(Redirected from Discount department store)
The interior of a typical
Macy's department store.
A 'department store' is a
retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. Department stores usually sell products including
apparel,
furniture,
appliances,
electronics, and additionally select other lines of products such as
paint,
hardware, toiletries,
cosmetics, photographic equipment,
jewellery,
toys, and
sporting goods. Certain department stores are further classified as discount department stores. Discount department stores commonly have central customer
checkout areas, generally in the front area of the store. Department stores are usually part of a
retail chain of many stores situated around a country or several countries.
History
Hudson's Bay Company in
Canada was the first store to include departments; however, by modern standards, it would not be considered a department store because of the size and range of items that were stocked. The same may be said about
Gostiny Dvor in
St. Petersburg, which opened in
1785 and should probably be regarded as one of the first purposely-built
shopping malls in the world, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m².
'The first true department store' was founded by Aristide Boucicaut in
Paris. He founded '
Le Bon Marché' in
1838, and by
1852 it offered a wide variety of goods in "departments" inside one building. Goods were sold at fixed prices, with guarantees allowing exchanges and refunds. By the end of the
19th century, Georges Dufayel, a French credit merchant, had served up to three million customers and was affiliated with
La Samaritaine, a large French department store established in 1870 by a former Bon Marché executive.
The oldest independent department store in the world, is
'Austin's' in
Derry,
Northern Ireland, which has maintained its original position on The 'Diamond' in Derry's city centre since 1830.
As '
Le Bon Marché' evolved into a fully fledged department store in the early 1850s, Delany's New Mart opened in 1853 in
Dublin,
Ireland on Sackville Street (now
O'Connell Street). What made Delany's different from most department stores of its time was its purpose-built nature; unlike others it had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Constructed to a lavish standard on the city's principal street, it was designed to rival the biggest and best in Europe. Acquired by the Clery family in the late 19th century, both the store and Imperial Hotel located in its upper floors were completely destroyed in the 1916
Easter Rising. However the store reopened in 1922, this time across numerous floors, as the famous
Clerys department store that stands today, housed in a striking modern neoclassical building based on
Selfridges of London.
Another claimant to the title of "World's first department store" is Bainbridges in
Newcastle upon Tyne, founded in 1838 as a drapers and fashion shop but on record as collecting its takings by department as early as 1849. The ledger from that year still survives in the archives of the John Lewis Partnership who bought the store in 1952, and retained its original name until 2002 when the store was rebranded as
John Lewis Newcastle.
In
New York City in
1846,
Alexander Turney Stewart established the "
Marble Palace" on the east-
Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered
European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a
Renaissance palazzo, the building's
cast iron construction permitted large
plate glass windows. In
1862 Stewart built a department store on a full city block at Broadway and 9th Street, opposite Grace Church, with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. Within a couple of decades,
New York's retail center had moved uptown, forming a stretch of retail shopping from "Marble Palace" that was called the "Ladies' Mile". In
1858 Rowland Hussey Macy founded
Macy's as a dry goods store. Benjamin Altman and
Lord & Taylor soon competed with Stewart as New York's first department stores, later followed by "McCreary's" and, in
Brooklyn, "Abraham & Straus." (The Straus family would be in the management of both Macy's and A&S.)
Similar developments were under way in
London (with
Whiteleys), in
Paris (with
La Samaritaine) and in
Chicago, where department stores sprang up along State Street, notably
Marshall Field and Company, which remains the second-largest store in the world (after Macy's). In
1877,
Wanamaker's opened in
Philadelphia. Philadelphia's
John Wanamaker performed a
19th century redevelopment to the former
Pennsylvania Railroad terminal in that city and eventually opened a modern day department store in the building.
On
March 1,
1869 Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution was opened in
Salt Lake City as a new community store that became the first incorporated department store in America in
1870. A new 3-story brick and iron store was built in 1876, noted for its unique architecture and striped awnings. This store was replaced by an enclosed shopping center in 1973, and the new Zion department store preserved the gilt-edged ornate facade of the old store. In 1999 the
May Department Stores bought a 14-store ZCMI chain and changed its name to "Meier & Frank", a May property with eight stores in
Oregon and
Washington. Subsequently
May Department Stores completed a merger with
Federated Department Stores and the Meier & Frank brand ZCMI stores have become
Macy's stores, effective late 2006.
In
1881,
Joseph Lowthian Hudson opened a small men's clothing store in Detroit. After 10 years he had 8 stores in the midwest and was the most profitable clothing retailer in the country. In 1893 he began construction of the immense department store at Gratiot and Farmer streets in Detroit. The 25-story tower was added in 1928, and a 12-story addition in 1946, giving the entire complex 49 acres of floor space. In 1954 the company became a suburban shopping center pioneer when it built Northland 13 miles northwest of Detroit. In 1969 it merged with the Dayton Corporation to create Dayton-Hudson headquartered in Minneapolis. George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Daylight store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912, built the Southdale Shopping Center in 1956, and started the Target discount store chain in 1962. The new corporation closed the flagship Hudson department store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000.
By
1890 a new world of retailing had been created as department stores had a clear market position as universal providers.
General stores eventually became department stores as small towns became cities. The most prominent department stores emerged from small shops. The department store created several of
North America's first large businesses. The department store is also largely responsible for the standard store design seen today, because of its size it required new building materials, glass technology and new heating, amongst other architectural innovations. The store layouts made shopping easier for consumers regardless of their social or economic background. The department store also offered new customer services never before seen such as restaurants, restrooms, reading rooms, home delivery, wrapping services, store hours,
bridal registries, new types of merchandise displays and so forth.
