DEATH (PERSONIFICATION)

The 'personification of death' as a living, sentient entity is a concept that has existed in many societies since the beginning of recorded history. In Western cultures, death is usually given the name "'The Grim Reaper'" and shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large scythe, and wearing a midnight black gown, robe or cloak with a hood, or sometimes, a white burial shroud. Usually when portrayed in the black-hooded gown, only his eyes can be seen.

Contents

Hindu mythology

In Japan

In Slavic paganism

In Abrahamic religions

In Judaism

Form and functions

Death and Satan

Scholars and the Angel of Death

Rabbinic views

In Christianity

In Islam

Death in popular fiction

Films

Literature

Comics

T.V.

Videogaming

Poetry

Music

Notes

Bibliography

See also

External links

Hindu mythology

In the Hindu scriptures known collectively as 'Vedas', the lord of death is called Yama, or Yamaraj (literally ''"the lord of death"'').

Yamaraj rides a black buffalo and carries a rope lasso to carry the soul back to his abode called ''"Yamalok"''. It is his agents, the Yamaduts, who carry the souls back to Yamalok. Here, all the accounts of the person's good and bad deeds are stored and maintained by Chitragupta, which allow Yamaraj to decide where the soul has to reside in his next life, following the theory of reincarnation.
It is believed that souls may experience re-birth in hellish, or heavenly worlds on returning to the Earth again, depending upon their actions having been of a good or bad nature in this lifetime. The ones who practice good karma and bhakti throughout their lives are granted Moksha, liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth and all the suffering and limitation entailed in embodied worldly existence. Yama is also mentioned in the Mahabharata as a great philosopher and devotee of Sri Krishna.

In Japan

In Kojiki, after giving birth to the fire-god Hinokagutsuchi, the goddess Izanami dies from wounds of its fire and enters the perpetual night realm called Yaminokuni that the gods thereto retire. After Izanagi, her husband, failed in the attempt to reclaim her from the land of Yomi (the underworld, to which he travels and discovers his wife as not-so visually appealing anymore), in a brief argument with Izanagi, she claimed to take 1000 lives every day signifying her position as the goddess of death.
Another popular death personification is ''Enma'' (Yama), also known as ''Enma Ou'' and ''Enma Daiou'' (Enma King, Enma Great King — translations of Yama Rājā). He originated as Yama in Hinduism, later became Yanluo in China, and Enma in Japan.
He is from Chinese Buddhism, and before that, from India. Enma rules the underworld, which makes him similar to Hades, and he decides whether someone dead goes to heaven or to hell. A common saying parents use in Japan to scold children is that Enma will cut off their tongue in the afterlife if they lie.
There are also death gods called shinigami, which are closer to the Western tradition of the Grim Reaper. Shinigami (often plural) are common in modern Japanese arts and fiction, and essentially absent from traditional mythology.

In Slavic paganism

Old Slavic tribes viewed Death as a woman in white clothes, with a never-fading green sprout in her hand. The touch of the sprout would put a human to an everlasting sleep. This image survived Christianization well into the Middle Ages, only being replaced by the more traditional European image of a walking skeleton as late as in the 15th century.

In Abrahamic religions

In the Holy Bible, the fourth horseman of Revelation 6 is called Death, and is pictured with Hades following with him. The "Angel of the Lord" smites 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp (II Kings xix. 35). When God passes through to smite the Egyptian first-born, he prevents "the destroyer" (shâchath) from entering houses with blood on the lintel and side posts (Ex. xii. 23). The "destroying angel" ("") rages among the people in Jerusalem (II Sam. xxiv. 15). In I Chronicle xxi. 15 the "angel of the Lord" is seen by King David standing "between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem." The biblical Book of Job (xxxiii. 22) uses the general term "destroyer" ("memitim"), which tradition has identified with "destroying angels" ("mal'ake Khabbalah") and Prov. xvi. 14 uses the term the "angels of death" ("mal'ake ha-mavet"). Uriel is sometimes referred as the angel of death, as well.

