D. MICHAEL QUINN
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'D. Michael Quinn' (born in 1944) is a historian who has focused on The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. From 1976 to 1988, he was a professor at Brigham Young University, after which he resigned. At the time, his work concerned church involvement with plural marriage after the 1890 Manifesto, in which the practice was officially renounced.
In 1993, his on-going work resulted in his excommunication from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as one of the September Six. Despite his excommunication and his open homosexuality[1], Quinn believes in the Latter Day Saint movement, although he is in disagreement with certain policies and doctrines. He continues to be a widely-cited Mormon historian by researchers and students of Mormonism.
Quinn's research, both before and after his excommunication, were in-depth revisions of traditional accounts of Mormon history. Three of his most influential books, each of which is the focal point of intense controversy, are "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View," "The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power," and "The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power."
In an April 2006 article, ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Golden wrote that Quinn has become unhireable because almost all the funding for professorships in Mormon studies comes from Mormon donors. In 2003, Brigham Young University threatened to withdraw funding for a conference it was co-sponsoring at Yale if Quinn were allowed to speak. More recently Arizona State University administrators vetoed the department of religious studies in its recommendation to hire Quinn. ASU faculty believe officials fear alienating ASU’s 3,700 LDS students and offending Ira Fulton, a powerful Mormon donor who, according to Golden, has called Quinn a “nothing person.â€
Quinn was recently interviewed in the PBS documentary "The Mormons."
''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View'' is an exhaustive recounting of the role of 19th-century New England folk magic lore in Joseph Smith's early visions and in the development of the Book of Mormon. The book argues that Smith's early religious experiences are inextricably intermingled with ritual, supernaturalism, and white magic. Evidence is drawn from friendly firsthand sources, unfriendly firsthand sources, material artifacts, and parallels in ideas. All four sources agree that Joseph Smith used a collection of different seer stones in searching for buried treasure supposedly left by pirates, Spaniards, and Native Americans. The evidence suggests that these same seer stones were one of the primary tools used by Smith in translating the Book of Mormon. Likewise, evidence from all four categories of sources supports the idea that Smith approved of the use of rods for dowsing activities. Indeed, the first published version of an early revelation told Oliver Cowdery that a dowsing rod (referred to as a "rod of nature") would serve as a means of receiving divine revelation. Other claims, including Smith's purported involvement in astrology and the idea that the Book of Mormon guardian Moroni transformed from the form of a salamander, are less supported by evidence.
Some historians, both within and without the Mormon faith, consider this book an important contribution in understanding early Mormon history, and Quinn's supporters feel his work is groundbreaking. In a 1990 book review in ''Church History'', Klaus J. Hansen calls the book a "magesterial study" and a "tour de force," and describes it as providing a "truly stunning mass of evidence" in favor of its position. John L. Brooke made Quinn's argument the starting point of his study, "The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844."
However, Mormon and non-Mormon scholars have also criticized the book as relying too heavily on environmental parallels without a proven connection to Smith's ideas and behavior, that it accepts at face value the disputed Howe-Hurlbut affidavits about Smith's New York reputation and behavior and a late 19th century newspaper account of a money-digging agreement involving Smith and his father, and that its central thesis is implausible without Mark Hofmann's "Salamander Letter"--which turned out to be a forgery. William J. Hamblin states in his review of the book that "the fact that Quinn could not discover a single primary source written by Latter-day Saints that makes any positive statement about magic is hardly dissuasive to a historian of Quinn's inventive capacity." An additional criticism suggests that the concept of magic is flawed and inherently subjective; it implies that Smith's use of seer stones and dowsing rods was superstitious or fraudulent rather than divine. However, some of Quinn's critics acknowledge that the book is "richly documented" (William A. Wilson in a 1989 book review in ''The Western Historical Quarterly'') and an obligatory starting point for any discussion of Smith's involvement in 19th-century folkloric practices.
