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Russia's area is about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million sq. mi.). It remains the largest country in the world by more than 7 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq. mi.). Its population density is about 9 persons per square kilometer (22 per sq. mi.), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is predominantly urban.

Contents

Population data

Demographic crisis

Declining population

Abortions

Causes

Ethnic groups

Gradient

Median age and fertility

Languages

Religion

Education

Labor force

Health

Main cities

Notes and references

See also

References

External links

Population data

According to the 2002 Russian Census, Russia had 145,166,731 inhabitants, including 106,003,702 in the four European federal districts, and 39,129,729 in the three Asian federal districts.
In 1911, Russia had a population of 167,003,000 (however, this includes territory not part of modern Russia, such as Ukraine and Kazakhstan which contributed significantly to the population of imperial Russia), or 66% of that of India.
In 2006, Russia's population of 142,300,000 is only 12.6% that of India.
It is expected that Russia will have less than 10% of India's population in the future.
Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, with Turkic (8.4%), Caucasian (3.3%), Uralic (1.9%) and other minorities.



'Births:' 1,476,200 (2006) [1]
'Deaths:' 2,165,700 (2006)
'Population Growth Rate (2007 est. CIA):' -0.484%[2]
'Birth rate:' 10.92 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
'Death rate:' 16.04 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
'Net migration rate:' 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
'Sex ratio:'

''at birth:'' 1.06 male(s)/female

''under 15 years:'' 1.05 male(s)/female

''15-64 years:'' 0.94 male(s)/female

''65 years and over:'' 0.46 male(s)/female

''total population:'' 0.86 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
'Population structure:'

''0-14 years:'' 14.2%

''15-64 years:'' 71.3%

''65 years and over:'' 14.4% (2006 est.)
'Infant mortality rate:' 15.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
'Life expectancy at birth:'

''total population:'' 67.08 years

''male:'' 60.45 years

''female:'' 74.1 years (2006 est.)
'Total fertility rate:' 1.28 children born/woman (2006 est.)
For detailed TFR by federal regions in 2005, see TFR Russia
In 2006, the regions with the highest population growth rate were Chechnya (1.79%), Aginsky Buryatia (1.19%), Ingushetia (1.16%), Yamalo-Nenets (0.73%), Daghestan (0.65%), Yugra (0.62%), Tyumen(0.48%), Altay Republic (0.45%), Tyva Republic (0.3%) and Moscow (0.22%). The regions with lowest growth rate were Koryakia (-2.68%), Magadan (-1.78%), Evenkia (-1.68%), Taymiria (-1.60%), Pskov (-1.56%), Smolensk (-1.25%), Tambov (-1.22%), Tula (-1.21%), Novgorod (-1.17%) and Kurgan (-1.16%). [3]
'Suicide rate:' According to the WHO, Russia has a yearly 38.7 suicides per 100,000 people, the highest suicide rate in the world.
'Population aging'

Demographic crisis

Declining population

Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0.5% annual rate during the 1990s. This rate however is accelerating. Russia's population falling fast Steven Eke For every 1,000 Russians there are 16 deaths and just 10.6 births leading to a population decline of about 750,000 to 800,000 a year. The UN warned that Russia's 2005 population of about 140 million could fall by a third by 2050. However the number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the improving economy has had a positive impact on the country's low birth-rate (According to the US Census Bureau the nadir was 8.27 per 1000 in 1999 the 2006 rate is estimated at 9.95 per 1000. For comparison the US birth rate in 2006 is 14.14 and the current UK birth rate is 10.71 per 1000)for a more detailed description of the demographic patterns, see Nicholas Eberstadt: ''"Russia, the Sick Man of Europe"''; this article is a short version of the same author's paper ''"The Russian Federation at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Trapped in a Demographic Straightjacket"'' .
By comparison, in many developed countries birth rates have also dropped below the long-term population replacement rate, and immigration accounts for the continued rise in population. Population decline is particularly drastic in Russia, with higher death rates especially among working-age males due to poverty, abuse of alcohol and other substances, disease, stress, and other afflictions. (According to the US Census Bureau the death rate in 1989 was 10.76 per 1000, the low point came in 2001 at 15.45 per 1000, the 2006 rate is estimated at 14.65. For comparison the current US death rate is 8.26 per 1000 and the UK death rate is 10.13 per 1000) Russians mostly disapprove of permanent or temporary immigration of working-age males from countries other than the Russian-speaking former Soviet states.
The crisis and planned government measures to halt it was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation addressVladimir Putin’s State-of-the-Nation Address.