The portrayal of the scythe originates from a Hellenistic etymological misconception relating the god Cronus with time. Cronus was a harvest deity who is often shown with a sickle, which he also uses to castrate his father Uranus. Etymologists from the Hellenistic period erroneously correlated Cronus with time due to the similarity with the prefix chrono-. From this mistake, Cronus was often depicted as Father Time, carrying a scythe, which is a harvesting tool related to the sickle. The characters of Father Time and the Grim Reaper frequently overlap, leading to the common portrayal of the Grim Reaper brandishing a scythe.

In Judaism

Form and functions

According to the Midrash, the angel of death was created by God on the first day^[1]. His dwelling is in Heaven, whence he reaches earth in eight flights, whereas pestilence reaches it in one.^[2] He has twelve wings.^[3] "Over all people have I surrendered thee the power," said God to the angel of death, "only not over this one which has received freedom from death through the Law".^[4] It is said of the angel of death that he is full of eyes. In the hour of death he stands at the head of the departing one with a drawn sword, to which clings a drop of gall. As soon as the dying man sees the angel, he is seized with a convulsion and opens his mouth, whereupon the angel throws the drop into it. This drop causes his death; he turns putrid, and his face becomes yellow.^[5] The expression "to taste of death" originated in the idea that death was caused by a drop of gall.^[6]
The soul escapes through the mouth, or, as is stated in another place, through the throat; therefore the angel of death stands at the head of the patient (Adolf Jellinek, l.c. ii. 94, Midr. Teh. to Ps. xi.). When the soul forsakes the body its voice goes from one end of the world to the other, but is not heard (Gen. R. vi. 7; Ex. R. v. 9; xxxiv.). The drawn sword of the angel of death, mentioned by the Chronicler (I. Chron. xxi. 15; comp. Job xv. 22; Enoch lxii. 11), indicates that the angel of death was figured as a warrior who kills off the children of men. "Man, on the day of his death, falls down before the angel of death like a beast before the slaughterer" (Grünhut, "", v. 102a). R. Samuel's father (c. 200) said: "The angel of death said to me, 'Only for the sake of the honor of mankind do I not tear off their necks as is done to slaughtered beasts'" ('Ab. Zarah 20b). In later representations the knife sometimes replaces the sword, and reference is also made to the cord of the angel of death, which indicates death by throttling. Moses says to God: "I fear the cord of the angel of death" (Grünhut, l.c. v. 103a et seq.). Of the four Jewish methods of execution three are named in connection with the angel of death: burning (by pouring hot lead down the victim's throat-- similar to the drop of gall), slaughtering (by beheading), and throttling. The angel of death administers the particular punishment which God has ordained for the commission of sin.
A peculiar mantle ("idra"-according to Levy, "Neuhebr. Wörterb." i. 32, a sword) belongs to the equipment of the angel of death (Eccl. R. iv. 7). The angel of death takes on the particular form which will best serve his purpose; e.g., he appears to a scholar in the form of a beggar imploring pity ( 28a). "When pestilence rages in the town, walk not in the middle of the street, because the angel of death [i.e., pestilence] strides there; if peace reigns in the town, walk not on the edges of the road. When pestilence rages in the town, go not alone to the synagogue, because there the angel of death stores his tools. If the dogs howl, the angel of death has entered the city; if they make sport, the prophet Elijah has come" ( 60b). The "destroyer" ("") in the daily prayer is the angel of death (Ber. 16b). Midr. Ma'ase Torah (compare Jellinek, "B. H." ii. 98) says: "There are six angels of death: Gabriel over kings; over youths; Mashbir over animals; over children; Af and over man and beast."

