreme Court. He is remembered by a plaque on the courthouse.
★ Jeff Hoover (R) - Kentucky House of Representatives
★ Cordell Hull (D) - United States Secretary of State under F.D.R., Nobel Peace Prize recipient, 11 terms as U.S. Representative, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, co-initiated the United Nations
★ Douglas S. Jackson (D) - United States Senator from Tennessee, executive director of the Renaissance Center
★ Howell Edmunds Jackson (D) - United States Supreme Court Justice, justice U.S. Circuit Court for the Sixth Circuit, U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative
★ William F. Kirby - U.S. Senator from Arkansas, associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, Attorney General for Arkansas, author of ''Kirby’s Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas''
★ Joshua B. Lee - U.S. Senator and Representative from Oklahoma
★ Zeb Little - Majority Leader and Floor Leader of the Alabama Senate
★ Horace Harmon Lurton (D) - United States Supreme Court Justice, Tennessee Supreme Court, justice U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, dean of Vanderbilt University law department
★ Crawford Martin (D) - Texas State Senator, Texas Secretary of State and Attorney General of Texas
★ Bert H. Miller (D) - U.S. Senator from Idaho
★ Charles H. O'Brien (D) - Tennessee State Senator, Tennessee State Supreme Court
★ Mike Papantonio - head of mass tort department at Levin, Papantonio in Pensacola, Florida, one of America's 15 most successful plaintiff's firms
★ Paine Page Prim - chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, first graduate of Cumberland Law School
★ Mike Stewart - American writer
★ Tom Stewart (D) - U.S. Senator from Tennessee, chief prosecutor during the Scopes Trial
★ John Strohm - entertainment lawyer and former member of the Lemonheads
★ Mauricio J. Tamargo - 14th Chairman of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
★ Ben West - mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
U.S. Representatives
★ Clifford Allen (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Richard Merrill Atkinson (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Maecenas Eason Benton (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
★ Joseph Edgar Brown (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Foster V. Brown (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee, father of Joseph Edgar Brown
★ Robert R. Butler (R) - U.S. Representative from Oregon
★ Adam M. Byrd (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
★ William Parker Caldwell (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee, Tennessee State Senator
★ Samuel Caruthers (W) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
★ Frank Chelf (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
★ Judson C. Clements (D) - U.S. Representative from Georgia
★ Wynne F. Clouse (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ William B. Craig (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama
★ Jere Cooper (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ John Duncan, Sr. (R) - 12 term U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Harold Earthman (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Benjamin A. Enloe (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Joe L. Evins (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Lewis P. Featherstone (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
★ Aaron L. Ford (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
★ William Voris Gregory (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
★ Edward Isaac Golladay (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Isaac Goodnight (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
★ Oren Harris (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
★ Robert H. Hatton (O) - U.S. Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, Opposition party member, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
★ Goldsmith W. Hewitt (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama
★ Wilson S. Hill (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
★ George Huddleston (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama and father of George Huddleston, Jr.
★ Wade H. Kitchens (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
★ John Ridley Mitchell - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Tom J. Murray (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Herron C. Pearson (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Andrew Price (D) - U.S. Representative from Louisiana
★ Haywood Yancey Riddle (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ James Edward Ruffin (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
★ Thetus W. Sims (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Thomas U. Sisson (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
★ John H. Smithwick (D) - U.S. Representative from Florida
★ Charles Swindall (R) - U.S. Representative from Oklahoma
★ John May Taylor (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Anthony F. Tauriello (D) - U.S. Representative for New York
★ J. Will Taylor (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Zachary Taylor (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
★ Richard Warner (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
Notable professors
★ Albert Brewer - Governor of Alabama, Distinguished Professor of Law and Government
★ John L. Carroll - former federal judge and dean of Cumberland School of Law, Legal Director of the Southern Poverty Law Center.
★ Robert L. Caruthers - Attorney General for Tennessee, elected Governor of Tennessee
★ Charles D. Cole - Director of Cumberland's programs to Durham, England, and Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Cumberland's Master of Comparative Law degree program
★ Henry Cooper (U.S. Senator) (D) - United States Senator from Tennessee.
★ Robert L. McCurley, Jr. - Director of the Alabama Law Institute
★ William H. Pryor, Jr. - judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, former Alabama Attorney General, adjunct professor
★ David M. Smolin - Director of The Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics and human rights activist
★ Joseph Snoe - Co-author of ''Property: Examples and Explanations'' and author of ''American Health Care Delivery Systems'', American Casebook Series
See also
★ List of Law Schools by United States Supreme Court Justices trained
★ List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by education
★ Cumberland Law School main page
★ ABA Page for Cumberland
★ Faculty Profiles
★ Cordell Hull Museum
★ Cordell Hull Institute
References
1. Law school in the United States
2. List of Law Schools by United States Supreme Court Justices trained
3. List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by education
4. Birmingham Business Journal On-line
5. Review of From Maverick to Mainstream
6. DAVID J. LANGUM & HOWARD P. WALTHALL: From Maverick to Mainstream: Cumberland School of Law, 1847-1997, back cover (University of Georgia Press 1997). (Langum & Walthall)
7. Langum & Walthall, p.47
8. The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
9. The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
10. Langum & Walthall, p.57
11. Langum & Walthall, p59.
12. Langum & Walthall, p.47
13. Langum & Walthall, p.49-51
14. Langum & Walthall, p.50-51
15. Langum & Walthall, p.51-52
16. Langum & Walthall, p.56
17. Langum & Walthall, P.56-57
18. Langum & Walthall, p.59
19. The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
20. Langum & Walthall, p.62
21. lawlib.samford.edu/director.html
22. Langum & Walthall, p.97
23. Langum & Walthall, p.97
24. Langum & Walthall, p.98
25. Langum & Walthall, p.101
26. Langum & Walthall, 253
27. Langum & Walthal, p113, (quoting "Hull Calls for Consectration", Lebanon (Tenn.) Democrat, May 10, 1934, p.1).
28. lawlib.samford.edu/director.html
29. Cumberland admissions website
30. Cumberland admissions website
31. Foreign Programs Website
32. cumberland.samford.edu/cumberland_students.asp?ID=226
33. www.samford.edu/schools/law/trialjournal/
34. Alabama Defense Lawyer's Association Alabama Defense Lawyers Association
35. The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy American Constitution Society for Law and Policy
36. Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA) [1]
37. Black Law Students Association [2]
38. Christian Legal Society [3]
39. Cordell Hull Speakers Forum [4]
40. Federalist Society [5]
41. Henry Upson Sims Moot Court Board [6]
42. Phi Alpha Delta [7]
43. Trial Advocacy Board [8]
44. Women in the Law [9]
45. Cumberland Law Library [10]
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