 | The Last Time I'm Gonna Talk About This...WiseNubian3 For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). Europe Area 10,180,000 km² (3,930,000 sq mi) Population 712,000,000 Density 70/km² (181/sq mi) Countries ca. 50 Languages Indo-European languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Turkic languages, Basque language, Maltese language Time Zones Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth. The westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, it is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. To the east, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and by the Caspian Sea.[1] Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface. It hosts a large number of sovereign states (ca. 50), whose precise number depends on the underlying definition of Europe's border, as well as on the in- or exclusion of semi-recognized states. Of all European countries, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican is the smallest. Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa with a population of 710,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population. However, Europe's borders and population are in dispute, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one. Europe is the birthplace of Western culture. European nations played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonization. By the 17th and 18th centuries European nations controlled most of Africa, the Americas, and large portions of Asia. World War I and World War II led to a decline in European dominance in world affairs as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. The Cold War between those two superpowers divided Europe along the Iron Curtain. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. |
 | Rhodesia National Anthem This article is about the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia, today's Zimbabwe. For other uses, see Rhodesia (disambiguation). Rhodesia Republic of Rhodesia Unrecognized state ← 1965 -- 1979 → Flag Coat of arms Motto Sit Nomine Digna (Latin) "May she be worthy of the name" Anthem "Rise O Voices of Rhodesia" (from 1974) Capital Salisbury Language(s) English Government Republic President¹ - 1970--1975 Clifford Dupont - 1976--1978 John Wrathall Officer Administering the Government¹ - 1965--1970 Clifford Dupont Prime minister - 1965--1979 Ian Smith Historical era Cold War - Independence (UDI) November 11, 1965 - Republic declared March 2, 1970 - Zimbabwe-Rhodesia June 1, 1979 - Zimbabwe April 17, 1980 Area - 1978 390,580 km² (150,804 sq mi) Population - 1978 est. 6,930,000 Density 17.7 /km² (46 /sq mi) Currency Pound (until 1970) Dollar (from 1970) ¹ The government recognised Queen Elizabeth II as the official Head of State from 1965 to 1970. The highest official of Rhodesia held the title "Officer Administering the Government" as he acted in lieu of a Governor-General, a post never appointed by the Queen. After the government declared Rhodesia a republic in March 1970 the president replaced the Governor-General as the highest official. Zimbabwe This article is part of the series: History of Zimbabwe Pre-colonial history Mutapa Empire (c. 1250-1629) Torwa dynasty (c. 1450-1683) Rozwi Empire (1684 - 1834) Colonial history Rhodesia Zimbabwe WP:ZIM This box: view • talk • edit Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent (Unilateral Declaration of Independence) on 11th November 1965. The name was also used with the establishment of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in 1979. After a brief return to colonial status as Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, the country became the independent nation of Zimbabwe in April 1980. The country is landlocked and located in southern Africa. Predominantly white Settler Governments governed the country until 1979, initially as a self governing colony then, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence as a self-proclaimed sovereign Dominion and latterly a Republic. The colony was named after Cecil John Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the nineteenth century. The colony gained international recognition of its independence in 1980 as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Before 1964 the name "Rhodesia" referred to the territory of modern Zambia and Zimbabwe. The British government adopted a policy of No Independence Before Majority African Rule (NIBMAR), dictating that colonies with a substantial population of white settlers would not receive independence except under conditions of universal suffrage and majority rule. The European minority Rhodesian Front (RF) government, led by Ian Smith, opposed the policy. The British Empire ruled over the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia until negotiations between Smith's government and the UK government broke down in 1965. Smith's government declared the country independent from British rule on 11 November 1965 in what became known as UDI (Unilateral Declaration of Independence). Smith