Death and Satan

The angel of death, who is identified by some with Satan, immediately after his creation had a dispute with God as to the light of the Messiah ( 161b). When Eve touched the tree of knowledge, she perceived the angel of death, and thought "Now I shall die, and God will create another wife for Adam".^[7] Adam also had a conversation with the angel of death (Böklen, "Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdisch-Christlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie," p. 12). The angel of death sits before the face of the dead (Jellinek, l.c. ii. 94). While Abraham was mourning for Sarah the angel appeared to him, which explains why "Abraham stood up from before his dead".^[8] Samael told Sarah that Abraham had sacrificed Isaac in spite of his wailing, and Sarah died of horror and grief.^[9] It was Moses who most often had dealings with the angel. At the rebellion of Korah, Moses saw him (Num. R. v. 7; Bacher, l.c. iii. 333; compare Sanh. 82a). It was the angel of death in the form of pestilence which snatched away 15,000 every year during the wandering in the wilderness (ib. 70). When Moses reached heaven, the angel told him something (Jellinek, l.c. i. 61).
When the angel of death came to Moses and said, "Give me thy soul," Moses called to him: "Where I sit thou hast no right to stand." And the angel retired ashamed, and reported the occurrence to God. Again, God commanded him to bring the soul of Moses. The angel went, and, not finding him, inquired of the sea, of the mountains, and of the valleys; but they knew nothing of him.^[10] Really, Moses did not die through the angel of death, but through God's kiss (""); i.e., God drew his soul out of his body (B. B. 17a; compare Abraham in Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature, and parallel references in Böklen, l.c. p. 11). Legend seizes upon the story of Moses' struggle with the angel of death, and expands it at length (Tan., ed. Stettin, pp. 624 et seq.; Deut. R. ix., xi.; Grünhut, l.c. v. 102b, 169a). As Benaiah bound Ashmedai (Jew. Encyc. ii. 218a), so Moses binds the angel of death that he may bless Israel.^[11]
Solomon once noticed that the angel of death was grieved. When questioned as to the cause of his sorrow he answered: "I am requested to take your two beautiful scribes." Solomon at once charged the demons to convey his scribes to Luz, where the angel of death could not enter. When they were near the city, however, they both died. The angel laughed on the next day, whereupon Solomon asked the cause of his mirth. "Because," answered the angel, "thou didst send the youths thither, whence I was ordered to fetch them" (Suk. 53a). In the next world God will let the angel of death fight against Pharaoh, Sisera, and Sennacherib.^[12]

Scholars and the Angel of Death

Talmud teachers of the fourth century associate quite familiarly with him. When he appeared to one on the street, the teacher reproached him with rushing upon him as upon a beast; whereupon the angel called upon him at his house. To another he granted a respite of thirty days, that he might put his knowledge in order before entering the next world. To a third he had no access, because he could not interrupt the study of the Talmud. To a fourth he showed a rod of fire, whereby he is recognized as the angel of death (M. K. 28a). He often entered the house of Bibi and conversed with him ( 4b). Often he resorts to strategy in order to interrupt and seize his victim (B. M. 86a; Mak. 10a).
The death of Joshua ben Levi in particular is surrounded with a web of fable. When the time came for him to die and the angel of death appeared to him, he demanded to be shown his place in paradise. When the angel had consented to this, he demanded the angel's knife, that the angel might not frighten him by the way. This request also was granted him, and Joshua sprang with the knife over the wall of paradise; the angel, who is not allowed to enter paradise, caught hold of the end of his garment. Joshua swore that he would not come out, and God declared that he should not leave paradise unless he was absolved from his oath; if not absolved, he was to remain. The angel of death then demanded back his knife, but Joshua refused. At this point a heavenly voice ("") rang out: "Give him back the knife, because the children of men have need of it" (Ket. 77b; Jellinek, l.c. ii. 48-51; Bacher, l.c. i. 192 et seq.).

