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(Redirected from Detroit)
'Detroit' (IPA: ) (, pronounced ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city located north of Windsor, Ontario, on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. It was founded in 1701 by the Frenchman Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac.
It is known as the world's traditional automotive center—"Detroit" is a metonym for the United States automobile industry—and an important source of popular music, legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, ''Motor City'' and ''Motown.''[2][3] Other nicknames emerged in the twentieth century, including ''Rock City'', ''Arsenal of Democracy'' (during World War II), ''The D'', ''D-Town'', ''Hockeytown'', and ''The 3-1-3'' (its area code).[4]
In 2007, Detroit ranked as the United States' eleventh most populous city, with 871,121 residents.[5] At its peak, the city was the 4th largest city in the country, but has steadily declined in population since the 1960s. The name ''Detroit'' sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area, a sprawling region with a population of 4,468,966[6] for the Metropolitan Statistical Area and a population of 5,410,014[7] for the nine county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2006 Census Bureau estimates. The Windsor-Detroit area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,900,000.[8][9]
Main articles: History of Detroit
The city name comes from the Detroit River (in French ''le détroit du Lac Erie''), meaning "the strait of Lake Erie," linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie, in the historical context the strait included Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River. La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Sainte-Claire jusqu’au lac Érié, 1764 Traveling up the Detroit River on the ship ''Le Griffon'' (owned by La Salle), Father Louis Hennepin noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement. There, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a settlement called ''Fort Détroit'', naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. Francois Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre (Montreal 1719–1793) was the last French military commander at Fort Detroit (1758–1760), surrendering the fort on November 29, 1760 to the British.
During the French and Indian War (1760), British troops gained control and shortened the name to ''Detroit''.
Several tribes led by Chief Pontiac,
an Ottawa leader, launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), including a siege of Fort Detroit. Partially in response to this, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763, included restrictions in unceded Indian territories. Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty (1796). In 1805, fire destroyed most of the settlement. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.[10] Detroit's city flag reflects this French heritage. (See Flag of Detroit, Michigan.)
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. As the city expanded, the street layout followed a plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward, Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit, was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815. Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.[11]
Many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War. Following the death of President Abraham Lincoln, George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park. Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the "Wolverines."[12]
Detroit's many Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose during the late 1800s. The city was referred to as the ''"Paris of the West"'' for its architecture.[13] Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue, and in 1904, the Ford Motor Company was founded. Ford's manufacturing — and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, and Walter Chrysler—reinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital. The industry spurred the city's spectacular growth during the first half of the twentieth century as it drew many new residents, particularly workers from the Southern United States. Strained racial relations were evident in the trial of Dr. Ossian Sweet, a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder after he shot into a large mob when he moved from the all-black part of the city to an all-white area.[14] With the introduction of prohibition, the river was a major conduit for Canadian spirits, organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.[15]
Labor strife climaxed in the 1930s when the United Auto Workers became involved in bitter disputes with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism of those years brought notoriety to union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban depressed freeway, the Davison[16] and the industrial growth during World War II that led to Detroit's nickname as the ''Arsenal of Democracy''.[17] The city faced major challenges during the war as tens of thousands of workers migrated to the city to work in the war industries. Many of these migrant workers were blacks and whites from the U.S. south. Housing was difficult to find. The "color blind" promotion policies of the auto plants resulted in racial tension that had erupted into a full-scale riot in 1943.[18]
With white flight to the suburbs, many Detroit inner-city neighborhoods endured a painful decline from the 1960s and 1970s leaving many areas of the inner-city with urban blight. The Twelfth Street riot in 1967 and court-ordered busing accelerated the white flight from the city. An extensive freeway system constructed in the 1950s and 1960s facilitated commuting. The percentage of black residents increased rapidly thereafter. Accordingly, the city's tax base began a steep decline. Retailers and small business owners departed the city in the wake of the increased crime rate. Within a few years large numbers of buildings and homes were abandoned, many remaining for decades in a state of decay. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Young's chaotic style during his five terms in office was not well received by many whites, who continued to leave the city in large numbers.[19]
The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 shook the U.S. auto industry as small cars from foreign makers made inroads into the traditional dominance of the domestic automakers. High-paying manufacturing jobs became scarce. Acute heroin and crack cocaine use afflicted the city with the influence of Butch Jones, Maserati Rick, and the Chambers Brothers. Drug-related violence and property crimes rose, and many abandoned homes were demolished as they had become havens for drug dealers. Sizable tracts have reverted to a form of urban prairie with wild animals spotted migrating into the city.[20] "Renaissance" has been a perennial buzzword among city leaders since the Twelfth Street riot, reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the late 1970s. This complex of skyscrapers, designed as a "city within a city," was unable to reverse the trend of businesses leaving the city's downtown.
In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan to a successful bid for President of the United States. Four years later, the city again appeared on the national radar, but for unwanted reasons: rioting in the wake of the Detroit Tigers' World Series championship left three dead and millions of dollars in property damage.
In the 1990s, the city began to enjoy a revival, much of it centered downtown. Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1992) arose on the city skyline. In the ensuing years, three casinos opened in Detroit: MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino which are now adding resorts. New downtown stadiums were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002, respectively; this put the Lions' home stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974. The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game and the 2006 Super Bowl XL, both of which prompted many improvements to the downtown area. The city's riverfront is the focus of much development; in 2007, the first portions of the Detroit River Walk were laid, including miles of parks and fountains. This new urban development in Detroit is a mainstay in the city's earnest desire to reinvent its economic identity through tourism.[21]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 143.0 square miles (370.2 km²); of this, 138.8 square miles (359.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km²) is water. The highest elevation in Detroit is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, just west of Palmer Park sitting at a height of 670 feet (204 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront, sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. On its northeast border are the wealthy communities of Grosse Pointe. Oakland and Macomb counties lie to the north. Alter Road divides Detroit and Grosse Pointe Park; the neighborhood in this area of Detroit's east side is one of the most blighted in the city, whereas the Grosse Pointes contain multimillion dollar mansions within blocks of the border and many of the wealthiest residences. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.
The city is crossed by three road systems: the original French template, radial avenues from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system, and true north–south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. It sits atop a large salt mine[22] and is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.-Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfare; the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel provides railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island.
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a continental climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall.[23] The earliest officially measurable snowfall in Detroit occurred on October 12, 2006. Winters are generally cold, with nighttime temperatures sometimes dropping below 10 °F (–12 °C), while summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 90 °F (32 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about two to four inches (50 to 100 mm). Snowfall, which typically occurs from November to early April, ranges from an average of 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) a month.[24] The highest recorded temperature was 105.0 °F (40.5 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was –24.0 °F (–31.1 °C) on December 22, 1872.[25]
Detroit International Riverfront at night.
Main articles: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
Detroit's waterfront panorama shows a variety of architectural styles. The past meets the present as the city's historic Art Deco skyscrapers blend with the post modern neogothic spires of the Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1992). Together with the Renaissance Center, they form the city's marque. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are the nation's largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.
While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, apartments and high-rises are found in neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. Many of the city's neighborhoods were constructed prior to World War II, and feature the architecture of the times. Wood frame and simple brick houses in the working class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in vast middle class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and others. The oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and Jefferson corridors, while newer neighborhoods, built as late as the 1950s, are found in the far west and closer to Road. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include Corktown, a working class, formerly Irish neighborhood, and Brush Park. Both are now seeing million dollar redevelopments and construction of new homes and condos.
Detroit's architecture is heralded as some of America's finest; many of the city's architecturally significant buildings are listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as among America's most endangered landmarks with the city containing one of the nation's largest surviving collections late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings.[26]
The city has an active community of professionals dedicated to urban design, historic preservation, architecture, and investment in the city.[27] A number of downtown redevelopment projects — of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable — have revitalized parts of the city. In 2006, a state-of-the-art cruise ship dock was added to Hart Plaza. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.
The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three and one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the newly reclaimed riverfront with pedestrian parks will spur more residential development. Other major parks include Palmer (north of Highland Park), River Rouge (in the southwest side), and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).
Main articles: Neighborhoods in Detroit, Urban development in Detroit
Detroit has many neighborhoods and historic districts which contribute to its overall quality of life. Several neighborhoods and districts are listed in the National Register of Historic Places such as Lafayette Park, part of the Mies van der Rohe residential district. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.[28] The Midtown and the New Center area are centered around Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents, yet it attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[29] The University Commons-Palmer Park district in Northwest Detroit is near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College and has historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and Green Acres.
Metro Detroit suburbs are among the more affluent in the U.S., 2004–05 Community profile Oakland County in contrast to the poorer areas of the inner-city. Lifestyles for rising professionals in Detroit reflect those of other major cities. This dynamic is luring many younger residents to the downtown area.[30] Luxury high rises such as the three Riverfront Towers have views of Hart Plaza and Canada. The New Center area contains examples of historic housing redevelopment. The Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel will include a number of luxury condos. The east river development plans include more luxury condominium developments. A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted young professionals to take up residence among the mansions of Grosse Pointe just outside the city. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for spectacular views and nightlife, along with Ontario's 19-and-older drinking age. Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans
Main articles: Culture of Detroit, Music of Detroit, Detroit Theatre District, Detroit celebrities
Live music has been the dominant feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s bringing the city worldwide attention. The metropolitan area boasts two of the top live music venues in the United States: DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Theatre District is the nation's second largest.[31][32] Major theaters include the Fox Theatre,The Music Hall, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Fisher Theatre. Orchestra Hall hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra.