Abortions

It is estimated that there are more abortions than births in Russia. In 2004, at least 1.6 million women had an abortion (a fifth of them under the age of 18) and about 1.5 million gave birth. One of the reasons behind the high abortion rate is the fact that the birth of a first child pushes many families into poverty. More Abortions Than Births in Russia — Health Official

Two things should be noted. Laws passed in 2003 forbid abortions in Russia after the 12th week of pregnancy. Only a direct court order can allow a legal abortion.

Furthermore, with the increase in average salaries of almost 60% over the past 7 years, Russia's demographic situation has started to turn around with families increasingly having a second and third child. Russia's birth rate has climbed from a low of 1.2 to 1.39 in 2006. While still far below the 2.1 replacement rate, it continues to show signs of growing.

Causes

★ Abortion (see above)

★ Smoking, drug abuse and alcoholism

★ Pollution and environmental degradation, leading to birth defects and miscarriages

★ No admitance of two nationalities.

Ethnic groups

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples, referred to collectively as rossiyane. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):

★ 3.83% Tatars (5,554,601)

★ 2.03% Ukrainians (2,942,961)

★ 1.15% Bashkirs (1,673,389)

★ 1.13% Chuvashs (1,637,094)

★ 0.94% Chechens (1,360,253)

★ 0.78% Armenians (1,130,491)
Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group
The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:

★ Indo-European (total 84.07%; 83.27% Slavs)

★
★ Russians 115,889,107 (79.83%)

★
★ Ukrainians 2,942,961 (2.03%)

★
★ Armenians 1,130,491 (0.78%)

★
★ Belarusians 807,970 (0.56%)

★
★ Germans 597,212 (0.41%)

★
★ Ossetians 514,875 (0.35%)

★
★ Roma 182,766 (0.13%)

★
★ Moldovans 172,330 (0.12%)

★
★ Tajiks 120,136 (0.08%)

★
★ Greeks 97,827 (0.07%)

★
★ Poles 73,001 (0.05%)

★
★ Lithuanians 45,569 (0.03%)

★
★ Bulgarians 31,965 (0.02%)

★
★ Latvians 28,520 (0.02%)

★
★ Tats 2,303 (0.00%)

★ Turkic (total 8.36%)

★
★ Tatars 5,554,601 (3.83%)

★
★ Bashkirs 1,673,389 (1.15%)

★
★ Chuvashs 1,637,094 (1.13%)

★
★ Kazakhs 653,962 (0.45%)

★
★ Azerbaijani 621,840 (0.43%)

★
★ Yakuts 443,852 (0.31%)

★
★ Kumyks 422,409 (0.29%)

★
★ Tuvans 243,442 (0.17%)

★
★ Karachays 192,182 (0.13%)

★
★ Uzbeks 122,916 (0.08%)

★
★ Balkars 108426 (0.07%)

★
★ Turks 95,672 (0.06%)

★
★ Nogais 90,666 (0.06%)

★
★ Khakas 75,622 (0.05%)

★
★ Altay peoples 67,239 (0.05%)

★
★ Circassians 60,517 (0.04%)

★
★ Turkmens 33,053 (0.02%)

★
★ Kyrgyz 31,808 (0.02%)

★
★ Shors 13,975 (0.01%)

★
★ Gagauz 12,210 (0.01%)

★
★ Dolgans 7,261 (0.01%)

★
★ Crimean Tatars 4,131 (0.00%)

★
★ Tofalar 837 (0.00%)

★ Caucasian (total 3.30%)

★
★ Chechens 1,360,253 (0.94%)

