DOCSIS
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'Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS)' is an international standard developed by CableLabs and contributing companies that include: ARRIS, BigBand Networks, Broadcom, Cisco, Conexant, Correlant, Intel, Motorola, Netgear, Terayon, and Texas Instruments. DOCSIS defines the communications and operation support interface requirements for a data over cable system. It permits the addition of high-speed data transfer to an existing Cable TV (CATV) system. It is employed by many cable television operators to provide Internet access over their existing hybrid fibre coaxial (HFC) infrastructure. The first DOCSIS specification was version 1.0, issued in March of 1997, with revision 1.1 following in April of 1999. Because of increased demand for symmetric, real-time services such as IP telephony, DOCSIS was again revised to enhance upstream transmission speeds and Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities; this revision—DOCSIS 2.0—was released in December 2001. Most recently, the specification was revised to significantly increase transmissions speeds (this time both upstream and downstream) and introduce support for management over Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). This version, DOCSIS 3.0, was released in August 2006.
As frequency allocation band plans differ between U.S. and European CATV systems, DOCSIS standards have been modified for use in Europe. These changes were published under the name of "EuroDOCSIS". The main differences account for differing TV channel bandwidths; European cable channels conform to PAL TV standards and are 8 MHz wide, whereas in North-America cable channels conform to NTSC standards which specify 6 MHz. The wider bandwidth in EuroDOCSIS architectures permits more bandwidth to be allocated to the downstream data path (taken from a user's point of view, "downstream" is used to download data, while "upstream" is used to upload data). EuroDOCSIS certification testing is executed by Excentis (formerly known as tComLabs), while DOCSIS certification testing is executed by CableLabs. Typically, CPE gear receives "Certification", while CMTS equipment receives "Qualification".
Japan employs other variants of DOCSIS.
The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) has adopted two DOCSIS versions as international standards. DOCSIS 1.1 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B; subsequently, DOCSIS 2.0 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.122. DOCSIS 2.0/J.122 is backwards compatible with DOCSIS 1.1/J.112 Annex B.
Note: While ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B corresponds to DOCSIS/EuroDOCSIS 1.1, Annex A describes an earlier European cable modem system ("DVB EuroModem") based on ATM transmission standards. Annex C describes a variant of DOCSIS 1.1 that is designed to operate in Japanese cable systems. The ITU-T Recommendation J.122 main body corresponds to DOCSIS 2.0, J.122 Annex F corresponds to EuroDOCSIS 2.0, and J.122 Annex J describes the Japanese variant of DOCSIS 2.0 (analogous to Annex C of J.112).
DOCSIS provides great variety in options available at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers 1 and 2, the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers.
★ Physical layer:
★
★ Channel Width: DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 specified channel widths between 200 kHz and 3.2 MHz. DOCSIS 2.0 specifies 6.4 MHz, but is backward compatible to the earlier, narrower channel widths.
★
★ Modulation: DOCSIS 1.0/1.1/2.0 specifies that 64-level or 256-level QAM (64-QAM or 256-QAM) be used for modulation of downstream data, and QPSK or 16-level QAM (16-QAM) be used for upstream modulation. DOCSIS 2.0 specifies 32-QAM, 64-QAM and 128-QAM also be available for upstream use.
★ MAC layer: DOCSIS employs a mixture of deterministic access methods, specifically TDMA for DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 and both TDMA and S-CDMA for DOCSIS 2.0, with a limited use of contention for bandwidth requests. In contrast to the pure contention-based MAC CSMA/CD employed in Ethernet systems, DOCSIS systems experience few collisions. For DOCSIS 1.1 and above the MAC layer also includes extensive Quality of Service (QoS) features that help to efficiently support applications, for example Voice over IP, that have specific traffic requirements, such as low latency.
Throughput: All of these features combined enable a total upstream throughput of 30.72 Mbit/s per channel (although the upstream speed in DOCSIS 1.0 and 1.1 is limited to 10.24 Mbit/s). All three versions of the DOCSIS standard support a downstream throughput of up to 42.88 Mbit/s per channel with 256-QAM (owing to 8 MHz channel width, the EuroDOCSIS standard supports downstream throughput of up to 57.20 Mbit/s per channel).