In the 1940s, Detroit's blues scene saw the long-term residency of John Lee Hooker. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.[33] Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, and Marvin Gaye. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin is another Detroit R&B star.
Detroit also gave birth to the Nederlander Organization, which originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander Family. The organization would later go on to become the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City.
The area spawned a high-energy rock in the late 1960s and 1970s around the Grande Ballroom with artists Alice Cooper, Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder, Rare Earth, Brownsville Station, Glenn Frey and Bob Seger. The group Kiss captured the love for rock music in "Detroit Rock City." This was a precursor to punk rock's MC5 and Iggy Pop's The Stooges, among others.
As a birthplace of Techno music emerging in 1987 to venues worldwide, seminal Detroit Techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. This genre developed alongside Chicago's House music, yet was more influenced by funk and European electronic pioneers such as Kraftwerk, as well as Atkins's own early electro work. Techno reached a worldwide audience and in Europe triggered a revolution in both youth culture and music industry.
In addition, Detroit's garage rock of the 1990s rose to national attention with the bands The White Stripes, Von Bondies, the Dirtbombs, and Electric Six. In recent years, bands like The Hard Lessons and the Amino Acids revived garage rock. Hard rock, powered by 101.1 WRIF, produced local success for bands like Sponge. Detroit Hip Hop rose to prominence in the late nineties with the emergence of Eminem, Kid Rock, Street Lord'z, Slum Village, D12, J Dilla, Obie Trice, Blade Icewood, Big Herk, and Royce Da 5'9 as well as other artists like Tone Tone and Esham. Detroit Rap and Soul are internationally recognized. Detroit Soul artists include Dwele, Amp Fiddler, Monica Blaire, and Kem.
Other music events include Ford Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.
Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory. Important history of Detroit and the surrounding area is exhibited at the The Henry Ford, the nation's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.[34][35] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.[36] Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo and the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle.
The city is accustomed to large crowds. River Days, a five day festival on the International Riverfront, marked the opening of the River Walk along the east river leading up to the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks with about 3.5 million visitors. The city's Greektown and casino resorts serve as an entertainment hub. Other events include the Electronic Music Festival typically attracts crowds of over a million visitors. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events such as the Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.[37]
An important civic sculpture in Detroit is Marshall Fredericks' "Spirit of Detroit" at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[38] A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by ''Sports Illustrated'' and executed by Robert Graham, is a twenty-four foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.[39]
Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in the mid 1980s. The exhibit used junk and abandoned cars, clothing, shoes, vacuum cleaners, and other garbage Guyton found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit. Guyton painted polka dots and other symbols on several houses on Heidelberg Street. The city sued Guyton twice for creating a public nuisance, removed large parts of his art project, and tore down two vacant homes he had painted with various symbols. Nevertheless, the Heidelberg Project is continually updated.
Main articles: Sports in metropolitan Detroit
Detroit is one of 13 American metropolitan areas that is home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All but one plays within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons and the WNBA's Detroit Shock) both play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills. There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). Detroit is known for its avid hockey fans, earning the city the moniker of "Hockeytown."
In college sports, the University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Motor City Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.
Since 1916, the city has been home to an American Power Boat Association Unlimited hydroplane boat race, held annually (with exceptions) on the Detroit River near Belle Isle. Often, the race is for the APBA Challenge Cup, more commonly known as the Gold Cup (first awarded in 1904, created by Tiffany) which is the oldest active motorsport trophy in the world.[40]
Detroit was the former home of a round of the Formula One World Championship, which held the
race on the streets of downtown Detroit from 1982 until 1988, after which the sanction moved from Formula One to IndyCars until its final run in 2001.[41] In 2007, open-wheel racing will return to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing. Indy racing will return to Detroit
Detroit was given the name "City of Champions" in the 1930s for a series of successes both in individual and in team sport. Detroit, the City of Champions Patricia Zacharias Gar Wood (a native Detroiter) won the Harmsworth Trophy for unlimited powerboat racing on the Detroit River in 1931. In the next year, 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan, a black student from Detroit's Cass Technical High School, won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Also, in 1935 the Detroit Lions won the NFL championship. The Detroit Tigers have won ten American League pennants (The most recent being in 2006) and the four World Series titles. The Detroit Red Wings have won 10 Stanley Cups (The most by an American NHL Franchise),[42][43] the Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles, and the Detroit Shock have won two WNBA titles.
An important source for news, the city is the site of the annual North American International Auto Show which hosts the national media. ''The Detroit Free Press'' and ''The Detroit News'' are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement. Media philanthropy includes the ''Detroit Free Press'' high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. Wayne State University offers a widely respected Journalism program.
The Detroit television market is the eleventh largest in the United States;[44] however, these estimates do not include large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations, so the actual audience ranking may be higher. ''Discover Detroit TV'' which airs every Monday at 5:30 on Detroit's PBS affiliate is sponsored by the Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau.
Detroit has the ninth largest radio market in the United States,[45] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.
Main articles: Economy of metropolitan Detroit
Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a manufacturing powerhouse, most notably as home to the Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. The city is an important center for global trade with large international law firms having their offices in both Detroit and Windsor. About 80,000 people work in downtown Detroit.[46]
There are hundreds of offices and plants in the automotive support business: parts, electronics, and design suppliers. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the United States.[47] The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Windsor-Detroit region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the City of Detroit's international border crossing.[48]
With its dependence on the auto industry, the Detroit area is more vulnerable to economic cycles than most large cities.[49] A rise in automated manufacturing using robot technology, inexpensive labor in other parts of the world, and increased competition have led to a steady transformation of certain types of manufacturing jobs in the region. Local complications for the city include higher taxes than the nearby suburbs, with many unable to afford the levies on property[50] In March 2007, metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate was 6.5%.[51] In the city, the unemployment rate was 14.2% at the end of 2005, leaving Detroit with more than one-third of residents below the poverty line.[52] This is in part attributed to white flight following court-ordered busing during the 1970s. Parts of the city have abandoned and burned out shells of buildings. Though the city has struggled with finances, since 2006 it has balanced its budget with more funding available to demolish blighted properties.
The Big Three automakers have collectively lost market share to foreign rivals.[53] However, Detroit's automakers have continued to gain volume from previous decades with the expansion of the American and global automotive markets. In 2003, Cadillac outscored all other luxury automakers in two of three quality surveys by AutoPacific, Strategic Vision, and J.D. Power.[54] General Motors continues to lead all other automakers in Strategic Vision's Total Quality Index (TQI).[55][56] In 1994, with rising demand for sport-utility vehicles and pickup trucks, the industry fought Clinton administration's efforts to implement an across the board Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) increase.[57] In 2005, the Bush administration asked Congress for the authority to reform the CAFE standard from a single average to six different size based categories in an effort to resolve the issue.[58] In the late 1990s, Detroit's automakers had gained market share and were enjoying record profits until the recession of 2001 and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks caused a severe decline in the stock market along with a pension and benefit funds crisis. Although retiree health care costs remain a significant issue, General Motors' investment strategy generated a $17.1 billion surplus in 2007 for its $101 billion U.S pension portfolio, a $35 billion reversal from its $17.8 billion in underfunding.[59] With rising oil prices and war, consumers chose to purchase fewer trucks and SUVs. This negatively impacted the profits of Detroit's automakers. As a result, GM and Ford have implemented their respective turnaround plans. Concern among analysts over restored profits has fueled economic uncertainty in the metro Detroit area.[60]
Initially, GM and Ford had sought to delay the introduction of unprofitable hybrids in favor of the all-fuel cell vehicle; however, with rising gasoline prices and foreign rivals marketing hybrid cars, Detroit's automakers responded. In 2006, Ford announced a dramatic increase in production of its hybrid gas-electric models,[61] Ford and GM have also promoted E-85 ethanol capable flexible-fuel vehicles as a viable alternative to gasoline. General Motors has invested heavily in all fuel cell equipped vehicles,[62] Chrysler's focus on biodiesel may boost sales. Two days after the September 11, 2001 attacks, GM announced it had developed the world's most powerful fuel cell stack capable of powering large commercial vehicles.[63] In 2002, the state of Michigan established NextEnergy, a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to enable commercialization of various energy technologies, especially hydrogen fuel cells. Its main complex is located north of Wayne State University.
With new business in the suburbs, the region is competitive in emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, cognotechnology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. The city of Detroit has made efforts to lure the region's growth companies downtown with advantages such as a wireless Internet zone, business tax incentives, entertainment, an international riverfront, and residential high rises. Thus far, the city has had some success, most notably the addition of Compuware World Headquarters, OnStar, EDS offices at the Renaissance Center, PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices adjacent to Ford Field, and the 2006 completion of Ernst & Young's offices at One Kennedy Square. However, Comerica Bank decided to move its headquarters from Detroit to Dallas in 2007.