★
★ Avars 814,473 (0.56%)

★
★ Kabardians 519,958 (0.36%)

★
★ Dargins 510,156 (0.35%)

★
★ Ingush 413,016 (0.28%)

★
★ Lezgins 411,535 (0.28%)

★
★ Georgians 197,934 (0.14%)

★
★ Laks 156,545 (0.11%)

★
★ Tabasarans 131,785 (0.09%)

★
★ Adyghe 128,528 (0.09%)

★
★ Abazas 37,942 (0.03%)

★
★ Rutuls 29,929 (0.02%)

★
★ Aguls 28,297 (0.02%)

★
★ Abkhaz 11,366 (0.01%)

★
★ Tsakhurs 10,366 (0.01%)

★ Finno-Ugric (1.86%)

★
★ Mordvins 843,350 (0.58%)

★
★ Udmurts 636,906 (0.44%)

★
★ Mari 604,298 (0.42%)

★
★ Komi 293,406 (0.20%)

★
★ Komi-Permyak 125,235 (0.09%)

★
★ Karelians 93,344 (0.06%)

★
★ Finns 34,050 (0.02%)

★
★ Estonians 28,113 (0.02%)

★
★ Mansi 11,432 (0.01%)

★
★ Veps 8,240 (0.01%)

★
★ Sami 1,991 (0.00%)

★
★ Izhorians 314 (0.00%)

★ Samoyedic (0.05%)

★
★ Nenets 41,302 (0.03%)

★
★ Khanty 28,678 (0.02%)

★
★ Selkups 4,249 (0.00%)

★
★ Yukaghir 1,509 (0.00%)

★
★ Nganasans 834 (0.00%)

★
★ Enets 237 (0.00%)

★ Mongols (0.43%)

★
★ Buryats 445,175 (0.31%)

★
★ Kalmyks 173,996 (0.12%)

★ Vietnamese 296,556 (0.20%)

★ Semitic peoples (0.17%)

★
★ Jews 229,938 (0.16%)

★
★ Assyrians 13,649 (0.01%)

★ Koreans 148,556 (0.10%)

★ Manchu-Tungus (0.02%)

★
★ Evenks 35,527 (0.02%)

★
★ Evens 19,071 (0.01%)

★
★ Nanais 12,160 (0.01%)

★
★ Ulchs 2,913 (0.00%)

★
★ Udege 1,657 (0.00%)

★
★ Orochs 686 (0.00%)

★
★ Negidals 567 (0.00%)

★
★ Oroks 346 (0.00%)

★ Chukotko-Kamchatkan (0.02%)

★
★ Chukchi 15,767 (0.01%)

★
★ Koryak 8,743 (0.01%)

★
★ Itelmeni 3,180 (0.00%)

★
★ Chuvans 1,087 (0.00%)

★ Nivkh 5,162 (0.00%)

★ Eskimo-Aleut

★
★ Eskimo 1,750 (0.00%)

★
★ Aleut 540 (0.00%)

★ Ket 1,494 (0.00%)
Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%).
See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census

Gradient

The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, Russia had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Meskhetian Turks etc.), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Canada, Finland (Finns).
At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are at least 1.5 million illegal immigrants in the country. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to nationalist sentiments. Numbers of Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and in southern Siberia. Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance.

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.
Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - Ingush - women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - Jews - women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children. [4]
Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.
Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.
The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census. [5]