Rabbinic views

The Rabbis found the angel of death mentioned in Psalms lxxxix. 45 (A. V. 48), where the Targum translates: "There is no man who lives and, seeing the angel of death, can deliver his soul from his hand". Eccl. viii. 4 is thus explained in Midrash Rabbah to the passage: "One may not escape the angel of death, nor say to him, 'Wait until I put my affairs in order,' or 'There is my son, my slave: take him in my stead.'" Where the angel of death appears there is no remedy (Talmud, Ned. 49a; Hul. 7b). If one who has sinned has confessed his fault, the angel of death may not touch him (Midrash Tanhuma, ed. Buber, 139). God protects from the angel of death (Midrash Genesis Rabbah lxviii.).
By acts of benevolence the anger of the angel of death is overcome; when one fails to perform such acts the angel of death will make his appearance (, viii.). The angel of death receives his order from God (Ber. 62b). As soon as he has received permission to destroy, however, he makes no distinction between good and bad ( 60a). In the city of Luz the angel of death has no power, and when the aged inhabitants are ready to die they go outside the city ( 46b; compare Sanh. 97a). A legend to the same effect existed in Ireland in the Middle Ages (''Jew. Quart. Rev.'' vi. 336).

In Christianity

Death is personified occasionally in the New Testament. One such image is found in Acts 2:24 - "But God raised Him [Jesus] from the dead, freeing him from the agony of death, because it was impossible for death to keep its hold on him." Later passages, however, are much more explicit. Romans 5 speaks of Death as having "reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses," and various passages in the Epistles speak of Christ's work on the Cross and His Resurrection as a confrontation with Death. Such verses include Rom. 6:9 and 2 Tim. 1:10.
Despite Jesus' victory over it, Death is still viewed as enduring in Scripture. 1 Cor. 15:26 asserts, "The last enemy to be destroyed is death," which implies that Death has not been destroyed once and for all. This assertion later proves true in the Book of Revelation.
The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews declares that Satan "holds the power of death" (Heb. 2:14), perhaps equating the two. It is written that the Son became human that by his death he might destroy the devil; this is the head of the Beast referred to as, "One of the heads of the beast seemed to have had a fatal wound, but the fatal wound had been healed." (Rev. 13:3) If the head that was fatally wounded but healed refers to Death, this accords with 2 Tim. 1:10, which states that Jesus "has destroyed death," and the implication that death was yet to be destroyed in 1 Cor. 15:26. But it could alternately refer to the Devil separately, who was also said to have been destroyed, and yet has revived. That is, whether Death is the Devil or an agent of Satan is unclear.
The final destruction of Death is referenced by Paul in the fifteenth chapter of 1 Corinthians; he says that after the general resurrection, the prophecies of Isaiah 25:8 and Hosea 13:14 - "He will swallow up death forever," and "Where, O death, is your sting?" (Septuagint), will be fulfilled. According to Paul, the power of Death lies in sin, which is made possible by the Law, but God "gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ." That victory over Death is prophetically revealed in the Revelation of John, discussed below.
In the visions of John, Death is personified as one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Rev. 6:8 reads, "I looked, and there before me was a pale horse! Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following close behind him. They were given power over a fourth of the earth to kill by sword, famine and plague, and by the wild beasts of the earth." In Rev. 20:13-14, in the vision of Judgment of the dead, it is written, "The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each person was judged according to what he had done. Then death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. The lake of fire is the second death." This describes the destruction of the last enemy. After this, "He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away." (Rev. 21:4)
In Roman Catholicism, the archangel Michael is viewed as the angel of death, carrying the souls of the deceased to Heaven. There, he balances them in his scales (one of his symbols). He is said to give the dying souls the chance to redeem themselves before passing as well. In Mexico, a popular Catholic "cult" regards the personification of death as a saint, known as Santa Muerte. The figure is uncanonized and the Church refuses to acknowledge its existence.