Quicken Loans is reportedly considering a consolidation of its suburban offices into a new downtown Detroit headquarters, a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.[64]
Some Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Detroit include General Motors, auto parts maker American Axle & Manufacturing, and DTE Energy.[65] Detroit is home to Compuware and the national pizza chain Little Caesars. Downtown Detroit has major offices for Electronic Data Systems, Visteon, Delphi, Ford Motor Company, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Deloitte Touche, KPMG, the Jeep and Dodge Truck arm of DaimlerChrysler, GMAC, and OnStar. Other major industries include advertising, law, finance, chemicals, and computer software. One of the nation's largest law firms, Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone P.L.C., has offices in both Windsor and Detroit. Compuware's new headquarters, GM's move to the Renaissance Center, and the State of Michigan's redevelopment of Cadillac Place in the New Center district have provided new synergies for the redevelopment of downtown.
Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest city in the United States to offer casino resorts. Casino Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino in Detroit. The casinos have brought new tax revenue and jobs to the city, though, the city still has high unemployment. In 2006, downtown Detroit reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[66] Medical service providers such as the Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Hospital are major employers in the city.
As of the 2000 census², there were 951,270 people, 336,428 households, and 218,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,855.1 people per square mile (2,646.7/km²). There were 375,096 housing units at an average density of 2,703.0 units per square mile (1,043.6/km²). In 2006, Detroit's population was estimated to be 871,121, a decline of 8.4% since 2000.
During the twentieth century, the city experienced tremendous growth - then rapid population decline. The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the twentieth century, fed largely by an influx of Eastern European, Lebanese and Southern migrants — both white and black — who came to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. However, since 1950 the city saw a major shift in its population to the suburbs. The city population dropped from its peak in 1950 with a population of 1,849,568 to 886,675 in 2005. This is in part attributed to the construction of an extensive freeway system during the 1950s and white flight from the 1960s onward on account of concerns over crime, and court-ordered busing. The city's population ranking among American cities dropped from fourth in 1950 to eleventh in 2006.
As of 2000, the city of Detroit was 82.70% African American, 12.26% white, 0.33% Native American, 0.97% Asian 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.54% from other races, and 2.32% from two or more races. 4.96% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The city's foreign-born population stood at 4.8%.
There were 336,428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families, 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.
There is a wide age distribution in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median household income in the city was $29,526, and the median income for a family was $33,853. Males had a median income of $33,381 versus $26,749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,717. 26.1% of the population and 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
The Detroit suburbs in Oakland County, Macomb County, and northeastern and northwestern Wayne County are predominantly white. Of the African-Americans who live in the metropolitan area, about 70% live within the Detroit city limits. Metro Detroit's ethnic communities are diverse and include descendants of the French founders, as well as Irish, Germans, Poles, Jews, Italians, Scots, Lebanese, Armenians and Greeks who settled during the city's early twentieth century industrial boom. Metro Detroit has the largest concentration of Belgians outside of Belgium; Cadieux Street on the city's east side north of Grosse Pointe constituted the heart of one of the few distinctly Belgian neighborhoods in the U.S. during the early- and mid-twentieth century. In Detroit and the metro area, there is a large Chaldean population and a large concentration of Arab Americans in Dearborn. A significant number of Albanians have settled since the 1970s. Mexicantown, on the southwest side of the city of Detroit, is the historical center of a small but growing Hispanic community.
By any definition, the gulf between black and white is as wide or wider in Metro Detroit neighborhoods than any metropolitan region in the nation. Separate analyses of 2000 census data by The Detroit News, the Brookings Institution and the State University of New York at Albany all found Metro Detroit has the highest level of neighborhood segregation between blacks and whites in the nation. Furthermore, the number of neighborhoods in Metro Detroit that meet even a minimal definition of integration has fallen since 1980. Livonia, 96 percent white, is the whitest big city in the nation, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, with a higher percentage of whites than cities like Manchester, N.H., and Provo, Utah. Warren, 91 percent white, ranks ninth. And Detroit, at 86 percent black, is the nation's largest, most African American city.
Main articles: Government of Detroit
The city government is run by a mayor and nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections (so that there are Detroit elections scheduled in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, etc.).[67]
Politically, the city consistently supports the Democratic Party in state and national elections (local election are nonpartisan). According to a study released by the Bay Area Center for Voting Research, Detroit, is the most liberal large city in America,[68] measuring only the percentage of city residents who voted for the Democratic Party. In his 1974 inaugural address, former Mayor Coleman Young told the city's criminals to "hit Eight Mile Road" (the most prominent dividing line between Detroit and northern suburbs). When Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick found himself behind in the polls in the 2005 election, his campaign tried to draw attention to the support his opponent, Freman Hendrix, received in the suburbs. During one debate, Kilpatrick spoke of higher illegal drug use in the suburbs when compared with Detroit.[69] Many opponents have criticized Kilpatrick on the basis that many of his policies facilitate the gentrification taking place in the city.
Under Mayor Kilpatrick's administration, the city's streamlined government has a balanced budget and is seeing new growth in business and tourism.[70] With a decreased population from prior decades, the city planned a reduced workforce and more consolidated operations.[71] In addition, Detroit had asked for pay cuts and other "give backs" from the municipal unions that represent city employees.[72] In the 2000s, Detroit had fought off legislative efforts to turn control of the city-owned Water and Sewer system to the suburbs.[73]
Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County are located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.
Main articles: Crime in Detroit
According to a 2005 study, crime in downtown Detroit is much lower than national, state and metro averages.[74] Still, the city's crime ridden sections have brought it notoriety. In 2005, the city had the sixth highest number of violent crimes among the twenty-five largest cities.[75] Under the administration of Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, the city has accelerated demolition of condemned buildings.[76]
In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations.[77] The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department. Mayor Kilpatrick is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[78] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.
Detroit is home to several of Metro Detroit's institutions of higher learning, including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area. Other institutions in the city include the University of Detroit Mercy with its schools of Law and Dentistry, the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College, and Wayne County Community College. The Detroit College of Law, now affiliated with Michigan State University, was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997, when it relocated to East Lansing. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, another campus was established in neighboring Dearborn.
With 116,800 students, the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan and consists of 220 schools. The city is also served by various charter schools.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.[79] Due to rapidly declining enrollment the city planned to close 95 schools and the state mandated deficit reduction plan calls for the closure of a total of 110 schools.[80]
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools run by the Archdiocese of Detroit.[81]
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, the St. John Hospitals, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute.[82] The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is also the biggest non-governmental employer in the City of Detroit.[83] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States.[84] The metro area has many other hospitals, among which are Providence Hospital, William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center, mostly in suburban counties.
With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[85]
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the area's principal airport, is located in nearby Romulus and is a hub for Northwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport, there is currently only charter service.[86] Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio, is a secondary commercial passenger airport. Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti is a general aviation and cargo airport.
Metro Detroit has an extensive freeway system administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. The city is at the crossroads for three Interstate Highways: I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway), I-96 (Edward Jeffries Freeway), and I-75 (Fisher and Chrysler Freeways). I-696 (Walter Reuther Freeway) serves the northern suburbs, while I-275 serves the western suburbs and I-375 is a short extension of the Chrysler Freeway. Other major routes are the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10), the Southfield Freeway (M-39) and the Davison Freeway (M-8). Detroit and surrounding close suburbs are also served by a square grid network of major arterial roads.
Detroit is also connected via Interstate 94 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area along Highway 401. Upon construction and completion of a third border crossing, Detroit and the surrounding area would have a third direct link to the 400-Series freeway network, and have a direct connection to Kings Highway 401, eliminating (or greatly diminishing) the traffic jams that plague the Ambassador Bridge, and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. The Blue Water Bridge near Sarnia, Ontario is another major commercial border crossing.
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. Ridership on the region's mass transit systems increased by 8.4% in 2006.[87] The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) provides service to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus. Routes and Schedules Transit Windsor.
An automated guideway transit system known as the People Mover provides a 2.9 mile (4.6 km) loop in the downtown area and usually operates daily. Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its service between Chicago, and Pontiac. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment are allowed on board as carry-ons. The current passenger facility is north of downtown. The ''J.W. Westcott II'', which delivers mail to freighters on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.[88]
Currently, a study is underway to investigate the feasibility of a Detroit-Ann Arbor commuter line,[89] which would service the nearly 100,000 daily commuters between the two regional hubs. The proposed system would be funded by a $100 million federal grant that is secured based on the results of the study.
Detroit has six sister cities:[90]
★ Dubai دبيّ, United Arab Emirates
★ Kitwe, Zambia
★ Minsk Мінск, Belarus
★ Nassau, Bahamas, Bahamas
★ Toyota 豊田市, Japan
★ Turin, Italy
Detroit also has a very close relationship with fellow Motor City:
★
Windsor, Ontario
★ Detroit (song)
★ Detroit in literature
★ List of films set in Detroit
★ List of people from Detroit
★ List of songs about Detroit
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★ Northern Cities Shift
1. US Census July 1, 2007 est
2. Michigan Cities ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007. Detroit "is the automobile capital of the world."
3. SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit
4. Commemorated in the song ''313'' by Eminem off of his 1996 release, ''Infinite''
5. US Census July 1, 2006 est
6. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
7. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
8. Windsor, Ontario. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
9. World Agglomerations Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
10. Ste. Anne of Detroit ''St. Anne Church''. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
11. Blockson, Charles and Chase, Henry (April 2005). Detroit - Follow the North Star, The Guiding Light of the Underground Railroad. ''American Visions''.
12. Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg." ''Michigan History magazine''.
13. Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit: 1701–2001. ''Wayne State University Press.''
14. Zacharias, Patricia (2003). 'I have to die a man or live a coward' -- the saga of Dr. Ossian Sweet. ''Detroit News''.
15. Nolan, Jenny (compiled).How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town. Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
16. Michigan Highways. ''michiganhighways.org'' Retrieved on April 30, 2006.
17. Nolan, Jenny (compiled). Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy. Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
18. Baulch, Vivian M. and Patricia Zacharias (compiled). 1943 Detroit race riots Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
19. Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997). ''CNN.com''.
20. Wild Kingdom. ''Detroit Blog''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
21. Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors.''Detroit Free Press''. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
22. Zacharias, Patricia (2001). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit. ''The Detroit News''.
23. Detroit Weather & Climate (2006). ''Michigan Vacations'' Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
24. Monthly Averages for Detroit, MI (2006). ''Weather.com'' (accessed April 20, 2006).
25. Daily Records - Detroit (2007). ''National Weather Service Detroit/Pontiac, MI'' (accessed July 7, 2007).
26. Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture ''Wayne State University Press''
27. Cityscape Detroit.www.cityscapedetroit.org Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
28. Eastern Market''Model D Media'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
29. Midtown ''Model D Media'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
30. Halaas, Jaime (December 20, 2005).Inside Detroit Lofts Model D Media.
31. Firsts and facts ''Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council''. Retrieved on July 20, 2007.
32. Arts & Culture: Theatres ''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation''. Retrieved on July 20, 2007. "Detroit is home to the 2nd largest theatre district in the USA."
33. Boyd, Herb (September 17, 1997). Cookin' in the Motor City. ''The Metro Times''
34. America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village ''Library of Congress'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
35. State of Michigan: MI Kids (2006).Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
36. History of Eastern Market. ''Eastern Market Merchant's Association''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
37. Everyone Loves a Parade. ''The Parade Company'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
38. Vivian M. Baulch (1998). Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit. ''The Detroit News''.
39. Sarah Karush, ''The Associated Press'' (February 23, 2004). Police arrest two men suspected of vandalizing Joe Louis statue. ''USA Today''.
40. History. ''The Detroit APBA Gold Cup''
41. Track History. ''CART''.
42. http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports. ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
43. ''Visit Detroit''
44. Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) ''The Nielson Company''
45. Market Ranks and Schedule). ''Arbitron.com''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
46. Henion, Andy (March 27, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion. ''Detroit News''
47. Center for Automotive Research and the University of Michigan (2003).Study: Contributions of the Automotive Industry to the U.S. Economy. ''Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
48. Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
49. Flint, Jerry (September 9, 1996). Can Detroit Weather a Downturn?. ''Forbes'', found at faculty.ncwc.edu/denders/eng112/sample_summary.htm
50. Josar, David (May 27, 2005). Neighborhood rebirth stalls: High property taxes burden Detroit homeowners. ''Detroit News''.
51. Bureau of Labor Statistics (4/2007). Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment Summary. ''U.S. Department of Labor''.
52. One-Third of Detroit's population lives below the poverty line Walsh, David
53. Standard and Poors Report (March 14, 2006). Asia's Auto Makers Think Globally. ''Business Week''
54. Auto Quality (June 4, 2003). ''USA Today''
55. Strategic Vision, Total Quality Index, 2006 ''MSN Autos''
56. Vella, Matt (July 17, 2006).The Most recalled Cars ''Business Week Online'' at ''Yahoo News''. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.
57. Woellert, Lorraine (March 3, 2001). Why Detroit May Swallow Some Bitter CAFE. ''Business Week''.
58. Associated Press (August 24, 2005).[1] ''Fox News''. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.
59. Sloan, Allan (April 10, 2007).GM's High-Performance Pension Machine ''Washington Post'', D02.
60. Ford's Way Forward ''Business Week Cruise Control Radio'' Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
61. Dorinda Elliott (January 30, 2006). "Can This Man Save The American Auto Industry?" ''Time Magazine''.
62. Kiley, David (June 13, 2001). GM buys stake in firm tapping hydrogen power. ''USA Today''.
63. GM announces world's most powerful fuel cell stack (13 September 2001). ''GM Press Release''.
64. Ankeny, Robert (May 8, 2006).Quicken offered 2 Detroit sites for HQ''Crain's Detroit Business'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
65. Fortune). ''CNNMoney.com''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
66. See the Change (2006) TheWorldisComing.com. City of Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
67. Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision - A Brief History. ''Citizens Research Council of Michigan'' (pdf file).
68. The Most Conservative and Liberal Cities in the United States
69. Associated Press (September 19, 2005). Mayor rekindles tensions between Detroit and suburbs. ''USA Today''.
70. Mayor Kwami Kilpatrick (April 12, 2006).Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Explains Budget Plan''WDIV ClickonDetroit.com''
71. Lin, Judy (April 28, 2005). Detroit triggers loan limit. ''The Detroit News''.
72. Heath, B., ''et al.'' (January 13, 2005). Mayor: Fix Detroit or risk takeover. ''Detroit News''.
73. Wisely, John (October 25, 2005). Suburbs ramp up water system fight. ''The Detroit News''.
74. Metzger, Kurt, Metropolitan Information Center (2005). Reality vs. Perceptions: An analysis of crime and safety in downtown Detroit ''Wayne State University''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
75. See Wikipedia article United States Cities by Crime Rate (based on 2005 FBI crime statistics)
76. Corley, Cheryl (January 3, 2005).Detroit Struggles to Overcome Urban Blight''NPR'' Morning Edition. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
77. Quarterly Status Report to the Independent Federal Monitor. ''Detroit Police Department'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
78. Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members Retrieved on June 19, 2007
79. LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board. ''WXYZ.com''.
80. Bukowski, Diane (2006).Where did the first billion go?. ''The Michigan Citizen''.
81. Kozlowski, Kim (February 27, 2005). Catholic schools fight to keep doors open. ''The Detroit News''.
82. US News online directory of hospitals.''U.S. News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
83. Organization History and Profile ''Detroit Medical Center'' Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
84. Webpage: About the School. ''Wayne State University School of Medicine.'' Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
85. Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary (May 11, 2005). ''U.S. Department of Transportation''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
86. Sapte, Benjamin (2003). Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971. ''Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006.''
87. Foran, Janet - MDOT (March 22, 2007).Mass tranit ridership jumps in Southeast Michigan. ''Metromode''. Retrieved on July 31, 2007.
88. America's Floating ZIP Code 48222 ''J.W. Wescott Homepage''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
89. Ann Arbor Detroit Rapid Transit Study (2006). Ann Arbor to Detroit Lightrail ''SEMCOG.'' Retrieved on April 4, 2007.
90. "Sister Cities Online Directory: Michigan, USA." ''Sister Cities International, Inc..'' Retrieved on May 8, 2007.
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★ Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," ''Historic Towns of the Western States'' (New York).
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'Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce'
★ City of Detroit official website
★ Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau
★ Detroit Regional Chamber of Commerce
'Visitor's Guide'
★
'Historical research and current events'
★ Aerialpics
★ Cityscape Detroit
★ Detroit1701
★ Detroit Economic Club
★ Detroit Economic Growth Corporation
★ Detroit Historical Museums & Society
★ Detroit News Rearview Mirror
★ Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
★ Downtown Detroit Partnership
★ Experience Detroit
★ Detroit Travel and Search
★ Guide2Detroit
★ New Center Council
★ The World is Coming
'Detroit' (IPA: ) (, pronounced ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city located north of Windsor, Ontario, on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. It was founded in 1701 by the Frenchman Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac.
It is known as the world's traditional automotive center—"Detroit" is a metonym for the United States automobile industry—and an important source of popular music, legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, ''Motor City'' and ''Motown.''[2][3] Other nicknames emerged in the twentieth century, including ''Rock City'', ''Arsenal of Democracy'' (during World War II), ''The D'', ''D-Town'', ''Hockeytown'', and ''The 3-1-3'' (its area code).[4]
In 2007, Detroit ranked as the United States' eleventh most populous city, with 871,121 residents.[5] At its peak, the city was the 4th largest city in the country, but has steadily declined in population since the 1960s. The name ''Detroit'' sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area, a sprawling region with a population of 4,468,966[6] for the Metropolitan Statistical Area and a population of 5,410,014[7] for the nine county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2006 Census Bureau estimates. The Windsor-Detroit area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,900,000.[8][9]
History
Main articles: History of Detroit
The city name comes from the Detroit River (in French ''le détroit du Lac Erie''), meaning "the strait of Lake Erie," linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie, in the historical context the strait included Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River. La rivière du Détroit depuis le lac Sainte-Claire jusqu’au lac Érié, 1764 Traveling up the Detroit River on the ship ''Le Griffon'' (owned by La Salle), Father Louis Hennepin noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement. There, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a settlement called ''Fort Détroit'', naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. Francois Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre (Montreal 1719–1793) was the last French military commander at Fort Detroit (1758–1760), surrendering the fort on November 29, 1760 to the British.
