DIRECT PRODUCT

In mathematics, one can often define a 'direct product' of objects
already known, giving a new one. Examples are the product of sets (see Cartesian product), groups (described below), the product of rings and of other algebraic structures. The product of topological spaces is another instance.

Contents

Group direct product

Direct product of modules

Topological space direct product

Direct product of binary relations

Categorical product

Metric and norm

See also

References

Group direct product

In group theory one can define the direct product of two
groups (''G'',
★ ) and (''H'', o), denoted by ''G'' × ''H''. For abelian groups which are written additively, it may also be called the direct sum of two groups, denoted by $G\; oplus\; H$.
It is defined as follows:

★ as set of the elements of the new group, take the ''cartesian product'' of the sets of elements of ''G'' and ''H'', that is {(''g'', ''h''): ''g'' in ''G'', ''h'' in ''H''};

★ on these elements put an operation, defined elementwise: (''g'', ''h'') × (''g' '', ''h' '') = (''g''
★ ''g' '', ''h'' o ''h' '')
(Note the operation
★ may be the same as o.)
This construction gives a new group. It has a normal subgroup
isomorphic to ''G'' (given by the elements of the form (''g'', 1)),
and one isomorphic to ''H'' (comprising the elements (1, ''h'')).
The reverse also holds, there is the following recognition theorem: If a group ''K'' contains two normal subgroups ''G'' and ''H'', such that ''K''= ''GH'' and the intersection of ''G'' and ''H'' contains only the identity, then ''K'' = ''G'' x ''H''. A relaxation of these conditions gives the semidirect product.
As an example, take as ''G'' and ''H'' two copies of the unique (up to
isomorphisms) group of order 2, ''C''₂: say {1, ''a''} and {1, ''b''}. Then ''C''₂×''C''₂ = {(1,1), (1,''b''), (''a'',1), (''a'',''b'')}, with the operation element by element. For instance, (1,''b'')
★ (''a'',1) = (1
★ ''a'', ''b''
★ 1) = (''a'',''b''), and (1,''b'')
★ (1,''b'') = (1,''b''²) = (1,1).
With a direct product, we get some natural group homomorphisms for free: the projection maps
:$pi\_1\; colon\; G\; imes\; H\; o\; Gquad\; mathrm\{by\}\; quad\; pi\_1(g,\; h)\; =\; g$,
:$pi\_2\; colon\; G\; imes\; H\; o\; Hquad\; mathrm\{by\}\; quad\; pi\_2(g,\; h)\; =\; h$
called the 'coordinate functions'.
Also, every homomorphism ''f'' on the direct product is totally determined by its component functions
$f\_i\; =\; pi\_i\; circ\; f$.
For any group (''G'',
★ ), and any integer ''n'' ≥ 0, multiple application of the direct product gives the group of all ''n''-tuples ''G''^''n'' (for ''n''=0 the trivial group). Examples:

★ 'Z'^''n''

★ 'R'^''n'' (with additional vector space structure this is called Euclidean space, see below)

Direct product of modules

The direct product for modules (not to be confused with the tensor product) is very similar to the one defined for groups above, using the cartesian product with the operation of addition being componentwise, and the scalar multiplication just distributing over all the components. Starting from 'R' we get Euclidean space 'R'^''n'', the prototypical example of a real ''n''-dimensional vector space. The direct product of 'R'^''m'' and 'R'^''n'' is 'R'^{''m'' + ''n''}.
Note that a direct product for a finite index $prod\_\{i=1\}^n\; X\_i$ is identical to the direct sum . The direct sum and direct product differ only for infinite indices, where the elements of a direct sum are zero for all but for a finite number of entries. They are dual: the direct sum is the coproduct, while the direct product is the product.
For example, consider $X=prod\_\{i=1\}^infty\; mathcal\{R\}$ and , the infinite direct product and direct sum of the real numbers. Only sequences with a finite number of non-zero elements are in ''Y''. For example, ''(1,0,0,0,...)'' is in ''Y'' but ''(1,1,1,1,...)'' is not. Both of these sequences are in the direct product ''X''; in fact, ''Y'' is a proper subset of ''X'' (that is, ''Y''⊂''X'').