Ethnic Group	Med Age	Male	Female	Urban	U.Male	U.Female	Rural	R.Male	R.Female	Children/woman(age 15+)	Children/woman(age 35+)	Predominant religion of Ethnic Group
Russian	37.6	34.0	40.5	37.1	33.5	40.1	39.0	35.7	41.7	1.446	1.828	Christianity
Tatar	37.7	35.3	39.6	37.2	34.7	39.1	38.8	36.5	41.1	1.711	2.204	Islam
Ukrainian	45.9	44.7	47.3	45.6	44.5	46.8	47.0	45.2	49.0	1.726	1.946	Christianity
Bashkir	34.2	32.1	36.2	32.9	30.6	34.7	35.4	33.3	37.6	1.969	2.658	Islam
Chuvash	38.6	36.4	40.4	37.9	36.3	39.1	39.4	36.5	42.5	1.884	2.379	Christianity
Chechen	22.8	22.1	23.5	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.7	21.9	23.5	2.163	3.456	Islam
Armene	32.8	33.4	32.0	33.0	33.7	32.2	32.1	32.6	31.5	1.68	2.225	Christianity
Mordvin	44.4	42.1	46.9	44.2	42.3	45.9	44.7	41.7	48.5	1.986	2.303	Christianity
Avar	24.6	23.8	25.4	23.8	23.4	24.1	25.1	24.0	26.2	2.09	3.319	Islam
Byelorussian	48.0	45.9	50.2	47.7	45.8	49.6	49.1	46.1	52.4	1.765	1.941	Christianity
Kazakh Kyrghiz	30.2	29.4	31	29.5	29	30.1	30.6	29.7	31.4	2.015	2.964	Islam
Udmurt	40.0	37.4	42.0	41.2	39.0	42.6	38.9	36.1	41.3	1.93	2.378	Christianity
Azerbaidzhani	29.5	31.9	24.6	30.0	32.3	24.7	26.5	28.7	24.1	1.83	2.619	Islam
Mari	36.7	34.5	38.5	36.4	34.6	37.7	36.9	34.5	39.3	1.917	2.493	Christianity
German	39.7	38.2	41.2	39.6	38.0	41.0	40.0	38.4	41.4	1.864	2.443	Christianity
Kabardin	28.2	27.1	29.3	28.8	27.4	30.2	27.7	26.9	28.4	1.799	2.654	Islam
Osset	34.1	32.5	35.7	34.0	32.2	35.7	34.4	33.2	35.6	1.665	2.267	Christianity
Dargwa	24.6	23.9	25.3	24.3	23.8	24.8	24.8	24.0	25.6	2.162	3.476	Islam
Buriot	28.6	26.6	30.5	27.6	25.7	29.5	29.5	27.4	31.5	1.949	2.861	Christianity
Yakut	26.9	25.1	28.7	26.9	25.2	28.5	27.0	25.1	28.8	1.972	2.843	Christianity
Kumyk	24.6	23.7	25.4	24.8	23.9	25.6	24.4	23.5	25.2	1.977	3.123	Islam
Ingush	22.7	22.4	23.0	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.5	22.3	22.7	2.325	4.05	Islam
Lezghin	25.4	25.2	25.7	25.0	25.2	24.8	25.9	25.2	26.6	2.045	3.275	Islam
Komi	38.8	35.8	41.0	39.4	35.5	41.6	38.3	36.0	40.4	1.869	2.363	Christianity
Tyvin	23.0	21.7	24.2	22.3	21.4	23.3	23.6	22.0	25.1	1.996	3.407	Buddhism
Jewish	57.5	55.7	61.1	57.6	55.7	61.2	53.5	52.0	55.3	1.264	1.371	Judaism
Karachayev	29.5	28.3	30.5	27.6	26.4	28.9	30.5	29.5	31.5	1.86	2.836	Islam
Kalmyks	31.3	29.2	33.3	28.6	26.3	31.3	33.9	32.6	35.1	1.853	2.625	Buddhism
Adyghe	34.2	32.4	36.0	32.0	30.3	33.7	36.2	34.2	38.2	1.757	2.363	Islam
Permyak	40.8	38.6	42.7	41.3	39.5	42.5	40.5	38.1	42.8	2.145	2.604	Christianity
Balkar	30.1	29.5	30.7	29.3	28.8	29.8	30.9	30.1	31.9	1.689	2.624	Islam
Karelian	45.7	42.4	48.6	44.7	41.3	47.2	47.0	43.5	51.2	1.823	2.108	Christianity
Kazakhs	30.7	28.4	32.9	30.1	27.9	32.4	31.2	28.8	33.5	1.872	2.609	Islam
Altay	27.5	25.5	29.4	22.7	21.5	24.2	28.9	26.9	30.8	2.021	2.933	Christianity
Cherkess	31.2	30.1	32.3	29.7	28.3	30.9	32.1	31.1	33.3	1.807	2.607	Islam