During the French and Indian War (1760), British troops gained control and shortened the name to ''Detroit''.
Several tribes led by Chief Pontiac,
an Ottawa leader, launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), including a siege of Fort Detroit. Partially in response to this, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763, included restrictions in unceded Indian territories. Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty (1796). In 1805, fire destroyed most of the settlement. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.[10] Detroit's city flag reflects this French heritage. (See Flag of Detroit, Michigan.)
Detroit in the 1880s.
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. As the city expanded, the street layout followed a plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward, Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit, was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815. Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.[11]
Many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War. Following the death of President Abraham Lincoln, George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park. Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the "Wolverines."[12]
Detroit's many Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose during the late 1800s. The city was referred to as the ''"Paris of the West"'' for its architecture.[13] Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue, and in 1904, the Ford Motor Company was founded. Ford's manufacturing — and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, and Walter Chrysler—reinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital. The industry spurred the city's spectacular growth during the first half of the twentieth century as it drew many new residents, particularly workers from the Southern United States. Strained racial relations were evident in the trial of Dr. Ossian Sweet, a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder after he shot into a large mob when he moved from the all-black part of the city to an all-white area.[14] With the introduction of prohibition, the river was a major conduit for Canadian spirits, organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.[15]
Cadillac Motor Co. (c.1910)
Cass Ave. at Amsterdam St.
Cass Ave. at Amsterdam St.
Labor strife climaxed in the 1930s when the United Auto Workers became involved in bitter disputes with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism of those years brought notoriety to union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban depressed freeway, the Davison[16] and the industrial growth during World War II that led to Detroit's nickname as the ''Arsenal of Democracy''.[17] The city faced major challenges during the war as tens of thousands of workers migrated to the city to work in the war industries. Many of these migrant workers were blacks and whites from the U.S. south. Housing was difficult to find. The "color blind" promotion policies of the auto plants resulted in racial tension that had erupted into a full-scale riot in 1943.[18]
Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument of the Civil War with the old Detroit City Hall.
With white flight to the suburbs, many Detroit inner-city neighborhoods endured a painful decline from the 1960s and 1970s leaving many areas of the inner-city with urban blight. The Twelfth Street riot in 1967 and court-ordered busing accelerated the white flight from the city. An extensive freeway system constructed in the 1950s and 1960s facilitated commuting. The percentage of black residents increased rapidly thereafter. Accordingly, the city's tax base began a steep decline. Retailers and small business owners departed the city in the wake of the increased crime rate. Within a few years large numbers of buildings and homes were abandoned, many remaining for decades in a state of decay. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Young's chaotic style during his five terms in office was not well received by many whites, who continued to leave the city in large numbers.[19]
The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 shook the U.S. auto industry as small cars from foreign makers made inroads into the traditional dominance of the domestic automakers. High-paying manufacturing jobs became scarce. Acute heroin and crack cocaine use afflicted the city with the influence of Butch Jones, Maserati Rick, and the Chambers Brothers. Drug-related violence and property crimes rose, and many abandoned homes were demolished as they had become havens for drug dealers. Sizable tracts have reverted to a form of urban prairie with wild animals spotted migrating into the city.[20] "Renaissance" has been a perennial buzzword among city leaders since the Twelfth Street riot, reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the late 1970s. This complex of skyscrapers, designed as a "city within a city," was unable to reverse the trend of businesses leaving the city's downtown.
In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan to a successful bid for President of the United States. Four years later, the city again appeared on the national radar, but for unwanted reasons: rioting in the wake of the Detroit Tigers' World Series championship left three dead and millions of dollars in property damage.
In the 1990s, the city began to enjoy a revival, much of it centered downtown. Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1992) arose on the city skyline. In the ensuing years, three casinos opened in Detroit: MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino which are now adding resorts. New downtown stadiums were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002, respectively; this put the Lions' home stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974. The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game and the 2006 Super Bowl XL, both of which prompted many improvements to the downtown area. The city's riverfront is the focus of much development; in 2007, the first portions of the Detroit River Walk were laid, including miles of parks and fountains. This new urban development in Detroit is a mainstay in the city's earnest desire to reinvent its economic identity through tourism.[21]
Geography
Topography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 143.0 square miles (370.2 km²); of this, 138.8 square miles (359.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km²) is water. The highest elevation in Detroit is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, just west of Palmer Park sitting at a height of 670 feet (204 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront, sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. On its northeast border are the wealthy communities of Grosse Pointe. Oakland and Macomb counties lie to the north. Alter Road divides Detroit and Grosse Pointe Park; the neighborhood in this area of Detroit's east side is one of the most blighted in the city, whereas the Grosse Pointes contain multimillion dollar mansions within blocks of the border and many of the wealthiest residences. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.
The city is crossed by three road systems: the original French template, radial avenues from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system, and true north–south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. It sits atop a large salt mine[22] and is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.-Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfare; the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel provides railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island.
Climate
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a continental climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall.[23] The earliest officially measurable snowfall in Detroit occurred on October 12, 2006. Winters are generally cold, with nighttime temperatures sometimes dropping below 10 °F (–12 °C), while summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 90 °F (32 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about two to four inches (50 to 100 mm). Snowfall, which typically occurs from November to early April, ranges from an average of 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) a month.[24] The highest recorded temperature was 105.0 °F (40.5 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was –24.0 °F (–31.1 °C) on December 22, 1872.[25]
Cityscape
Architecture
Renaissance Center with giant decal for the 2005 MLB All-Star Game.
Main articles: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
Detroit's waterfront panorama shows a variety of architectural styles. The past meets the present as the city's historic Art Deco skyscrapers blend with the post modern neogothic spires of the Comerica Tower at Detroit Center (1992). Together with the Renaissance Center, they form the city's marque. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are the nation's largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.
Old Main, a historic building at Wayne State University.
While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, apartments and high-rises are found in neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. Many of the city's neighborhoods were constructed prior to World War II, and feature the architecture of the times. Wood frame and simple brick houses in the working class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in vast middle class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and others. The oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and Jefferson corridors, while newer neighborhoods, built as late as the 1950s, are found in the far west and closer to Road. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include Corktown, a working class, formerly Irish neighborhood, and Brush Park. Both are now seeing million dollar redevelopments and construction of new homes and condos.
Detroit's architecture is heralded as some of America's finest; many of the city's architecturally significant buildings are listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as among America's most endangered landmarks with the city containing one of the nation's largest surviving collections late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings.[26]
The city has an active community of professionals dedicated to urban design, historic preservation, architecture, and investment in the city.[27] A number of downtown redevelopment projects — of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable — have revitalized parts of the city. In 2006, a state-of-the-art cruise ship dock was added to Hart Plaza. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.
The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three and one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the newly reclaimed riverfront with pedestrian parks will spur more residential development. Other major parks include Palmer (north of Highland Park), River Rouge (in the southwest side), and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).
Neighborhoods
Historic homes in the Indian Village neighborhood on the east side.
Main articles: Neighborhoods in Detroit, Urban development in Detroit
Detroit has many neighborhoods and historic districts which contribute to its overall quality of life. Several neighborhoods and districts are listed in the National Register of Historic Places such as Lafayette Park, part of the Mies van der Rohe residential district. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.[28] The Midtown and the New Center area are centered around Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents, yet it attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[29] The University Commons-Palmer Park district in Northwest Detroit is near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College and has historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and Green Acres.
Culture and contemporary life
Metro Detroit suburbs are among the more affluent in the U.S., 2004–05 Community profile Oakland County in contrast to the poorer areas of the inner-city. Lifestyles for rising professionals in Detroit reflect those of other major cities. This dynamic is luring many younger residents to the downtown area.[30] Luxury high rises such as the three Riverfront Towers have views of Hart Plaza and Canada. The New Center area contains examples of historic housing redevelopment. The Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel will include a number of luxury condos. The east river development plans include more luxury condominium developments. A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted young professionals to take up residence among the mansions of Grosse Pointe just outside the city. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for spectacular views and nightlife, along with Ontario's 19-and-older drinking age. Detroit's Big Party Next Door. In Windsor, Temptation Waits for Players, Fans
Entertainment and performing arts
Main articles: Culture of Detroit, Music of Detroit, Detroit Theatre District, Detroit celebrities
Live music has been the dominant feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s bringing the city worldwide attention. The metropolitan area boasts two of the top live music venues in the United States: DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Theatre District is the nation's second largest.[31][32] Major theaters include the Fox Theatre,The Music Hall, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Fisher Theatre. Orchestra Hall hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra.