In Islam

Death, as of one of Allah's angels, is spoken of in the Qur'an:
:''The angel of death, who has been charged with you, will gather you; then to your Lord you will be returned.'' (32:11).
He is Mistakenly known by the name of "Izrail" (not to be confused with ''Israel'', which is a name in Islam solely for Prophet Ya'qoob/Jacob), since the name Izrael isn't mentioned in the holy Quran nor Hadith, the English form of which is Azrael. He is charged with the task of separating and returning from the bodies the souls of people who are to be recalled permanently from the physical world back to the primordial spiritual world. This is a process whose aspect varies depending on the nature and past deeds of the individual in question, and it is known that the Angel of death is also accompanied by helpers or associates.
Apart from the characteristics and responsibilities he has in common with other angels in Islam, little else concerning Angel of death can be derived from fundamental Muslim texts. Many references are made in various Muslim legends, however, some of which are included in books authored by Muslim poets and mystics. For instance, the following tale is in the Masnavi, written by the well-known Maulana Rumi:

Death in popular fiction

The character of Death has recurred many times in popular fiction. He has made appearances in many stories, from serious dramatic fiction to comedy, including playing roles in science fiction and fantasy stories.

Films

In 1957, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman made ''The Seventh Seal'', an influential (and heavily symbolic) movie depicting one of the most famous moments in the fictional portrayal of Death. In the movie, a medieval knight (Max von Sydow) returning from a crusade plays a game of chess with Death, with the knight's life depending upon the outcome of the game. American film critic Roger Ebert remarked that this image "[is] so perfect it has survived countless parodies." ^[13] The influence of Bergman's depiction has been wide:

★ Woody Allen wrote a short story in which Death loses a game of gin rummy after clumsily entering a man's apartment and trying to cow him into going quietly.

★ Bob Burden's surrealist comic book, "The Flaming Carrot", features a cover in which the title character rejects Death's offer of playing chess and suggests instead lawn darts.

★ The final act of Monty Python's The Meaning of Life has Death going into a house to pick up a group of people sitting down to dinner who were killed by the salmon mousse. He then takes them (and their cars) into the afterlife.

★ In the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie ''Last Action Hero'', Bergman's Death is brought into the real world temporarily, played by Sir Ian McKellen.

★ In Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey Bill and Ted play a number of games including Twister, Battleship etc. with the Bergman inspired death in order to escape from hell.

★ In the Adam Sandler movie Click, Sandler portrays Michael Newman that uses a remote to control aspects of his life. Death is represented by Morty (Christopher Walken) who takes Michael's father and afterwards Michael himself as he shows the importance of living life day by day.