DOCSIS 3.0 features management over IPv6 and channel bonding, which enables multiple downstream and upstream channels to be used together at the same time by a single subscriber. [1]
Synchronization speed (Usable speed)
:
A DOCSIS architecture includes two primary components: a cable modem (CM) located at the customer premises, and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) located at the CATV headend.
A typical CMTS is a device which hosts downstream and upstream ports (it is functionally similar to the DSLAM used in DSL systems). While downstream and upstream communications travel on a shared coax line in the customer premises, and connect to a single F connector on the cable modem, it is typical for the CMTS to have separate F-connectors for downstream and for upstream communication. This allows flexibility for the cable operator. Because of the noise in the return (upstream) path, an upstream port is usually connected to a single neighborhood (fiber node), whereas a downstream port is usually shared across a small number of neighborhoods. Thus, there are generally more upstream ports than downstream ports on a CMTS. Typical ratios of downstream to upstream ports are: 1:4 & 1:6.
Before a cable company can deploy DOCSIS 1.1 or above, it must upgrade its Hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) network to support a return path for upstream traffic. Without a return path, the old DOCSIS 1.0 standard still allows use of data over cable system, by implementing the return path over regular phone lines, e.g. "plain old telephone service" (POTS). If the HFC is already 'two-way' or 'interactive', chances are high that DOCSIS 1.1 or higher can be implemented.
The customer PC and associated peripherals are termed Customer-premises equipment (CPE). The CPE are connected to the cable modem, which is in turn connected through the HFC network to the CMTS. The CMTS then routes traffic between the HFC and the Internet. Using the CMTS, the cable operator (or Multiple Service Operators - MSO) exercises full control over the cable modem's configuration; the CM configuration is changed to adjust for varying line conditions and customer service requirements.
Most DOCSIS cable modems have caps (restrictions) on upload and download rates. These are set by transferring a configuration file to the modem, via TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), when the modem first establishes a connection to the provider's equipment.
One downstream channel can handle hundreds of cable modems. As the system grows, the CMTS can be upgraded with more downstream and upstream ports. If the HFC network is vast, the CMTS can be grouped into hubs for efficient management.
Some users have attempted to override the bandwidth cap and gain access to the full bandwidth of the system (often as much as 30 Mbit/s), by uploading their own configuration file to the cable modem - a process called uncapping. Uncapping is almost always a violation of the Terms of Service agreement.
★ Comcast, the largest cable provider in the United States, caps downstream bandwidth at 4, 6, or 8 Mbit/s and upstream bandwidth at 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s), or 768 kbit/s (96 kB/s) for the 8 Mbit/s downstream package, for standard home connections. In some areas, they are offering 16 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s (125 kB/s) or 2Mbit/s (250 kB/s) upstream as a more expensive, yet speedier alternative; or to keep customers from switching to Verizon's FiOS. These differing speed options are made possible by loading a particular configuration file, for the respective pricing tier or region, into the modem. Comcast also delivers bursts of 12 to 16 Mbit/s with their 6 and 8 Mbit/s packages respectively.
★ Cox Communications, another major cable provider, recently upgraded its base package to 7 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s (64 kB/s) upstream, in select markets, from its previous upgrade of 6 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream. Its premier package allows downstream rates of 12 Mbit/s and upstream rates of 1 Mbit/s. In other markets, such as Fairfax, Virginia Maryland, Connecticut and Rhode Island the base package is 10 Mbit/s downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream, with the premier package being 20 Mbit/s downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream. This is mainly in response to competition from FiOS. Connecticut customers benefit from FiOS competition despite having limited deployments of AT&T's Uverse service due to the fact that the Connecticut and Rhode Island systems are part of Cox's New England network.
★ Cablevision, serving parts of New Jersey, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut, also faces competition from FiOS and currently offers the fastest 'basic' cable internet service (Optimum Online) in the US, with 15 Mbit/s Downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream. A premium package offering 30 Mbit/s downstream and 5 Mbit/s upstream is also available.