The two volumes of ''The Mormon Hierarchy'' provide a comprehensive secular organizational history of the church from its founding to modern times, and its influence on current LDS culture and doctrine. The work emphasizes conflict, coercion, and violence, especially during the 19th century (see Danites, Mountain Meadows Massacre, Blood Atonement and Mormon War). During the 20th century, Quinn's account emphasizes the increasing bureaucratization of the church, its role in right-wing anti-Communism during the 1960s, efforts against the Equal Rights Amendment, political work against same-sex marriage and some forms of anti-discrimination legislation, the church's mid-century financial crisis, conflicts over policies such as the so-called "baseball baptisms" of youth who knew little about the church, personal conflicts among church Apostles, and extensive business and family interrelationships among leaders.
Quinn is also a noteworthy biographer of the mid-20th-century Latter-day Saint leader J. Reuben Clark. In two biographical volumes on the Mormon Apostle, Quinn has emphasized Clark's professional preeminence, his committed and sometimes inflexible leadership, his persistent pacifism.
Main articles: Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Michael Quinn
Quinn has publicly argued that homosexual relationships, between both men and women, were quietly accepted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its leadership up until the 1940s. This theme has arisen in Quinn's ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power'' and is the central topic of ''Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example.'' Several LDS scholars have disputed Quinn's work, calling it a distortion of LDS history and saying he completely misrepresented the facts. They deny any acceptance from previous leaders of homosexuality, suggesting that Quinn conflated an absence of early Church proscriptions of homosexuality with tacit acceptance of same, and state the current leadership of the church “is entirely consistent with the teachings of past leaders and with the scriptures.â€George L. Mitton, Rhett S. James A Response to D. Michael Quinn's Homosexual Distortion of Latter-day Saint History Review of ''Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example'' by D. Michael Quinn Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, 1998. Pp. 141–263
Quinn has edited a prominent collection of major publications in Mormon history over the last 40 years, ''The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Past.'' He has written and spoken about the parallels between 19th-century American attacks on Mormon polygamy and 20th- and 21st-century Mormon attacks on same-sex marriage. He has also presented an overview of recent biographies of Joseph Smith, suggesting that these biographies maintain an artificial division between Joseph Smith the treasure seeker and Joseph Smith the prophet.
★ September Six
★
1. "Mr. Quinn's personal life contributed to his estrangement from the church. The father of four was divorced in 1985 and came out publicly as a homosexual in 1996 when he published a book about same-sex friendships and romances in 19th-century Mormonism. The church condemns homosexual behavior. Mr. Quinn says he still believes in the "fundamentals" of Mormonism but doesn't practice the faith." Daniel Golden, "Scholar of Mormon History, Expelled From Church, Hits a Wall in Job Search Trying to Avoid ‘Minefields,'" ''Wall Street Journal'', April 6, 2006, A1.
★ Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn." Sillitoe, John & Staker, Susan (eds.). ''Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002, pp. 329-363.
★ Brooke, John L. "The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
★ Golden, Daniel. "Religion Studies, Universities Bend To Views of Faithful." ''Wall Street Journal,'' April 6, 2006; Page A1.
★ Hansen, Klaus J. Review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" ''Church History'' Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 110-112.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. "On Being a Mormon Historian (And Its Aftermath)." Smith, George D., ed. ''Faithful History: Essays on Writing Mormon History.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992, pp. 69-111.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. "''Apologia Pro Mea Via''" ''Sunstone'', December 2003, 25-27.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Revised and Enlarged Edition.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1994.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''The Mormon Hierachy: Extensions of Power.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Elder Statesman: A Biography of J. Reuben Clark.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002.
★ Quinn, D. Michael (ed.). ''The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Past.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example.'' University of Illinois Press, 1996.
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Robinson, Stephen E., , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Whittle, Benson, , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Wilson, William A, , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ Wilson, William A. review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" ''The Western Historical Quarterly'', Vol. 20, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 342-343
★ Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon ThoughtSearch past issues archives for full text articles published by Michael Quinn.
★ Recorded 2006 Radio Interview with D. Michael Quinn
★ Links Related to ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View''
★
★ FARMS - "That Old Black Magic" by William J. Hamblin.
★
★ FARMS - "Writing History Must Not Be an Act of 'Magic'" by Rhett S. James.
★
★ FARMS - "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Revised and Enlarged Edition" by John Gee.