Literature

In Book II of ''Paradise Lost'' by John Milton, Death, along with Sin, holds the keys to the locked Gates of Hell. After God and his angels defeat Lucifer (now Satan) and banish him and his followers to Hell, God commands Sin and Death to never unlock the gates. Satan, upon hearing that God has created a new world and new beings, Adam and Eve, sets out to cause their downfall. Arriving at the Gates of Hell, Satan converses with Sin and Death and learns of Death's creation. Sin is the daughter of Satan and became pregnant with Satan's child. The birth was extremely painful for Sin; so painful that she cried out "Death!" as the unnamed entity was born. The caves of Hell echoed back "Death" and her son became known as Death. Death then raped his mother who subsequently gave birth to monstrous dogs who bite and gnaw at her and travel to and fro her womb at will causing her immense pain. According to Sin, Death despises everything living and has the power to destroy anything except God. Sin warns that Death can destroy Satan and that the only reason she is spared (yet tortured) is that Death cannot exist without Sin. Satan nevertheless demands that the gates be opened. Death, unafraid of Satan, calls him a "false fugitive,"^[14] commands him to retreat, and warns, "with one stroke of this Dart, strange horrors seize thee and pangs unfelt before." ^[15] By promising Sin and Death a world where they, "shall dwell at ease,"^[16] Satan persuades Sin and Death to open the gates to allow him passage through Chaos to Earth. When word reaches Sin and Death that Satan succeeds, they begin to construct a road connecting Hell to Earth. Satan, on his return from Earth, notes of the road being built and instructs Sin and Death to be his ambassadors on Earth.
Death is described as a, "shape had none distinguishable in member, joint, or limb, or substance...Black it stood as Night..and shook a dreadful Dart; what seemed his head the likeness of a Kingly Crown had on."^[17]
The ''Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come'' from Charles Dickens' ''A Christmas Carol'' is presented as a spectre not unlike the Grim Reaper.
Piers Anthony's ''Incarnations of Immortality'' series of fantasy novels features a modernised Grim Reaper, who is the central character of ''On a Pale Horse'', the first book in the series. In this personification, Death is an office held by a mortal. The mortal holding the office of Death is protected from aging, fire, disease and other dangers by the cloak he wears. When not wearing the cloak, the office holder is subject to any and all dangers and consequences just as any other mortal. The person holds the office of Death until they themselves die, usually because they become careless over time, and are themselves killed by someone they have come to collect. This person then takes over the office, and the cycle begins anew. Part way through the book, the character receives a scythe, which is revealed to be another part of his "uniform".
Death is the most prominent of the anthropomorphic personifications who figure as characters in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels ''(see Death (Discworld))''.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is a children's story about three artifacts created by Death himself to give to three wizard brothers who quite cleverly avoided him by conjuring a bridge across a river he was sure they would die in. The gifts were a ploy to deceive the brothers, in an attempt to kill them as surely as if they had died in the river. The oldest brother asked for a wand that will win any duel for its owner. He received it, only to be killed in his sleep by someone else who wanted it. The second brother was given a stone with the power to recall the dead. He recalled his dead fiance, who was unhappy because she did not belong in the mortal realm. He eventually killed himself to truly join her. The youngest did not trust Death and asked for a way to avoid Death for as long as he wanted. Death was extremely irritated that he had been cheated out of the same victim twice, but still handed over his own Cloak of Invisibility, which the youngest brother eventually gave to his son. Death then instantly claimed him, and the youngest brother greeted him as one would an old friend, dying quite willingly.
In Markus Zusak's The Book Thief, Death himself narrates the story of Liesel, a girl living in Nazi Germany, and how she has avoided him, while others around her have not been so lucky.

Comics

An atypical personification of Death appears in ''The Sandman'', a series of comic books written by Neil Gaiman, in which Death, one of the Endless, appears in the guise of a Goth girl wearing an Ankh around her neck, symbolizing the idea that life and death are two sides of the same reality. This is further emphasized by the fact that this version is present in the first moment of a human's life, as well as its last. Gaiman's Death is cheerful and supportive, perhaps not only as a way of playing with audience expectations, but also to demystify death itself, which is seen as a moment of passage rather than a real ending. This Death takes a 24 hour day each century to walk amongst the living and likewise die just like the living. She takes no joy nor hatred in her job, but merely does because she must. She will live the longest of the Endless: "When the first living thing existed, I was there, waiting. When the last living thing dies, my job is finished. I'll put the chairs on tables, turn out the lights and lock the universe behind me when I leave."
Brazilian cartoonist Mauricio de Sousa also created a personification of death for his stories starring the ghost Bug-a-Booo, ''Lady McDeath (original: ''Dona Morte'')''^[18] She is a more comedic version of the Grim Reaper, often having trouble bringing people to the afterlife. Mauricio even acknowledged he avoids turning McDeath an assassin, aggressive character.^[19]

T.V.

★ In the T.V. show Family Guy there is a recurring character known as Death, who wears a black cloak and carries a scythe.

★ As a main character he is known as Grim in the series The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy.

★ In an episode of the 2002 revival of the Twilight Zone, entitled One Night of Mercy, Death [played by Jason Alexander] decides to quit because he feels his job is too depressing.

★ In the T.V. show Dead Like Me, Death is portrayed as a team of "grim reapers" who hunt down soon-to-be-dead people and snatch their souls moments before their appointment with death.

★ The Grim Reaper appears in the sixth episode of the T.V. show South Park, where he kills Kenny instead of Stan's Grandpa.

★ The hit T.V series Supernatural The Boys encounter a reaper in two episodes, the first being in season 1 episode 12 "Faith", where a reaper is being controled by a faith healers wife taking the life of people she considers Evil. The second encounter is in season 2 episode 1 "In My Time Of Dying" a reaper disguisese herself as a lost soul seeking Deans help then almost taking his life.