★ Time Warner Cable, through its regular Road Runner cable internet service speeds vary depending upon region. Some areas offering 7 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream, while others are at 5 Mbit/s downstream and 384 kbit/s upstream. Area's such as the Albany region now have speeds of 10Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream. Its Road Runner Premium service also varies, with offers of speeds from 15 Mbit/s to 7 Mbit/s downstream, and 512 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s upstream.[2] [3]
★ Mediacom, the eighth largest cable provider in the United States, through its Mediacom Online service offers download speeds of up to 8 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 512 kbit/s and for its premium service, Mediacom Online Max, it offers download speeds of up to 15 Mbit/s and upload speeds of 1 Mbit/s.[4]
★ CableOne, offers Residential with 1.5 Mbit/s download and 200 kbit/s upload; Residential Plus with 3 Mbit/s download and 300 kbit/s upload; Residential Preferred with 4 Mbit/s download and 400 kbit/s upload; Residential PRO with 5 Mbit/s download and 500 kbit/s upload; and SOHO with 5 Mbit/s download and 768 kbit/s upload.
★ Charter Communications, basic service offers 3 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. Charter now offers premium speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s download and 1 Mbit/s upload.
★ Midcontinent Communications, serving South Dakota and parts of North Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska, offers three grades of service through its ''MidcoNet'' cable internet service: Limited Internet service at 128 kbit/s upload and download; Standard service with 8 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload; and MidcoNet Max with unthrottled download speed (around the DOCSIS limit of 40 Mbit/s) and 768 kbit/s upload.
Canadian cable operators offer varying levels of service based on different price points, though the actual marketing terms vary. Services offered by the major Canadian providers are included below.
★ Virgin Media is the largest Cable Internet provider in the United Kingdom, rebranded from a previous merger between two formerly separate cable companies, NTL and Telewest. Since May 2007, their premium package offers download speeds of up to 20 Megabits per second, with upload speeds of 768 Kilobits per second.
:
★ The operator Liberty Global Europe (http://lgi.com/) (formerly UGC Europe, locally known as UPC/GET(In Norway)) is in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Slovakia offers the service ''chello'' in ranges up to 36 Mbit/s downstream and 18 Mbit/s upstream.
★ In Sweden, Com Hem currently provides up to 24 Mbit/s downstream and up to 8 Mbit/s upstream at limited areas.
★ In Belgium Telenet provides up to 20 MBit/s
:
Telenet recently bought UPC Belgium (Cable deliverer in Brussels and Leuven).
Telenet holds a monopoly on the Flemish cable network, thats why prices are high and included bandwidth is low.
Telenet plans to use DOCSIS 3.0 and their new standards, they will use the bandwith to support their High Defenition transmitions. Telenet and Belgacom (ADSL provider and host of the Belgium ADSL-network) hold a duopoly in Flanders. Telenet does not resell their network, they don't allow competitors.
★ In Norway Get Provides up to 26mbit downstream and 3mbit upstream. Get is testing Euro DOCSIS 3.0 at speeds in excess of 300 Mbit/s. with planned role out for Q4 2007
:
★ In Switzerland cablecom GmbH (http://www.hispeed.ch), the Cable Internet, TV and Telephone provider offers Internet access with 10 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream.
★ In the Republic of Ireland, Digiweb currently provide up to 8 Mbit/s downstream using DOCSIS cable internet over wireless microwave links (one line-of-sight link per contract).
★ Volia (http://volia.com), the Cable Internet and TV provider in Kiev, Ukraine offers Internet access with 38 Mbit/s downstream and 256 kbit/s upstream. Volia is currently offering the following plans:
:
★ Nadezhda (http://www.netlux.org), the Cable Internet and TV provider in Donetsk, Ukraine offers Internet access with 1 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream. Nadegda is currently offering the following plans:
:
★ Akado (http://www.akado.com) is a major Cable Internet and TV provider in Moscow and is the largest DOCSIS-based provider in Russia. In 2006, Akado had the smallest market share of Moscow's biggest four Internet providers, but reportedly intends to upgrade to DOCSIS 3.0 in 2007. Akado currently offers the following plans:
:
★ In Germany, Kabel Deutschland provides up to 26 Mbit/s downstream, Cablesurf up to 16 Mbit/s, Unitymedia up to 16 Mbit/s, KabelBW up to 25 Mbit/s and primacom up to 6 Mbit/s.
★ In Portugal, Cabovisão provides 25 Mbit/s in downstream, and 1 Mbit/s at upstream.
★ In Spain, Ono offers 6 Mbit/s/300kbit/s, 12Mbit/s/500kbit/s and 25Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s starting from September 2007
In Singapore, Starhub offers four residential cable broadband plans:
Note: DOCSIS 3.0 modems (eg. Motorola SB6100) are needed to achieve speeds up to 100,000 kbit/s. MaxOnline Ultimate users with DOCSIS 1.1 modems (eg. Motorola SB5101) would be limited to 32,000 kbit/s.