sent a telegram notifying British Prime Minister Harold Wilson at precisely 1 p.m. local time (11 a.m. in London) on 11 November, at the precise moment that the UK started its traditional two minutes of silence to mark the end of World War I and honour its war dead. The not-so-hidden message to "kith and kin," as Smith put it, recalled Southern Rhodesia's assistance and allegiance to the UK in its time of need in World War I and II. British High Commissioner John Baines Johnston, who disliked Smith, cleaned out the High Commission building of all official documents and left Rhodesia. Smith gave strict instructions to his government not to harm the High Commission building in any way, much to Johnston's surprise. The international community condemned UDI. The United Nations Security Council authorised the first use of sanctions, targeting Rhodesia at the behest of Britain, beginning in 1965 and lasting until the restoration of British rule in December 1979. The terms of these sanctions forbade most forms of trade or financial exchange with Rhodesia. However, not all members of the international community adhered to the sanctions. South Africa, Portugal, Israel, Iran and some Arab nations helped Rhodesia in various ways. In the case of the U.S., the 1971 Byrd Amendment allowed the importation of chrome, ferrochrome and nickel from Rhodesia.[1] Rhodesia evaded sanctions in the short term but few outsiders invested in Rhodesia after the sanctions. |
 | Multi-Camera Tracking: Living Room Multiple-target tracking has received tremendous attention due to its wide practical applicability in video processing and analysis applications. Most existing techniques, however, suffer from the well-known "multi-target occlusion" problem and/or immense computational cost due to the use of high-dimensional joint-state representations. In this system, we present a distributed Bayesian framework using multiple collaborative cameras for robust and efficient multiple-target tracking in crowded environments with significant and persistent occlusion. When the targets are in close proximity or present multi-target occlusions in a particular camera view, camera collaboration between different views is activated in order to handle the multi-target occlusion problem in an innovative way. Specifically, we propose to model the camera collaboration likelihood density by using epipolar geometry with sequential Monte Carlo implementation. Experimental results have been demonstrated for both synthetic and real-world video data [Reference1: Wei Qu, Dan Schonfeld, and Magdi Mohamed, "Distributed Bayesian Multiple-Target Tracking in Crowded Environments Using Multiple Collaborative Cameras", in the EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, Special Issue on Tracking in Video Sequences of Crowded Scenes, 2007, Article ID 38373, 15 pages, doi:10.1155/2007/38383], [Reference2: Wei Qu, Dan Schonfeld, and Magdi Mohamed, "Method and Apparatus to Facilitate Use of Conditional Probabilistic Analysis of Multi-Point-of-Reference Samples of an Item to Disambiguate State Information as Pertains to the Item", filed application (US20080089578-A1) with the United States Patent Office on December 21, 2006]. |
 | Multi-Camera Tracking: Chicago Union Station Multiple-target tracking has received tremendous attention due to its wide practical applicability in video processing and analysis applications. Most existing techniques, however, suffer from the well-known "multi-target occlusion" problem and/or immense computational cost due to the use of high-dimensional joint-state representations. In this system, we present a distributed Bayesian framework using multiple collaborative cameras for robust and efficient multiple-target tracking in crowded environments with significant and persistent occlusion. When the targets are in close proximity or present multi-target occlusions in a particular camera view, camera collaboration between different views is activated in order to handle the multi-target occlusion problem in an innovative way. Specifically, we propose to model the camera collaboration likelihood density by using epipolar geometry with sequential Monte Carlo implementation. Experimental results have been demonstrated for both synthetic and real-world video data [Reference1: Wei Qu, Dan Schonfeld, and Magdi Mohamed, "Distributed Bayesian Multiple-Target Tracking in Crowded Environments Using Multiple Collaborative Cameras", in the EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, Special Issue on Tracking in Video Sequences of Crowded Scenes, 2007, Article ID 38373, 15 pages, doi:10.1155/2007/38383], [Reference2: Wei Qu, Dan Schonfeld, and Magdi Mohamed, "Method and Apparatus to Facilitate Use of Conditional Probabilistic Analysis of Multi-Point-of-Reference Samples of an Item to Disambiguate State Information as Pertains to the Item", filed application (US20080089578-A1) with the United States Patent Office on December 21, 2006]. |
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