In the 1940s, Detroit's blues scene saw the long-term residency of John Lee Hooker. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.[33] Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, and Marvin Gaye. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin is another Detroit R&B star.
Detroit also gave birth to the Nederlander Organization, which originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander Family. The organization would later go on to become the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City.
The area spawned a high-energy rock in the late 1960s and 1970s around the Grande Ballroom with artists Alice Cooper, Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder, Rare Earth, Brownsville Station, Glenn Frey and Bob Seger. The group Kiss captured the love for rock music in "Detroit Rock City." This was a precursor to punk rock's MC5 and Iggy Pop's The Stooges, among others.
As a birthplace of Techno music emerging in 1987 to venues worldwide, seminal Detroit Techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. This genre developed alongside Chicago's House music, yet was more influenced by funk and European electronic pioneers such as Kraftwerk, as well as Atkins's own early electro work. Techno reached a worldwide audience and in Europe triggered a revolution in both youth culture and music industry.
In addition, Detroit's garage rock of the 1990s rose to national attention with the bands The White Stripes, Von Bondies, the Dirtbombs, and Electric Six. In recent years, bands like The Hard Lessons and the Amino Acids revived garage rock. Hard rock, powered by 101.1 WRIF, produced local success for bands like Sponge. Detroit Hip Hop rose to prominence in the late nineties with the emergence of Eminem, Kid Rock, Street Lord'z, Slum Village, D12, J Dilla, Obie Trice, Blade Icewood, Big Herk, and Royce Da 5'9 as well as other artists like Tone Tone and Esham. Detroit Rap and Soul are internationally recognized. Detroit Soul artists include Dwele, Amp Fiddler, Monica Blaire, and Kem.
Other music events include Ford Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.
Tourism
Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory. Important history of Detroit and the surrounding area is exhibited at the The Henry Ford, the nation's largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.[34][35] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.[36] Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo and the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle.
Greektown in Detroit
The city is accustomed to large crowds. River Days, a five day festival on the International Riverfront, marked the opening of the River Walk along the east river leading up to the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks with about 3.5 million visitors. The city's Greektown and casino resorts serve as an entertainment hub. Other events include the Electronic Music Festival typically attracts crowds of over a million visitors. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events such as the Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.[37]
An important civic sculpture in Detroit is Marshall Fredericks' "Spirit of Detroit" at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[38] A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by ''Sports Illustrated'' and executed by Robert Graham, is a twenty-four foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.[39]
Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in the mid 1980s. The exhibit used junk and abandoned cars, clothing, shoes, vacuum cleaners, and other garbage Guyton found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit. Guyton painted polka dots and other symbols on several houses on Heidelberg Street. The city sued Guyton twice for creating a public nuisance, removed large parts of his art project, and tore down two vacant homes he had painted with various symbols. Nevertheless, the Heidelberg Project is continually updated.
Sports
Looking towards Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL.
Main articles: Sports in metropolitan Detroit
Detroit is one of 13 American metropolitan areas that is home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All but one plays within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons and the WNBA's Detroit Shock) both play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills. There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). Detroit is known for its avid hockey fans, earning the city the moniker of "Hockeytown."
In college sports, the University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Motor City Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.
Comerica Park 2007
Since 1916, the city has been home to an American Power Boat Association Unlimited hydroplane boat race, held annually (with exceptions) on the Detroit River near Belle Isle. Often, the race is for the APBA Challenge Cup, more commonly known as the Gold Cup (first awarded in 1904, created by Tiffany) which is the oldest active motorsport trophy in the world.[40]
Joe Louis Memorial was dedicated in 1986.
Detroit was the former home of a round of the Formula One World Championship, which held the
race on the streets of downtown Detroit from 1982 until 1988, after which the sanction moved from Formula One to IndyCars until its final run in 2001.[41] In 2007, open-wheel racing will return to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing. Indy racing will return to Detroit
Detroit was given the name "City of Champions" in the 1930s for a series of successes both in individual and in team sport. Detroit, the City of Champions Patricia Zacharias Gar Wood (a native Detroiter) won the Harmsworth Trophy for unlimited powerboat racing on the Detroit River in 1931. In the next year, 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan, a black student from Detroit's Cass Technical High School, won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Also, in 1935 the Detroit Lions won the NFL championship. The Detroit Tigers have won ten American League pennants (The most recent being in 2006) and the four World Series titles. The Detroit Red Wings have won 10 Stanley Cups (The most by an American NHL Franchise),[42][43] the Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles, and the Detroit Shock have won two WNBA titles.
Media
An important source for news, the city is the site of the annual North American International Auto Show which hosts the national media. ''The Detroit Free Press'' and ''The Detroit News'' are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement. Media philanthropy includes the ''Detroit Free Press'' high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. Wayne State University offers a widely respected Journalism program.
The Detroit television market is the eleventh largest in the United States;[44] however, these estimates do not include large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations, so the actual audience ranking may be higher. ''Discover Detroit TV'' which airs every Monday at 5:30 on Detroit's PBS affiliate is sponsored by the Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau.
Detroit has the ninth largest radio market in the United States,[45] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of metropolitan Detroit
The Renaissance Center is General Motors' world headquarters
A model of downtown in the Renaissance Center lobby.
Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a manufacturing powerhouse, most notably as home to the Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. The city is an important center for global trade with large international law firms having their offices in both Detroit and Windsor. About 80,000 people work in downtown Detroit.[46]
There are hundreds of offices and plants in the automotive support business: parts, electronics, and design suppliers. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the United States.[47] The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Windsor-Detroit region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the City of Detroit's international border crossing.[48]
With its dependence on the auto industry, the Detroit area is more vulnerable to economic cycles than most large cities.[49] A rise in automated manufacturing using robot technology, inexpensive labor in other parts of the world, and increased competition have led to a steady transformation of certain types of manufacturing jobs in the region. Local complications for the city include higher taxes than the nearby suburbs, with many unable to afford the levies on property[50] In March 2007, metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate was 6.5%.[51] In the city, the unemployment rate was 14.2% at the end of 2005, leaving Detroit with more than one-third of residents below the poverty line.[52] This is in part attributed to white flight following court-ordered busing during the 1970s. Parts of the city have abandoned and burned out shells of buildings. Though the city has struggled with finances, since 2006 it has balanced its budget with more funding available to demolish blighted properties.
The Big Three automakers have collectively lost market share to foreign rivals.[53] However, Detroit's automakers have continued to gain volume from previous decades with the expansion of the American and global automotive markets. In 2003, Cadillac outscored all other luxury automakers in two of three quality surveys by AutoPacific, Strategic Vision, and J.D. Power.[54] General Motors continues to lead all other automakers in Strategic Vision's Total Quality Index (TQI).[55][56] In 1994, with rising demand for sport-utility vehicles and pickup trucks, the industry fought Clinton administration's efforts to implement an across the board Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) increase.[57] In 2005, the Bush administration asked Congress for the authority to reform the CAFE standard from a single average to six different size based categories in an effort to resolve the issue.[58] In the late 1990s, Detroit's automakers had gained market share and were enjoying record profits until the recession of 2001 and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks caused a severe decline in the stock market along with a pension and benefit funds crisis. Although retiree health care costs remain a significant issue, General Motors' investment strategy generated a $17.1 billion surplus in 2007 for its $101 billion U.S pension portfolio, a $35 billion reversal from its $17.8 billion in underfunding.[59] With rising oil prices and war, consumers chose to purchase fewer trucks and SUVs. This negatively impacted the profits of Detroit's automakers. As a result, GM and Ford have implemented their respective turnaround plans. Concern among analysts over restored profits has fueled economic uncertainty in the metro Detroit area.[60]
Initially, GM and Ford had sought to delay the introduction of unprofitable hybrids in favor of the all-fuel cell vehicle; however, with rising gasoline prices and foreign rivals marketing hybrid cars, Detroit's automakers responded. In 2006, Ford announced a dramatic increase in production of its hybrid gas-electric models,[61] Ford and GM have also promoted E-85 ethanol capable flexible-fuel vehicles as a viable alternative to gasoline. General Motors has invested heavily in all fuel cell equipped vehicles,[62] Chrysler's focus on biodiesel may boost sales. Two days after the September 11, 2001 attacks, GM announced it had developed the world's most powerful fuel cell stack capable of powering large commercial vehicles.[63] In 2002, the state of Michigan established NextEnergy, a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to enable commercialization of various energy technologies, especially hydrogen fuel cells. Its main complex is located north of Wayne State University.
With new business in the suburbs, the region is competitive in emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, cognotechnology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. The city of Detroit has made efforts to lure the region's growth companies downtown with advantages such as a wireless Internet zone, business tax incentives, entertainment, an international riverfront, and residential high rises. Thus far, the city has had some success, most notably the addition of Compuware World Headquarters, OnStar, EDS offices at the Renaissance Center, PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices adjacent to Ford Field, and the 2006 completion of Ernst & Young's offices at One Kennedy Square. However, Comerica Bank decided to move its headquarters from Detroit to Dallas in 2007.