In Australia, Telstra Bigpond offers basic cable with 8 Mbit/s download and 128 kbit/s upload, and Extreme with 17 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. OptusNet offers one standard speed of 10 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. These cable incumbents in Australia are ramping up speeds to keep product parity with the more competitive ADSL2+ marketplace. Regional operator Neighbourhood Cable allows users to opt for a shaped plan at a lower cost (with speeds similar to those of ADSL providers) or an "uncapped" service, which promises download speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s and upstream speeds of 2 Mbit/s.
In New Zealand, operator TelstraClear provides downstream speeds of 10 Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, with all plans including an upstream speed of 2 Mbit/s. A new 25 Mbit/s plan is being released in the coming months.
DOCSIS includes MAC layer security services in its Baseline Privacy Interface specifications. DOCSIS 1.0 utilized the initial Baseline Privacy Interface (BPI) specification. BPI was later improved with the release of the Baseline Privacy Interface Plus (BPI+) specification.
The intent of the BPI specifications is to describe MAC layer security services for DOCSIS CMTS to CM communications. BPI security goals are twofold:
★ provide cable modem users with data privacy across the cable network
★ provide cable service operators with service protection; i.e., prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to the network’s RF MAC services
BPI is intended to provide a level of data privacy across the shared medium cable network equal to or better than that provided by dedicated line network access services (analog modem or digital subscriber line). It does this by encrypting data flows between the CMTS and the CM.
The earlier BPI specification [ANSI/SCTE 22-2] had limited service protection because the underlying Key management protocol did not authenticate cable modems. BPI+ strengthened the service protection feature by adding digital certificate based authentication to its Key exchange protocol.
★ DOCSIS Set-top Gateway
★ List of device bandwidths
★ CableLabs
★ Excentis
★ Everything You Need to Know About Next-gen Broadband
★ docsis.org
★ Cablevisor Real-time monitoring and collaboration for cable networks.
★ DOCSIS Project ''docsis'' is a small program that can be used to generate binary configuration files for DOCSIS-compliant cable modems.
★ Cisco documentation on Cable Technologies Technical information about Cable TV and DOCSIS.
★ 300mbit in Norway(Norwegian)
As frequency allocation band plans differ between U.S. and European CATV systems, DOCSIS standards have been modified for use in Europe. These changes were published under the name of "EuroDOCSIS". The main differences account for differing TV channel bandwidths; European cable channels conform to PAL TV standards and are 8 MHz wide, whereas in North-America cable channels conform to NTSC standards which specify 6 MHz. The wider bandwidth in EuroDOCSIS architectures permits more bandwidth to be allocated to the downstream data path (taken from a user's point of view, "downstream" is used to download data, while "upstream" is used to upload data). EuroDOCSIS certification testing is executed by Excentis (formerly known as tComLabs), while DOCSIS certification testing is executed by CableLabs. Typically, CPE gear receives "Certification", while CMTS equipment receives "Qualification".
Japan employs other variants of DOCSIS.
The International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) has adopted two DOCSIS versions as international standards. DOCSIS 1.1 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B; subsequently, DOCSIS 2.0 was ratified as ITU-T Recommendation J.122. DOCSIS 2.0/J.122 is backwards compatible with DOCSIS 1.1/J.112 Annex B.
Note: While ITU-T Recommendation J.112 Annex B corresponds to DOCSIS/EuroDOCSIS 1.1, Annex A describes an earlier European cable modem system ("DVB EuroModem") based on ATM transmission standards. Annex C describes a variant of DOCSIS 1.1 that is designed to operate in Japanese cable systems. The ITU-T Recommendation J.122 main body corresponds to DOCSIS 2.0, J.122 Annex F corresponds to EuroDOCSIS 2.0, and J.122 Annex J describes the Japanese variant of DOCSIS 2.0 (analogous to Annex C of J.112).
| Contents |
| Features |
| Speed Table |
| Equipment |
| Transfer rates offered by various cable operators |
| United States |
| Canada |
| Europe |
| Asia |
| Oceania |
| Security |
| See also |
| External links |
Features
DOCSIS provides great variety in options available at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers 1 and 2, the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers.