Languages

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages, see their respective articles. There more than 100 languages spoken in Russia. Many of them are in danger of extinction.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Russia

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity dominated by Russian Orthodox Church.
Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox,
Even non-religious ethnic Russians mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons ''in Russian'':Социология религии. Second largest religion is Islam, whose followers are estimated to comprise 4-6% of the population. Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various Protestant faiths, Roman Catholicism, and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. These religions typically occur among minority groups and are quite rare among ethnic Russians and other Slavic peoples. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

'Religion in Russian Federation based on 2002 Russian Census and Ethnic Group predominant religion'

Religion	Population(2002)	% Population
Christianity	127,888,904	89.72%
Islam	14,340,794	9.85%
Buddhism	1,159,169	0.80%
Judaism	229,938	0.16%
Traditional Beliefs	123,423	0.23%

Education

Main articles: Education in Russia

'Literacy:'

''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write

''total population:'' 98.5%

''male:'' 99.99%

''female:'' 97% (1989 est.)
Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. Private schools are rare (although getting more popular) and can be mainly found in the capital region. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.
About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.^[1]
The number of doctors in relation to the population is high by world standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is below Western standards.

Labor force

The Russian labor force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Millions of Russian workers are underemployed. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Many Russian workers compensate by working other part-time jobs. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. The standard of living has been on the rise since 1999, but almost one-third of the population still does not meet the minimum subsistence level for money income. The Russian Ministry of Economic Development and Trade estimates that the percentage of people under the subsistence level will gradually decrease by 23%-25% in the period up to 2005.

Health

As of 2004, the average life expectancy in Russia was 59 years for males and 72 years for females. The biggest factor that contributes to low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes (violent crimes, traffic accidents, alcohol etc.) Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis. Both diseases became widespread in Russia in the 1990s. However, the underlying problems with healthcare in Russia pre-date the post-Soviet period. The Soviet Union had been increasingly lagging behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. By 1985, life expectancy for males was only 62.7 years in Russia, compared to 71.6 in Great Britain and 74.8 in Japan. The turmoil in the early 1990s and the economic crisis in 1998 caused life expectancy in Russia to go down while it was steadily growing in the rest of the world.
===HIV/AIDS===
Russia and Ukraine are said to have the highest growth rates of HIV infection in the world outside Sub-Saharan Africa. In Russia HIV seems to be transmitted mostly by intravenous drug users sharing needles, although data is very uncertain. There is evidence of growing transmission between sex workers and their clients. Data from the Federal AIDS Center shows that the number of registered cases is doubling every 12 months and by May 1, 2002 had reached 193,400 persons. When this number is adjusted to include people who have not been tested for the disease, estimates of the actual number of infected persons vary from 800,000 to 1 million.

Main cities

Moscow is the largest city (population 10.1 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the center of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business center. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence.
St. Petersburg (population 4.6 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed St. Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, commercial, financial, and industrial center. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial center. The Hermitage is one of the world's great fine arts museums.
Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and St. Petersburg—Novosibirsk State University—is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk.
Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important center for trade with the Pacific Rim countries.
Other large cities of importance include, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk), Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-na-Donu, and Chelyabinsk.

Notes and references

1. http://www.eubusiness.com/Russia/russia-country-guide/

See also

★ Demographics of the Soviet Union

★ Demographics of Siberia

★ Russian Empire Census

References

★ Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9

★ Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis University of Leicester

External links

★ Interactive statistics for all countries, site of US Census bureau.

★ 2006 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau

★ Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)

★ Ethnic groups of Russia

★ Problems with mortality data in Russia

★ Russian Empire:

★
★ The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire

★
★ В погоне за малыми, an article about treatment of minoroties in the Russian Empire, Kommersant-Money, October 25, 2005

★ Death of a nation, a documentary about the dwindling Russian population: causes and consequences