Quicken Loans is reportedly considering a consolidation of its suburban offices into a new downtown Detroit headquarters, a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.[64]
Some Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Detroit include General Motors, auto parts maker American Axle & Manufacturing, and DTE Energy.[65] Detroit is home to Compuware and the national pizza chain Little Caesars. Downtown Detroit has major offices for Electronic Data Systems, Visteon, Delphi, Ford Motor Company, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Deloitte Touche, KPMG, the Jeep and Dodge Truck arm of DaimlerChrysler, GMAC, and OnStar. Other major industries include advertising, law, finance, chemicals, and computer software. One of the nation's largest law firms, Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone P.L.C., has offices in both Windsor and Detroit. Compuware's new headquarters, GM's move to the Renaissance Center, and the State of Michigan's redevelopment of Cadillac Place in the New Center district have provided new synergies for the redevelopment of downtown.
Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest city in the United States to offer casino resorts. Casino Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino in Detroit. The casinos have brought new tax revenue and jobs to the city, though, the city still has high unemployment. In 2006, downtown Detroit reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[66] Medical service providers such as the Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Hospital are major employers in the city.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census², there were 951,270 people, 336,428 households, and 218,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,855.1 people per square mile (2,646.7/km²). There were 375,096 housing units at an average density of 2,703.0 units per square mile (1,043.6/km²). In 2006, Detroit's population was estimated to be 871,121, a decline of 8.4% since 2000.
During the twentieth century, the city experienced tremendous growth - then rapid population decline. The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the twentieth century, fed largely by an influx of Eastern European, Lebanese and Southern migrants — both white and black — who came to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. However, since 1950 the city saw a major shift in its population to the suburbs. The city population dropped from its peak in 1950 with a population of 1,849,568 to 886,675 in 2005. This is in part attributed to the construction of an extensive freeway system during the 1950s and white flight from the 1960s onward on account of concerns over crime, and court-ordered busing. The city's population ranking among American cities dropped from fourth in 1950 to eleventh in 2006.
As of 2000, the city of Detroit was 82.70% African American, 12.26% white, 0.33% Native American, 0.97% Asian 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.54% from other races, and 2.32% from two or more races. 4.96% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The city's foreign-born population stood at 4.8%.
A view of downtown Detroit from Belle Isle.
There were 336,428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families, 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.
There is a wide age distribution in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median household income in the city was $29,526, and the median income for a family was $33,853. Males had a median income of $33,381 versus $26,749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,717. 26.1% of the population and 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
The Detroit suburbs in Oakland County, Macomb County, and northeastern and northwestern Wayne County are predominantly white. Of the African-Americans who live in the metropolitan area, about 70% live within the Detroit city limits. Metro Detroit's ethnic communities are diverse and include descendants of the French founders, as well as Irish, Germans, Poles, Jews, Italians, Scots, Lebanese, Armenians and Greeks who settled during the city's early twentieth century industrial boom. Metro Detroit has the largest concentration of Belgians outside of Belgium; Cadieux Street on the city's east side north of Grosse Pointe constituted the heart of one of the few distinctly Belgian neighborhoods in the U.S. during the early- and mid-twentieth century. In Detroit and the metro area, there is a large Chaldean population and a large concentration of Arab Americans in Dearborn. A significant number of Albanians have settled since the 1970s. Mexicantown, on the southwest side of the city of Detroit, is the historical center of a small but growing Hispanic community.
Segregation
By any definition, the gulf between black and white is as wide or wider in Metro Detroit neighborhoods than any metropolitan region in the nation. Separate analyses of 2000 census data by The Detroit News, the Brookings Institution and the State University of New York at Albany all found Metro Detroit has the highest level of neighborhood segregation between blacks and whites in the nation. Furthermore, the number of neighborhoods in Metro Detroit that meet even a minimal definition of integration has fallen since 1980. Livonia, 96 percent white, is the whitest big city in the nation, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, with a higher percentage of whites than cities like Manchester, N.H., and Provo, Utah. Warren, 91 percent white, ranks ninth. And Detroit, at 86 percent black, is the nation's largest, most African American city.
Law and government
Main articles: Government of Detroit
Manoogian Mansion: Official residence of the Mayor of Detroit
The Coleman A. Young Municipal Center, housing the Detroit and Wayne County governments
The city government is run by a mayor and nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections (so that there are Detroit elections scheduled in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, etc.).[67]
Politically, the city consistently supports the Democratic Party in state and national elections (local election are nonpartisan). According to a study released by the Bay Area Center for Voting Research, Detroit, is the most liberal large city in America,[68] measuring only the percentage of city residents who voted for the Democratic Party. In his 1974 inaugural address, former Mayor Coleman Young told the city's criminals to "hit Eight Mile Road" (the most prominent dividing line between Detroit and northern suburbs). When Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick found himself behind in the polls in the 2005 election, his campaign tried to draw attention to the support his opponent, Freman Hendrix, received in the suburbs. During one debate, Kilpatrick spoke of higher illegal drug use in the suburbs when compared with Detroit.[69] Many opponents have criticized Kilpatrick on the basis that many of his policies facilitate the gentrification taking place in the city.
Under Mayor Kilpatrick's administration, the city's streamlined government has a balanced budget and is seeing new growth in business and tourism.[70] With a decreased population from prior decades, the city planned a reduced workforce and more consolidated operations.[71] In addition, Detroit had asked for pay cuts and other "give backs" from the municipal unions that represent city employees.[72] In the 2000s, Detroit had fought off legislative efforts to turn control of the city-owned Water and Sewer system to the suburbs.[73]
Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County are located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.
Crime
Main articles: Crime in Detroit
According to a 2005 study, crime in downtown Detroit is much lower than national, state and metro averages.[74] Still, the city's crime ridden sections have brought it notoriety. In 2005, the city had the sixth highest number of violent crimes among the twenty-five largest cities.[75] Under the administration of Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, the city has accelerated demolition of condemned buildings.[76]
In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations.[77] The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department. Mayor Kilpatrick is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[78] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.
Education
Colleges and universities
Wayne State University's Hilberry Theatre
Detroit is home to several of Metro Detroit's institutions of higher learning, including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area. Other institutions in the city include the University of Detroit Mercy with its schools of Law and Dentistry, the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College, and Wayne County Community College. The Detroit College of Law, now affiliated with Michigan State University, was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997, when it relocated to East Lansing. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, another campus was established in neighboring Dearborn.
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
With 116,800 students, the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan and consists of 220 schools. The city is also served by various charter schools.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.[79] Due to rapidly declining enrollment the city planned to close 95 schools and the state mandated deficit reduction plan calls for the closure of a total of 110 schools.[80]
Private schools
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools run by the Archdiocese of Detroit.[81]
Infrastructure
Health systems
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, the St. John Hospitals, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute.[82] The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is also the biggest non-governmental employer in the City of Detroit.[83] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States.[84] The metro area has many other hospitals, among which are Providence Hospital, William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center, mostly in suburban counties.
Transportation
Detroit People Mover exiting Renaissance Center.
Ambassador Bridge from the Canadian side of the Detroit River.
With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[85]
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the area's principal airport, is located in nearby Romulus and is a hub for Northwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport, there is currently only charter service.[86] Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio, is a secondary commercial passenger airport. Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti is a general aviation and cargo airport.
Metro Detroit has an extensive freeway system administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. The city is at the crossroads for three Interstate Highways: I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway), I-96 (Edward Jeffries Freeway), and I-75 (Fisher and Chrysler Freeways). I-696 (Walter Reuther Freeway) serves the northern suburbs, while I-275 serves the western suburbs and I-375 is a short extension of the Chrysler Freeway. Other major routes are the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10), the Southfield Freeway (M-39) and the Davison Freeway (M-8). Detroit and surrounding close suburbs are also served by a square grid network of major arterial roads.
Detroit is also connected via Interstate 94 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area along Highway 401. Upon construction and completion of a third border crossing, Detroit and the surrounding area would have a third direct link to the 400-Series freeway network, and have a direct connection to Kings Highway 401, eliminating (or greatly diminishing) the traffic jams that plague the Ambassador Bridge, and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. The Blue Water Bridge near Sarnia, Ontario is another major commercial border crossing.
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. Ridership on the region's mass transit systems increased by 8.4% in 2006.[87] The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) provides service to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus. Routes and Schedules Transit Windsor.
An automated guideway transit system known as the People Mover provides a 2.9 mile (4.6 km) loop in the downtown area and usually operates daily. Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its service between Chicago, and Pontiac. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment are allowed on board as carry-ons. The current passenger facility is north of downtown. The ''J.W. Westcott II'', which delivers mail to freighters on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.[88]
Currently, a study is underway to investigate the feasibility of a Detroit-Ann Arbor commuter line,[89] which would service the nearly 100,000 daily commuters between the two regional hubs. The proposed system would be funded by a $100 million federal grant that is secured based on the results of the study.