★ Physical layer:
★
★ Channel Width: DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 specified channel widths between 200 kHz and 3.2 MHz. DOCSIS 2.0 specifies 6.4 MHz, but is backward compatible to the earlier, narrower channel widths.
★
★ Modulation: DOCSIS 1.0/1.1/2.0 specifies that 64-level or 256-level QAM (64-QAM or 256-QAM) be used for modulation of downstream data, and QPSK or 16-level QAM (16-QAM) be used for upstream modulation. DOCSIS 2.0 specifies 32-QAM, 64-QAM and 128-QAM also be available for upstream use.
★ MAC layer: DOCSIS employs a mixture of deterministic access methods, specifically TDMA for DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 and both TDMA and S-CDMA for DOCSIS 2.0, with a limited use of contention for bandwidth requests. In contrast to the pure contention-based MAC CSMA/CD employed in Ethernet systems, DOCSIS systems experience few collisions. For DOCSIS 1.1 and above the MAC layer also includes extensive Quality of Service (QoS) features that help to efficiently support applications, for example Voice over IP, that have specific traffic requirements, such as low latency.
Throughput: All of these features combined enable a total upstream throughput of 30.72 Mbit/s per channel (although the upstream speed in DOCSIS 1.0 and 1.1 is limited to 10.24 Mbit/s). All three versions of the DOCSIS standard support a downstream throughput of up to 42.88 Mbit/s per channel with 256-QAM (owing to 8 MHz channel width, the EuroDOCSIS standard supports downstream throughput of up to 57.20 Mbit/s per channel).
DOCSIS 3.0 features management over IPv6 and channel bonding, which enables multiple downstream and upstream channels to be used together at the same time by a single subscriber. [1]
Speed Table
Synchronization speed (Usable speed)
:
| DOCSIS | Downstream | Upstream |
|---|---|---|
| 1.x | 42.88 (38) Mbit/s | 10.24 (9) Mbit/s |
| Euro | 57.20 (51) Mbit/s | 10.24 (9) Mbit/s |
| 2.0 | 42.88 (38) Mbit/s | 30.72 (27) Mbit/s |
| 3.0 | +480 Mbit/s | +120 Mbit/s |
Equipment
A DOCSIS architecture includes two primary components: a cable modem (CM) located at the customer premises, and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) located at the CATV headend.
A typical CMTS is a device which hosts downstream and upstream ports (it is functionally similar to the DSLAM used in DSL systems). While downstream and upstream communications travel on a shared coax line in the customer premises, and connect to a single F connector on the cable modem, it is typical for the CMTS to have separate F-connectors for downstream and for upstream communication. This allows flexibility for the cable operator. Because of the noise in the return (upstream) path, an upstream port is usually connected to a single neighborhood (fiber node), whereas a downstream port is usually shared across a small number of neighborhoods. Thus, there are generally more upstream ports than downstream ports on a CMTS. Typical ratios of downstream to upstream ports are: 1:4 & 1:6.
Before a cable company can deploy DOCSIS 1.1 or above, it must upgrade its Hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) network to support a return path for upstream traffic. Without a return path, the old DOCSIS 1.0 standard still allows use of data over cable system, by implementing the return path over regular phone lines, e.g. "plain old telephone service" (POTS). If the HFC is already 'two-way' or 'interactive', chances are high that DOCSIS 1.1 or higher can be implemented.
The customer PC and associated peripherals are termed Customer-premises equipment (CPE). The CPE are connected to the cable modem, which is in turn connected through the HFC network to the CMTS. The CMTS then routes traffic between the HFC and the Internet. Using the CMTS, the cable operator (or Multiple Service Operators - MSO) exercises full control over the cable modem's configuration; the CM configuration is changed to adjust for varying line conditions and customer service requirements.
Transfer rates offered by various cable operators
Most DOCSIS cable modems have caps (restrictions) on upload and download rates. These are set by transferring a configuration file to the modem, via TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), when the modem first establishes a connection to the provider's equipment.
One downstream channel can handle hundreds of cable modems. As the system grows, the CMTS can be upgraded with more downstream and upstream ports. If the HFC network is vast, the CMTS can be grouped into hubs for efficient management.
Some users have attempted to override the bandwidth cap and gain access to the full bandwidth of the system (often as much as 30 Mbit/s), by uploading their own configuration file to the cable modem - a process called uncapping. Uncapping is almost always a violation of the Terms of Service agreement.