Topological space direct product

The direct product for a collection of topological spaces ''X_i'' for ''i'' in ''I'', some index set, once again makes use of the cartesian product
:$prod\_\{i\; in\; I\}\; X\_i$
Defining the topology is a little tricky. For finitely many factors, this is the obvious and natural thing to do: simply take as a basis of open sets to be the collection of all cartesian products of open subsets from each factor:
:$mathcal\; B\; =\; \{\; U\_1\; imes\; cdots\; imes\; U\_n\; |\; U\_i\; mathrm\{open\; in\}\; X\_i\; \}$
This topology is called the 'product topology'. For example, directly defining the product topology on 'R'² by the open sets of 'R' (disjoint unions of open intervals), the basis for this topology would consist of all disjoint unions of open rectangles in the plane (as it turns out, it coincides with the usual metric topology).
The product topology for infinite products has a twist, and this has to do with being able to make all the projection maps continuous and to make all functions into the product continuous if and only if all its component functions are continuous (i.e. to satisfy the categorical definition of product: the morphisms here are continuous functions): we take as a basis of open sets to be the collection of all cartesian products of open subsets from each factor, as before, with the proviso that all but finitely many factors are the entire space:
:
eq j_1,ldots,j_n)(U_i = X_i)
ight}
(Not a very pretty sight!). The more natural-sounding topology would be, in this case, to take products of infinitely many open subsets as before, and this does yield a somewhat interesting topology, the 'box topology'. However it is not too difficult to find an example of bunch of continuous component functions whose product function is not continuous (see the separate entry box topology for an example and more). The problem which makes the twist necessary is ultimately rooted in the fact that the intersection of open sets is only guaranteed to be open for finitely many sets in the definition of topology.
Products (with the product topology) are nice with respect to preserving properties of their factors; for example, the product of Hausdorff spaces is Hausdorff; the product of connected spaces is connected, and the product of compact spaces is compact. That last one, called Tychonoff's theorem, is yet another equivalence to the axiom of choice.
For more properties and equivalent formulations, see the separate entry product topology.

Direct product of binary relations

On the Cartesian product of two sets with binary relations ''R'' and ''S'', the product order is defined as (''a'', ''b'') T (''c'', ''d'') as ''a'' ''R'' ''c'' and ''b'' ''S'' ''d''. If ''R'' and ''S'' are both reflexive, irreflexive, transitive, symmetric, or antisymmetric, relation ''T'' has the same property.^[1] Combining properties it follows that this also applies for being a preorder and being an equivalence relation. However, if ''R'' and ''S'' are total relations, ''T'' is in general not.
See also:

★ product order

★

★

Categorical product

''Main article: Product (category theory)''
The direct product can be abstracted to an arbitrary category. In a general category, given a collection of objects ''A_i'' ''and'' a collection of morphisms ''p_i'' from ''A'' to ''A_i'' with ''i'' ranging in some index set ''I'', an object ''A'' is said to be a 'categorical product' in the category if, for any object ''B'' and any collection of morphisms ''f_i'' from ''B'' to ''A_i'', there exists a unique morphism ''f'' from ''B'' to ''A'' such that ''f_i = p_i f'' and this object ''A'' is unique. This not only works for two factors, but arbitrarily (possibly infinitely) many.
For groups we similarly define the direct product of a more general, arbitrary collection of groups ''G_i'' for ''i'' in ''I'', ''I'' an index set. Denoting the cartesian product of the groups by ''G'' we define multiplication on ''G'' with the operation of componentwise multiplication; and corresponding to the ''p_i'' in the definition above are the projection maps
:$pi\_i\; colon\; G\; o\; G\_iquad\; mathrm\{by\}\; quad\; pi\_i(g)\; =\; g\_i$,
the functions that take ''g'' to its ''i''th component (''g_i'').

Metric and norm

A metric on a Cartesian product of metric spaces, and a norm on a direct product of normed vector spaces, can be defined in various ways, see for example .

See also

★ Direct sum

★ Cartesian product

★ Coproduct

★ Free product

★ Semidirect product

★ Zappa-Szep product

★ Tensor product of graphs

References

1. Equivalence and Order


★ Lang, S. ''Algebra''. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.