Sister Cities
Detroit has six sister cities:[90]
★ Dubai دبيّ, United Arab Emirates
★ Kitwe, Zambia
★ Minsk Мінск, Belarus
★ Nassau, Bahamas, Bahamas
★ Toyota 豊田市, Japan
★ Turin, Italy
Detroit also has a very close relationship with fellow Motor City:
★
See also
★ Detroit (song)
★ Detroit in literature
★ List of films set in Detroit
★ List of people from Detroit
★ List of songs about Detroit
★
★
★ Northern Cities Shift
References
1. US Census July 1, 2007 est
2. Michigan Cities ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007. Detroit "is the automobile capital of the world."
3. SAE World Congress convenes in Detroit
4. Commemorated in the song ''313'' by Eminem off of his 1996 release, ''Infinite''
5. US Census July 1, 2006 est
6. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
7. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006
8. Windsor, Ontario. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
9. World Agglomerations Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
10. Ste. Anne of Detroit ''St. Anne Church''. Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
11. Blockson, Charles and Chase, Henry (April 2005). Detroit - Follow the North Star, The Guiding Light of the Underground Railroad. ''American Visions''.
12. Rosentreter, Roger (July/August 1998). "Come on you Wolverines, Michigan at Gettysburg." ''Michigan History magazine''.
13. Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit: 1701–2001. ''Wayne State University Press.''
14. Zacharias, Patricia (2003). 'I have to die a man or live a coward' -- the saga of Dr. Ossian Sweet. ''Detroit News''.
15. Nolan, Jenny (compiled).How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town. Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
16. Michigan Highways. ''michiganhighways.org'' Retrieved on April 30, 2006.
17. Nolan, Jenny (compiled). Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy. Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
18. Baulch, Vivian M. and Patricia Zacharias (compiled). 1943 Detroit race riots Rearview Mirror ''Detroit News'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
19. Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997). ''CNN.com''.
20. Wild Kingdom. ''Detroit Blog''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
21. Bailey, Ruby L.(August 22, 2007). The D is a draw: Most suburbanites are repeat visitors.''Detroit Free Press''. New Detroit Free Press-Local 4 poll conducted by Selzer and Co., finds, "nearly two-thirds of residents of suburban Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties say they at least occasionally dine, attend cultural events or take in professional games in Detroit."
22. Zacharias, Patricia (2001). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit. ''The Detroit News''.
23. Detroit Weather & Climate (2006). ''Michigan Vacations'' Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
24. Monthly Averages for Detroit, MI (2006). ''Weather.com'' (accessed April 20, 2006).
25. Daily Records - Detroit (2007). ''National Weather Service Detroit/Pontiac, MI'' (accessed July 7, 2007).
26. Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture ''Wayne State University Press''
27. Cityscape Detroit.www.cityscapedetroit.org Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
28. Eastern Market''Model D Media'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
29. Midtown ''Model D Media'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
30. Halaas, Jaime (December 20, 2005).Inside Detroit Lofts Model D Media.
31. Firsts and facts ''Detroit Tourism Economic Development Council''. Retrieved on July 20, 2007.
32. Arts & Culture: Theatres ''Detroit Economic Growth Corporation''. Retrieved on July 20, 2007. "Detroit is home to the 2nd largest theatre district in the USA."
33. Boyd, Herb (September 17, 1997). Cookin' in the Motor City. ''The Metro Times''
34. America's Story, Explore the States: Michigan (2006). Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village ''Library of Congress'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
35. State of Michigan: MI Kids (2006).Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
36. History of Eastern Market. ''Eastern Market Merchant's Association''. Retrieved on March 8, 2006.
37. Everyone Loves a Parade. ''The Parade Company'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
38. Vivian M. Baulch (1998). Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit. ''The Detroit News''.
39. Sarah Karush, ''The Associated Press'' (February 23, 2004). Police arrest two men suspected of vandalizing Joe Louis statue. ''USA Today''.
40. History. ''The Detroit APBA Gold Cup''
41. Track History. ''CART''.
42. http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=91&category=sports. ''Detroit News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
43. ''Visit Detroit''
44. Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) ''The Nielson Company''
45. Market Ranks and Schedule). ''Arbitron.com''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
46. Henion, Andy (March 27, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion. ''Detroit News''
47. Center for Automotive Research and the University of Michigan (2003).Study: Contributions of the Automotive Industry to the U.S. Economy. ''Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
48. Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
49. Flint, Jerry (September 9, 1996). Can Detroit Weather a Downturn?. ''Forbes'', found at faculty.ncwc.edu/denders/eng112/sample_summary.htm
50. Josar, David (May 27, 2005). Neighborhood rebirth stalls: High property taxes burden Detroit homeowners. ''Detroit News''.
51. Bureau of Labor Statistics (4/2007). Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment Summary. ''U.S. Department of Labor''.
52. One-Third of Detroit's population lives below the poverty line Walsh, David
53. Standard and Poors Report (March 14, 2006). Asia's Auto Makers Think Globally. ''Business Week''
54. Auto Quality (June 4, 2003). ''USA Today''
55. Strategic Vision, Total Quality Index, 2006 ''MSN Autos''
56. Vella, Matt (July 17, 2006).The Most recalled Cars ''Business Week Online'' at ''Yahoo News''. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.
57. Woellert, Lorraine (March 3, 2001). Why Detroit May Swallow Some Bitter CAFE. ''Business Week''.
58. Associated Press (August 24, 2005).[1] ''Fox News''. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.
59. Sloan, Allan (April 10, 2007).GM's High-Performance Pension Machine ''Washington Post'', D02.
60. Ford's Way Forward ''Business Week Cruise Control Radio'' Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
61. Dorinda Elliott (January 30, 2006). "Can This Man Save The American Auto Industry?" ''Time Magazine''.
62. Kiley, David (June 13, 2001). GM buys stake in firm tapping hydrogen power. ''USA Today''.
63. GM announces world's most powerful fuel cell stack (13 September 2001). ''GM Press Release''.
64. Ankeny, Robert (May 8, 2006).Quicken offered 2 Detroit sites for HQ''Crain's Detroit Business'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
65. Fortune). ''CNNMoney.com''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
66. See the Change (2006) TheWorldisComing.com. City of Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
67. Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision - A Brief History. ''Citizens Research Council of Michigan'' (pdf file).
68. The Most Conservative and Liberal Cities in the United States
69. Associated Press (September 19, 2005). Mayor rekindles tensions between Detroit and suburbs. ''USA Today''.
70. Mayor Kwami Kilpatrick (April 12, 2006).Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Explains Budget Plan''WDIV ClickonDetroit.com''
71. Lin, Judy (April 28, 2005). Detroit triggers loan limit. ''The Detroit News''.
72. Heath, B., ''et al.'' (January 13, 2005). Mayor: Fix Detroit or risk takeover. ''Detroit News''.
73. Wisely, John (October 25, 2005). Suburbs ramp up water system fight. ''The Detroit News''.
74. Metzger, Kurt, Metropolitan Information Center (2005). Reality vs. Perceptions: An analysis of crime and safety in downtown Detroit ''Wayne State University''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
75. See Wikipedia article United States Cities by Crime Rate (based on 2005 FBI crime statistics)
76. Corley, Cheryl (January 3, 2005).Detroit Struggles to Overcome Urban Blight''NPR'' Morning Edition. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
77. Quarterly Status Report to the Independent Federal Monitor. ''Detroit Police Department'' Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
78. Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members Retrieved on June 19, 2007
79. LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board. ''WXYZ.com''.
80. Bukowski, Diane (2006).Where did the first billion go?. ''The Michigan Citizen''.
81. Kozlowski, Kim (February 27, 2005). Catholic schools fight to keep doors open. ''The Detroit News''.
82. US News online directory of hospitals.''U.S. News''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
83. Organization History and Profile ''Detroit Medical Center'' Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
84. Webpage: About the School. ''Wayne State University School of Medicine.'' Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
85. Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary (May 11, 2005). ''U.S. Department of Transportation''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
86. Sapte, Benjamin (2003). Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971. ''Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20, 2006.''
87. Foran, Janet - MDOT (March 22, 2007).Mass tranit ridership jumps in Southeast Michigan. ''Metromode''. Retrieved on July 31, 2007.
88. America's Floating ZIP Code 48222 ''J.W. Wescott Homepage''. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
89. Ann Arbor Detroit Rapid Transit Study (2006). Ann Arbor to Detroit Lightrail ''SEMCOG.'' Retrieved on April 4, 2007.
90. "Sister Cities Online Directory: Michigan, USA." ''Sister Cities International, Inc..'' Retrieved on May 8, 2007.
Further reading
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★ {{Cite book | author=Burton, Clarence M | year=1912 | title=Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time | publisher=Burton Abstracts | id=
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★ Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," ''Historic Towns of the Western States'' (New York).
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External links
'Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce'
★ City of Detroit official website
★ Detroit Metro Convention & Visitors Bureau
★ Detroit Regional Chamber of Commerce
'Visitor's Guide'
★
'Historical research and current events'
★ Aerialpics
★ Cityscape Detroit
★ Detroit1701
★ Detroit Economic Club
★ Detroit Economic Growth Corporation
★ Detroit Historical Museums & Society
★ Detroit News Rearview Mirror
★ Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
★ Downtown Detroit Partnership
★ Experience Detroit
★ Detroit Travel and Search
★ Guide2Detroit
★ New Center Council
★ The World is Coming
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