United States
★ Comcast, the largest cable provider in the United States, caps downstream bandwidth at 4, 6, or 8 Mbit/s and upstream bandwidth at 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s), or 768 kbit/s (96 kB/s) for the 8 Mbit/s downstream package, for standard home connections. In some areas, they are offering 16 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s (125 kB/s) or 2Mbit/s (250 kB/s) upstream as a more expensive, yet speedier alternative; or to keep customers from switching to Verizon's FiOS. These differing speed options are made possible by loading a particular configuration file, for the respective pricing tier or region, into the modem. Comcast also delivers bursts of 12 to 16 Mbit/s with their 6 and 8 Mbit/s packages respectively.
★ Cox Communications, another major cable provider, recently upgraded its base package to 7 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s (64 kB/s) upstream, in select markets, from its previous upgrade of 6 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream. Its premier package allows downstream rates of 12 Mbit/s and upstream rates of 1 Mbit/s. In other markets, such as Fairfax, Virginia Maryland, Connecticut and Rhode Island the base package is 10 Mbit/s downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream, with the premier package being 20 Mbit/s downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream. This is mainly in response to competition from FiOS. Connecticut customers benefit from FiOS competition despite having limited deployments of AT&T's Uverse service due to the fact that the Connecticut and Rhode Island systems are part of Cox's New England network.
★ Cablevision, serving parts of New Jersey, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut, also faces competition from FiOS and currently offers the fastest 'basic' cable internet service (Optimum Online) in the US, with 15 Mbit/s Downstream and 2 Mbit/s upstream. A premium package offering 30 Mbit/s downstream and 5 Mbit/s upstream is also available.
★ Time Warner Cable, through its regular Road Runner cable internet service speeds vary depending upon region. Some areas offering 7 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream, while others are at 5 Mbit/s downstream and 384 kbit/s upstream. Area's such as the Albany region now have speeds of 10Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream. Its Road Runner Premium service also varies, with offers of speeds from 15 Mbit/s to 7 Mbit/s downstream, and 512 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s upstream.[2] [3]
★ Mediacom, the eighth largest cable provider in the United States, through its Mediacom Online service offers download speeds of up to 8 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 512 kbit/s and for its premium service, Mediacom Online Max, it offers download speeds of up to 15 Mbit/s and upload speeds of 1 Mbit/s.[4]
★ CableOne, offers Residential with 1.5 Mbit/s download and 200 kbit/s upload; Residential Plus with 3 Mbit/s download and 300 kbit/s upload; Residential Preferred with 4 Mbit/s download and 400 kbit/s upload; Residential PRO with 5 Mbit/s download and 500 kbit/s upload; and SOHO with 5 Mbit/s download and 768 kbit/s upload.
★ Charter Communications, basic service offers 3 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. Charter now offers premium speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s download and 1 Mbit/s upload.
★ Midcontinent Communications, serving South Dakota and parts of North Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska, offers three grades of service through its ''MidcoNet'' cable internet service: Limited Internet service at 128 kbit/s upload and download; Standard service with 8 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload; and MidcoNet Max with unthrottled download speed (around the DOCSIS limit of 40 Mbit/s) and 768 kbit/s upload.
Canada
Canadian cable operators offer varying levels of service based on different price points, though the actual marketing terms vary. Services offered by the major Canadian providers are included below.
| Service Provider | Basic | Standard | Faster | Fastest |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Videotron | 600 kbit/s down, 128 kbit/s up | 7 Mbit/s down, 820 kbit/s up | 10.0 Mbit/s down, 900 kbit/s up | 20.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up |
| Cogeco | 640 kbit/s down, 150 kbit/s up | 10.0 Mbit/s down, 640 kbit/s up | 16.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up | N/A |
| Rogers | 1.0 Mbit/s down, 128 kbit/s up | 7.0 Mbit/s down, 512 kbit/s up | 8.0 Mbit/s down, 800 kbit/s up | 18.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up |
| Shaw | 256 kbit/s down, 128 kbit/s up | 5.0 Mbit/s down, 512 kbit/s up | 10.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up | 25.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up |
| EastLink | 256 kbit/s down, 128 kbit/s up | 5.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up | 15.0 Mbit/s down, 1.0 Mbit/s up | N/A |
Europe
★ Virgin Media is the largest Cable Internet provider in the United Kingdom, rebranded from a previous merger between two formerly separate cable companies, NTL and Telewest. Since May 2007, their premium package offers download speeds of up to 20 Megabits per second, with upload speeds of 768 Kilobits per second.