Videogaming

★ Often featured in the Castlevania series as right hand man for Dracula. Features as a boss on many occasions. (See Death (Castlevania).)

★ In the Maximo series, he works alongside the titular character, helping to avenge his death.

★ Death appears in The Sims when your Sims are lacking adequate food, comfort, energy, etc., if they are killed by some of the various in-game phenomena, or if the player chooses to kill them through unsafe commands.

★ A modification of Death appears as the Grim Ripper, a playable character in the Guitar Hero series.

★ In the video game MediEvil and MediEvil Resurrection,Death appears as a narrator and character.

★ In the Nintendo 64 game ''Conker's Bad Fur Day'' and its remake '', a short, squeaky-voiced personification of death is known as Gregg the Grim Reaper. He has become a fan favorite.

★ In the video game , in some floors of Tartarus you can find the Reaper, an unbeatable enemy.

Poetry

★ Swedish poet and composer Bellman usually personificated death as Charon.

Music

★ The Grim Reaper is referred to by Blue Oyster Cult in their 1976 hit, ''(Don't Fear) The Reaper''.

★ The Finnish heavy metal band Children of Bodom have several times used the Grim Reaper in album artwork and music videos.

Notes

1. Midrash Tanhuma on Genesis 39:1
2. Talmud Berakhot 4b
3. Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 13
4. Midrash Tanhuma on Exodus 31:18
5. Talmud Avodah Zarah 20b; on putrefaction see also Pesikta de-Rav Kahana 54b; for the eyes compare Ezekiel 1:18 and Revelation 4:6
6. Jewish Quarterly Review vi. 327
7. Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 13, end; compare Targum Jonathan to Genesis 3:6, and Yalkut Shimoni 25)
8. Genesis 23:3; Genesis Rabba 63:5, misunderstood by the commentators
9. Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 32
10. Sifre Deuteronomy 305
11. Pesikta de-Rav Kahana 199, where ''lifne moto''(Deuteronomy 33:1) is explained as meaning "before the angel of death")
12. Yalkut Shimoni 428
13. :: rogerebert.com :: Great Movies :: The Seventh Seal
14. Milton, Book II, 700
15. Milton, Book II, 703-704
16. Milton, Book II, 840-841
17. Milton, Book II, 667-673
18. LadyMcDeath profile.
19. Como a Morte Surgiu

Bibliography

★ Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning, , A. P., Bender, The Jewish Quarterly Review, 1894

★ Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning, , A. P., Bender, The Jewish Quarterly Review, 1894

★ Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdisch-Christlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie, , Ernst, Böklen, Vendenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1902,

★ Handbuch der alttestamentlichen Theologie, , August, Dillmann, S. Hirzel, 1895,

★ Hamburger, R. B. T. i. 990-992:

★ Der Aberglaube und die Stellung des Judenthums zu Demselben, , David, Joël, F.W. Jungfer's Buch, 1881,

★ Ueber die Jüdische Angelologie und Dämonologie in Ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Parsismus, , Alexander, Kohut, Brockhaus, 1866,

★ Paradise Lost, , John, Milton, , ,

★ Vocabulaire de l'Angélologie d'Après les Manuscrits Hebreux de la Bibliothèque Nationale, , Moïse, Schwab, , 1897,

★ Ueber den Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum, , Erik, Stave, E. F. Bohn, 1898,

★ Jüdische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und verwandter Schriften, gemeinfasslich dargestellt, , F. W., Weber, Dörffling & Franke, 1897,

★ Winer, B. R. ii. 383-386;

See also

★ Afterlife

★ Angel

★ Bible

★ Discworld Death

★ Death

★ Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

★ God

★ Danse Macabre

★ Mort

★ Psychopomp

★ Saint Death

★ Shinigami

★ Skull (symbolism)

★ Soul

★ Symbols of death

External links

★ Images of the Grim Reaper and other personifications of death

★ A contemplative view of the Morrigan, the Celtic goddess of death