In 1993, his on-going work resulted in his excommunication from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as one of the September Six. Despite his excommunication and his open homosexuality[1], Quinn believes in the Latter Day Saint movement, although he is in disagreement with certain policies and doctrines. He continues to be a widely-cited Mormon historian by researchers and students of Mormonism.
Quinn's research, both before and after his excommunication, were in-depth revisions of traditional accounts of Mormon history. Three of his most influential books, each of which is the focal point of intense controversy, are "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View," "The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power," and "The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power."
In an April 2006 article, ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Golden wrote that Quinn has become unhireable because almost all the funding for professorships in Mormon studies comes from Mormon donors. In 2003, Brigham Young University threatened to withdraw funding for a conference it was co-sponsoring at Yale if Quinn were allowed to speak. More recently Arizona State University administrators vetoed the department of religious studies in its recommendation to hire Quinn. ASU faculty believe officials fear alienating ASU’s 3,700 LDS students and offending Ira Fulton, a powerful Mormon donor who, according to Golden, has called Quinn a “nothing person.â€
Quinn was recently interviewed in the PBS documentary "The Mormons."
Early Mormonism and the Magic World View
''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View'' is an exhaustive recounting of the role of 19th-century New England folk magic lore in Joseph Smith's early visions and in the development of the Book of Mormon. The book argues that Smith's early religious experiences are inextricably intermingled with ritual, supernaturalism, and white magic. Evidence is drawn from friendly firsthand sources, unfriendly firsthand sources, material artifacts, and parallels in ideas. All four sources agree that Joseph Smith used a collection of different seer stones in searching for buried treasure supposedly left by pirates, Spaniards, and Native Americans. The evidence suggests that these same seer stones were one of the primary tools used by Smith in translating the Book of Mormon. Likewise, evidence from all four categories of sources supports the idea that Smith approved of the use of rods for dowsing activities. Indeed, the first published version of an early revelation told Oliver Cowdery that a dowsing rod (referred to as a "rod of nature") would serve as a means of receiving divine revelation. Other claims, including Smith's purported involvement in astrology and the idea that the Book of Mormon guardian Moroni transformed from the form of a salamander, are less supported by evidence.
Some historians, both within and without the Mormon faith, consider this book an important contribution in understanding early Mormon history, and Quinn's supporters feel his work is groundbreaking. In a 1990 book review in ''Church History'', Klaus J. Hansen calls the book a "magesterial study" and a "tour de force," and describes it as providing a "truly stunning mass of evidence" in favor of its position. John L. Brooke made Quinn's argument the starting point of his study, "The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844."
However, Mormon and non-Mormon scholars have also criticized the book as relying too heavily on environmental parallels without a proven connection to Smith's ideas and behavior, that it accepts at face value the disputed Howe-Hurlbut affidavits about Smith's New York reputation and behavior and a late 19th century newspaper account of a money-digging agreement involving Smith and his father, and that its central thesis is implausible without Mark Hofmann's "Salamander Letter"--which turned out to be a forgery. William J. Hamblin states in his review of the book that "the fact that Quinn could not discover a single primary source written by Latter-day Saints that makes any positive statement about magic is hardly dissuasive to a historian of Quinn's inventive capacity." An additional criticism suggests that the concept of magic is flawed and inherently subjective; it implies that Smith's use of seer stones and dowsing rods was superstitious or fraudulent rather than divine. However, some of Quinn's critics acknowledge that the book is "richly documented" (William A. Wilson in a 1989 book review in ''The Western Historical Quarterly'') and an obligatory starting point for any discussion of Smith's involvement in 19th-century folkloric practices.
The Mormon Hierarchy
The two volumes of ''The Mormon Hierarchy'' provide a comprehensive secular organizational history of the church from its founding to modern times, and its influence on current LDS culture and doctrine. The work emphasizes conflict, coercion, and violence, especially during the 19th century (see Danites, Mountain Meadows Massacre, Blood Atonement and Mormon War). During the 20th century, Quinn's account emphasizes the increasing bureaucratization of the church, its role in right-wing anti-Communism during the 1960s, efforts against the Equal Rights Amendment, political work against same-sex marriage and some forms of anti-discrimination legislation, the church's mid-century financial crisis, conflicts over policies such as the so-called "baseball baptisms" of youth who knew little about the church, personal conflicts among church Apostles, and extensive business and family interrelationships among leaders.