:
| Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | Bandwidth Included |
|---|---|---|---|
| Size M | 2048 kbit | 200 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Size L | 4096 kbit | 400 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Size XL | 20480 kbit | 768kbit | UNLIMITED |
★ The operator Liberty Global Europe (http://lgi.com/) (formerly UGC Europe, locally known as UPC/GET(In Norway)) is in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Slovakia offers the service ''chello'' in ranges up to 36 Mbit/s downstream and 18 Mbit/s upstream.
★ In Sweden, Com Hem currently provides up to 24 Mbit/s downstream and up to 8 Mbit/s upstream at limited areas.
★ In Belgium Telenet provides up to 20 MBit/s
:
| Internet Service | Downstream | Upstream | Bandwidth Included | Price | extra notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FreeSurf | 64 kbit | 64 kbit | 150 Megabyte | 17,34 EUR | Free when using Telenet Telephone. |
| BasicNet | 500 kbit | 128 kbit | 400 Megabyte | 20,00 EUR | |
| ComfortNet | 1000 kbit | 192 kbit | 1 Gigabyte | 30,64 EUR | |
| ExpressNet | 10000 kbit | 256 kbit | 12 Gigabyte | 42,91 EUR | |
| TurboNet | 20000 kbit | 512 kbit | 35 Gigabyte | 61,32 EUR |
Telenet recently bought UPC Belgium (Cable deliverer in Brussels and Leuven).
Telenet holds a monopoly on the Flemish cable network, thats why prices are high and included bandwidth is low.
Telenet plans to use DOCSIS 3.0 and their new standards, they will use the bandwith to support their High Defenition transmitions. Telenet and Belgacom (ADSL provider and host of the Belgium ADSL-network) hold a duopoly in Flanders. Telenet does not resell their network, they don't allow competitors.
★ In Norway Get Provides up to 26mbit downstream and 3mbit upstream. Get is testing Euro DOCSIS 3.0 at speeds in excess of 300 Mbit/s. with planned role out for Q4 2007
:
| Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | Bandwidth Included |
|---|---|---|---|
| Easy | 750 kbit | 250 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Light | 2000 kbit | 350 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Classic | 4000 kbit | 600 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Plus | 7000 kbit | 1000 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Ultra | 10000 kbit | 1200 kbit | UNLIMITED |
| Extreme | 26000 kbit | 1500 kbit | UNLIMITED |
★ In Switzerland cablecom GmbH (http://www.hispeed.ch), the Cable Internet, TV and Telephone provider offers Internet access with 10 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream.
★ In the Republic of Ireland, Digiweb currently provide up to 8 Mbit/s downstream using DOCSIS cable internet over wireless microwave links (one line-of-sight link per contract).
★ Volia (http://volia.com), the Cable Internet and TV provider in Kiev, Ukraine offers Internet access with 38 Mbit/s downstream and 256 kbit/s upstream. Volia is currently offering the following plans:
:
| Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | Bandwidth Included | Price Month |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light | 38000 kbit | 256 kbit | 250 MB | 5USD + 2USD cent/MB over limit |
| Cool | 38000 kbit | 256 kbit | 1000 MB | 10USD + 1 USD cent/MB over limit |
| Universal | 38000 kbit | 256 kbit | 3000 MB | 12,5USD + 0,5 USD cent/MB over limit |
| Veleten | 38000 kbit | 256 kbit | 10000 MB | 20USD + 0,2 USD cent/MB over limit |
| Nolimit | 38000 kbit | 256 kbit | 30000 MB | 30USD + 0,1 USD cent/MB over limit |
★ Nadezhda (http://www.netlux.org), the Cable Internet and TV provider in Donetsk, Ukraine offers Internet access with 1 Mbit/s downstream and 1 Mbit/s upstream. Nadegda is currently offering the following plans:
:
| Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | Bandwidth Included |
|---|---|---|---|
| Econom | 1024 kbit | 1024 kbit | 0 MB |
| Home | 1024 kbit | 512 kbit | 500 MB |
| Home-Premium | 512 kbit | 256 kbit | Unlimited MB |
★ Akado (http://www.akado.com) is a major Cable Internet and TV provider in Moscow and is the largest DOCSIS-based provider in Russia. In 2006, Akado had the smallest market share of Moscow's biggest four Internet providers, but reportedly intends to upgrade to DOCSIS 3.0 in 2007. Akado currently offers the following plans:
:
| Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | TV Channels (free) | TV+Internet Plan | Downstream | Upstream | TV Channels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra Jet | 120 kbit | 120 kbit | 20 | Jetty Set | 200 kbit | 100 kbit | 71 |
| Super Jet | 520 kbit | 130 kbit | 20 | Light JetSet | 1200 kbit | 200 kbit | 71 |
| Optima Jet | 2500 kbit | 400 kbit | 20 | Optima JetSet | 2500 kbit | 400 kbit | 71 |
| Turbo Jet | 6000 kbit | 1000 kbit | 20 | Mega JetSet | 6000 kbit | 1000 kbit | 71 |
★ In Germany, Kabel Deutschland provides up to 26 Mbit/s downstream, Cablesurf up to 16 Mbit/s, Unitymedia up to 16 Mbit/s, KabelBW up to 25 Mbit/s and primacom up to 6 Mbit/s.
