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:''For the stars, see Castor (star) and Pollux (star), and for the sculptural group in the Prado Museum see Castor and Pollux (Prado).''
In Greek mythology the 'Dioskouroi' (''Διόσκουροι''), 'Kastor' and 'Polydeuces' (''Κάστωρ'' και ''Πολυδεύκης''), in Roman mythology the 'Gemini' (Latin, "''twins''") or 'Castores', 'Castor' and 'Pollux' are the twin sons of Leda and the brothers of Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra. According to Liddell and Scott's ''Lexicon'', ''kastor'' is Greek for "he who excels", and ''poludeukeis'' means "very sweet".

Contents

Origins

Connections with Sparta

Dioscuri as adventurers

Dioscuri as saviours

Dioscuri in the service of the Goddess

Mortality and immortality

Roman Castor and Pollux

In astronomy

In Religion

In art

In popular culture

Notes

External links

References

Origins

They are called the 'Dioscuri' (''dios kouroi''), meaning the "youths of Zeus". Their Vedic parallels in the effulgent brother horsemen Asvin sets them firmly in the Indo-European tradition (Burkert 1985:212). Their archaic and inexplicable name in Spartan inscriptions ''Tindaridai'' or in literature ''Tyndaridai'' occasioned an explanatory myth of a Tyndareus (Burkert 1985:212), occasioning incompatible accounts of their parentage, as that for their sisters Helen and Clytemnestra. The better known story is that Zeus disguised himself as a swan and seduced Leda. Thus Leda's children are frequently said to have hatched from two eggs that she then produced. The Dioscuri can be recognized in vase-paintings by the skull-cap they wear, the ''pilos'', which was already explained in Antiquity as the remnants of the egg from which they hatched.^[1] Tyndareus, Leda's mortal husband, is then father or foster-father to the children.^[2] Whether the children are thus mortal and which half-immortal is not consistent among accounts, nor is whether the twins hatched together from one egg. In some accounts, only Polydeuces was fathered by Zeus, while Leda and her husband Tyndareus conceived Castor. This explains why they were granted an alternate immortality. It is a common belief that one would live among the gods, while the other was among the dead. They do make an appearance together in the play, ''Helen and Electra''.
Castor and Polydeuces are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Polydeuces. In Homer's Iliad, Helen looks down from the walls of Troy and wonders why she does not see her brothers among the Achaeans. The narrator remarks that they are both already dead and buried back in their homeland of Lacedaemon, thus suggesting that at least in some early traditions, both were mortal. Their death and shared immortality offered by Zeus was material of the lost ''Cypria'' in the Epic cycle.
As a further complication, the Zeus-as-swan myth is sometimes associated with the goddess Nemesis. In this tradition, it was Nemesis who was seduced and who laid the egg, but the egg was then found by or given to Leda. However, this story is usually associated with Helen, ordained by Zeus to cause the Trojan War, and not with Castor and Polydeuces.

Connections with Sparta

The Dioscuri and their sisters grew up in Sparta, in the household of Tyndareus (see above). Their connection there was very ancient: a uniquely Spartan aniconic representation of the Tyndaridai was as two upright posts joined by a cross-bar.^[3] Sparta's unique dual kingship reflects the divine influence of the Dioscuri. When the Spartan army marches to war, one king remains behind at home, accompanied by one of the Twins. "In this way the real political order is secured in the realm of the Gods" (Burkert 1985:212).
Their ''heroon'' or grave-shrine was at Therapne across the Eurotas from Sparta.

Dioscuri as adventurers

They accompanied Jason on the ''Argo''; during the voyage, Polydeuces killed King Amycus in a boxing match.
When Astydameia, queen of Iolcus, offended Peleus, the twins assisted him in ravaging her country.

Dioscuri as saviours

When Theseus and Pirithous kidnapped their sister Helen and carried her off to Aphidnae, the twins rescued her and counter-abducted Theseus' mother, Aethra. The mounted horsemen who rode out to save their abducted sister Helen from Theseus could be expected to show up to succour their votaries, as when the Locrians of Magna Graecia attributed their success at a legendary battle on the banks of the Sagras to the intervention of the Twins.

Dioscuri in the service of the Goddess

The image of the twins attending a goddess are widespread^[4] and link the Dioscuri with the male societies of initiates under the aegis of the Anatolian Great Goddess^[5] and the great gods of Samothrace. The Dioscuri are the inventors of war dances, which characterize the Kuretes.