J. Reuben Clark
Quinn is also a noteworthy biographer of the mid-20th-century Latter-day Saint leader J. Reuben Clark. In two biographical volumes on the Mormon Apostle, Quinn has emphasized Clark's professional preeminence, his committed and sometimes inflexible leadership, his persistent pacifism.
Same-Sex Dynamics among 19th-Century Mormons
Main articles: Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#Michael Quinn
Quinn has publicly argued that homosexual relationships, between both men and women, were quietly accepted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its leadership up until the 1940s. This theme has arisen in Quinn's ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power'' and is the central topic of ''Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example.'' Several LDS scholars have disputed Quinn's work, calling it a distortion of LDS history and saying he completely misrepresented the facts. They deny any acceptance from previous leaders of homosexuality, suggesting that Quinn conflated an absence of early Church proscriptions of homosexuality with tacit acceptance of same, and state the current leadership of the church “is entirely consistent with the teachings of past leaders and with the scriptures.â€George L. Mitton, Rhett S. James A Response to D. Michael Quinn's Homosexual Distortion of Latter-day Saint History Review of ''Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example'' by D. Michael Quinn Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, 1998. Pp. 141–263
Other articles and speeches on Mormon topics
Quinn has edited a prominent collection of major publications in Mormon history over the last 40 years, ''The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Past.'' He has written and spoken about the parallels between 19th-century American attacks on Mormon polygamy and 20th- and 21st-century Mormon attacks on same-sex marriage. He has also presented an overview of recent biographies of Joseph Smith, suggesting that these biographies maintain an artificial division between Joseph Smith the treasure seeker and Joseph Smith the prophet.
See also
★ September Six
★
References
1. "Mr. Quinn's personal life contributed to his estrangement from the church. The father of four was divorced in 1985 and came out publicly as a homosexual in 1996 when he published a book about same-sex friendships and romances in 19th-century Mormonism. The church condemns homosexual behavior. Mr. Quinn says he still believes in the "fundamentals" of Mormonism but doesn't practice the faith." Daniel Golden, "Scholar of Mormon History, Expelled From Church, Hits a Wall in Job Search Trying to Avoid ‘Minefields,'" ''Wall Street Journal'', April 6, 2006, A1.
Bibliography
★ Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn." Sillitoe, John & Staker, Susan (eds.). ''Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002, pp. 329-363.
★ Brooke, John L. "The Refiner's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
★ Golden, Daniel. "Religion Studies, Universities Bend To Views of Faithful." ''Wall Street Journal,'' April 6, 2006; Page A1.
★ Hansen, Klaus J. Review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" ''Church History'' Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 110-112.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. "On Being a Mormon Historian (And Its Aftermath)." Smith, George D., ed. ''Faithful History: Essays on Writing Mormon History.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992, pp. 69-111.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. "''Apologia Pro Mea Via''" ''Sunstone'', December 2003, 25-27.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Revised and Enlarged Edition.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1994.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''The Mormon Hierachy: Extensions of Power.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Elder Statesman: A Biography of J. Reuben Clark.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002.
★ Quinn, D. Michael (ed.). ''The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Past.'' Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992.
★ Quinn, D. Michael. ''Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example.'' University of Illinois Press, 1996.
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Robinson, Stephen E., , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Whittle, Benson, , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View", Wilson, William A, , , BYU Studies, 1987
★ Wilson, William A. review of D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" ''The Western Historical Quarterly'', Vol. 20, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 342-343
External links
★ Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon ThoughtSearch past issues archives for full text articles published by Michael Quinn.
★ Recorded 2006 Radio Interview with D. Michael Quinn
★ Links Related to ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View''
★
★ FARMS - "That Old Black Magic" by William J. Hamblin.
★
★ FARMS - "Writing History Must Not Be an Act of 'Magic'" by Rhett S. James.
★
★ FARMS - "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Revised and Enlarged Edition" by John Gee.
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