★ In Portugal, Cabovisão provides 25 Mbit/s in downstream, and 1 Mbit/s at upstream.
★ In Spain, Ono offers 6 Mbit/s/300kbit/s, 12Mbit/s/500kbit/s and 25Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s starting from September 2007
Asia
In Singapore, Starhub offers four residential cable broadband plans:
| Plan | Speed - Downstream (kbit/s) | Speed - Upstream (kbit/s) |
|---|---|---|
| MaxOnline Express | 6,000 | 256 |
| MaxOnline FlexiSurf Express | 6,000 | 256 |
| MaxOnline Premium | 12,000 | 384 |
| MaxOnline Ultimate | 100,000 | 2,000 |
Note: DOCSIS 3.0 modems (eg. Motorola SB6100) are needed to achieve speeds up to 100,000 kbit/s. MaxOnline Ultimate users with DOCSIS 1.1 modems (eg. Motorola SB5101) would be limited to 32,000 kbit/s.
Oceania
In Australia, Telstra Bigpond offers basic cable with 8 Mbit/s download and 128 kbit/s upload, and Extreme with 17 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. OptusNet offers one standard speed of 10 Mbit/s download and 256 kbit/s upload. These cable incumbents in Australia are ramping up speeds to keep product parity with the more competitive ADSL2+ marketplace. Regional operator Neighbourhood Cable allows users to opt for a shaped plan at a lower cost (with speeds similar to those of ADSL providers) or an "uncapped" service, which promises download speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s and upstream speeds of 2 Mbit/s.
In New Zealand, operator TelstraClear provides downstream speeds of 10 Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, with all plans including an upstream speed of 2 Mbit/s. A new 25 Mbit/s plan is being released in the coming months.
Security
DOCSIS includes MAC layer security services in its Baseline Privacy Interface specifications. DOCSIS 1.0 utilized the initial Baseline Privacy Interface (BPI) specification. BPI was later improved with the release of the Baseline Privacy Interface Plus (BPI+) specification.
The intent of the BPI specifications is to describe MAC layer security services for DOCSIS CMTS to CM communications. BPI security goals are twofold:
★ provide cable modem users with data privacy across the cable network
★ provide cable service operators with service protection; i.e., prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to the network’s RF MAC services
BPI is intended to provide a level of data privacy across the shared medium cable network equal to or better than that provided by dedicated line network access services (analog modem or digital subscriber line). It does this by encrypting data flows between the CMTS and the CM.
The earlier BPI specification [ANSI/SCTE 22-2] had limited service protection because the underlying Key management protocol did not authenticate cable modems. BPI+ strengthened the service protection feature by adding digital certificate based authentication to its Key exchange protocol.
See also
★ DOCSIS Set-top Gateway
★ List of device bandwidths
External links
★ CableLabs
★ Excentis
★ Everything You Need to Know About Next-gen Broadband
★ docsis.org
★ Cablevisor Real-time monitoring and collaboration for cable networks.
★ DOCSIS Project ''docsis'' is a small program that can be used to generate binary configuration files for DOCSIS-compliant cable modems.
★ Cisco documentation on Cable Technologies Technical information about Cable TV and DOCSIS.
★ 300mbit in Norway(Norwegian)
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