Mortality and immortality

Castor and Polydeuces abducted the ''Leucippides'' ("white horses") Phoebe and Hilaeira,^[6] the daughters of Leucippus (mythology). When they encountered their analogous twin brothers of Thebes, Idas and "lynx-eyed" Lynceus, bound for revenge, Castor, the mortal brother, fell, and Polydeuces, the immortal twin, survived, yet they were not separated. Polydeuces persuaded Zeus to share his gift with Castor. Accordingly, the two spend alternate days as gods on Olympus, worthy of burnt sacrifice, and as deceased mortals in Hades, whose spirits must be propitiated by libations.
The lost ''Cypria'' explained the terms of their joint immortality as a gift of Zeus. In ''Odyssey'', Homer renders the paradox:
:''both buried now in the live-giving earth though still alive.''
:''Even under the earth Zeus grants them that distinction:''
:''one day alive, the next day dead, each twin by turns''
:''they both hold honours equal to the gods"''
:::(Robert Fagles' translation)
As emblems of immortality and death that were no longer polar opposites, it is not surprising to hear that the Dioscuri, like Heracles were said to have been initiated at Eleusis.^[7]

Roman Castor and Pollux

As early as 484 BCE, a temple to the '''Castores''' was erected in the Roman Forum in gratitude for their intervention in battle: the Temple of Castor and Pollux. Their festival was celebrated on July 15.
Following tradition as old as Homer,^[8] Pollux was accounted a powerful boxer, and Castor a great horseman. In Roman mythology, Castor was venerated much more often than Pollux, to the extent that the pair became known as the ''Castores''.
For other examples of the mytheme of the Unequal Twins, compare Amphion and Zethus of Thebes and Romulus and Remus of Rome. Compare also the Alcis of Germanic Mythology with the Asvins of Vedic mythology, suggesting an Indo-European origin for the myth of the divine twins.

In astronomy

Main articles: Gemini (constellation)

The constellation Gemini is said to represent these twins. Its brightest stars, Castor and Pollux (α and β Geminorum), are named for them.

In Religion

Acts 28:11- And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose ''sign'' (figurehead) was ''Castor and Pollux'' (the Twin Brothers of Zeus).

In art

Various classical sculptural groups of 2 nude males have been identified as Castor and Pollux - sometimes securely (eg the ''Castor and Pollux'' at the Prado Museum), sometimes less so (eg ''The Horse Tamers'') .
''Castor et Pollux'' was the title of a 1737 opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau (libretto by Bernard), modified in 1754. The latter version became quite popular.

In popular culture

★ In the movie ''Face/Off'', made in 1997, Nicolas Cage and Alessandro Nivola play brothers Castor and Pollux Troy, a pair of terrorists-for-hire who are devoted to each other even though they are deeply psychotic and paranoid.

Notes

1. Scholiast on ''Lycophron, noted by Karl Kerenyi, 1959. ''The Heroes of the Greeks'' p.107 note 584.
2. The familiar theme in Greek mythology of the mixed seed of a mortal and an immortal father is played out in various ways: compare Theseus.
3. Burkert 1985; Kerenyi 1959:107)
4. Kerenyi 1959 draws attention espercially to the rock carvings in the town of Akrai, Sicily (1959:111).
5. Burkert 1985:212, who notes F. Chapouthier, ''Les Dioscures au service d'une déesse'', 1935.
6. The reader will immediately recognize in Phoebe ("the pure") an epithet of the moon, Selene; her twin's name Hilaeira ("the serene") is also a lunar attribute, their names "appropriate selectively to the new and the full moon" (Kerenyi 1959:109).
7. In the oration of the Athenian peace emissary sent to Sparta in 371, according to Xenophon (''Hellenica'' VI), it was asserted that "these three heroes were the first strangers upon whom this gift was bestowed." (Karl Kerenyi, 1967. ''Eleusis: Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter'' (Princeton: Bollingen), p. 122.
8. "Castor, the breaker of horses, and Polydeuces the hardy boxer" (''Odyssey'' XI.300

External links

★ Pollux

References

★ Ringleben, Joachim, "An Interpretation of the 10th Nemean Ode", ''Ars Disputandi''. Translated by Douglas Hedley and Russell Manning. Pindar's themes of the unequal brothers and faithfulness and salvation, with the Christian parallels in the dual nature of Christ.

★ Burkert, Walter, 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), pp 212-13

★ Kerenyi, Karl, 1959. ''The Heroes of the Greeks'' (Thames and Hundson), pp 105-112 ''et passim''

★ Pindar, ''Tenth Nemean Ode''