Some department stores leased space to individual merchants, similar to the changes in late
17th-century London, but by
1900 the smaller merchants were purchased or eventually replaced by the larger companies. In this way they were very similar to our modern malls, where the property owner has no direct interest in the actual department store itself, other than to collect rent and provide utilities. Today only the most specialized departments are leased out, such as photography, photo finishing, automotive services or financial services. However, today this is rare, as most departments--even a store's restaurant--is usually run by the store itself.
Before the
1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both
Canada and
Australia, during both the
Great Depression and
World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from
specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones ''et al.'' 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls.
Discount department store
A typical
Wal-Mart discount department store.
A discount store is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than those asked by traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances. Discount stores are not
dollar stores, which sell goods at a dollar or less. Discount stores differ because they sell branded goods and prices vary widely between different products. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries. Following
World War II, a number of retail establishments in the United States began to pursue a high-volume, low-profit strategy designed to attract price-conscious consumers.
During the period from the
1950s to the late-
1980s, discount stores were more popular than the average
supermarket or department store. There were hundreds of discount stores in operation, with their most successful period occurring during the mid-
1960s in the
United States with discount store chains such as
Kmart,
Fisher's Big Wheel,
Zayre, Kuhn's-Big K (sold to
Wal-Mart in
1981),
GEM,
TG&Y and
Woolco (closed in 1983, part sold to Wal-Mart) amongst others. Currently,
Wal-Mart, the largest retailer in the world, operates 1,353 discount stores in the United States;
Target and
Kmart are Wal-Mart's top competitors.
Examples of discount retail
chain stores include
Wal-Mart,
Kmart and
Target, all of which opened their first locations in
1962. Other retail companies branched out into the discount store business around this time as adjuncts to their older store concepts. As examples,
Woolworth opened a
Woolco chain;
Montgomery Ward opened Jefferson Ward; Chicago-based
Jewel launched
Turn Style; and Central Indiana-based
L.S. Ayres created Ayr-Way. These chains typically were either shut down or sold to a larger competitor during the late '70s and early '80s. Kmart and Target themselves are examples of adjuncts, although their growth prompted their respective parent companies to abandon their older concepts (the S.S. Kresge
five and dime store disappeared, while the
Dayton-Hudson Corporation eventually divested itself of its department store holdings and renamed itself Target Corporation).
Many of the major discounters are now opening "supercenters", which add a full-service grocery store to the traditional format. The
Meijer chain in the Midwest consists entirely of supercenters, while Wal-Mart and Target have focused on the format as of the '90s as a key to their continued growth. Although discount stores and department stores have different retailing goals and different markets, a recent development in retailing is the "discount department store", such as
Sears Essentials, which is a combination of the Kmart and Sears formats, following the companies' merger as
Sears Holdings Corporation.
Countries
Argentina
In Buenos Aires, upscale department stores came during the early years of the 20th century. Gath & Chávez opened in 1905 and Harrods Buenos Aires was established en 1922. Today, the
Chilean department store
Falabella is one of the most prominent in the country, with branches in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, San Juan, Mendoza, and Rosario.
Australia
Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, today
Myer and
David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores
duopoly in Australia. Other retail chain stores such as
Target,
Kmart and
Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores.
Harris Scarfe (trading under the
Allens brand in New South Wales and the ACT), though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.
Canada
From its origins in the
fur trade, the
Hudson's Bay Company is the largest department store operator in Canada, and the oldest corporation in
North America, with locations across the country. It also owns
Zellers, another major Canadian department store. Other department stores in Canada are:
Sears Canada,
Walmart Canada,
Canadian Tire and
Holt Renfrew. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as
Eaton's,
Spencer's, and
Woodward's were staples in their respective communities.
China
Department stores first appeared in
China at the beginning of the 20th Century, the concept said to be introduced by expatriate Chinese living in
Australia. Before 1949, there were four main department stores in
Shanghai:
Wing On,
Sincere,
Sun Sun and
Yat Sun; the first two still exist today.
During
World War II patriotic sentiment in China had led to the formation of a number of department stores specializing in locally-made merchandise. These types of stores became the mainstay in China after the formation of the
Communist state in 1949.
Both types of department stores have long had branches in
Hong Kong; however
Japanese department stores began to appear in the 1960s, and within a generation's time became the dominant force in the market. The
Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s had resulted in the closures of some of these stores, but on the whole Hong Kong still has one of the world's most competitive retail markets.
El Salvador
★ Siman
★ Carrion
★ Dorian's, Mexican Department stores present only in Mexico and El Salvador.
Finland
The most famous department store chains in Finland are
Stockmann, a listed company, and
Sokos, owned by a nationwide retailing cooperative. The
Stockmann department store in central
Helsinki is the biggest department store in the entire
Nordic countries and a famous landmark of Helsinki.
France
France's major department stores are
Galeries Lafayette and
Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. Part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette, the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville) has a more mid-market clientele. The oldest department store in France (and maybe in the world) is still Le Bon Marché in Paris. La Samaritaine was bought by LVMH and closed in 2005.
Indonesia
Indonesia's largest department store chain is
Ramayana with over ninety branches across the country. The same group also operated under
Robinsons and
Cayaha (acquired in 1990s), all targeting the lower income sectors. Other local department store is
Matahari, now owned by
Lippo Group. The group previously managed to trade under
Mega M,
Galeria and
Walmart brands, all of which have been progressively closed. Soon, the group will be opening the first
Parisian Department Store in Indonesia. The middle up segment is mainly occupied by
Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and
Sogo. In 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's
Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after
Harvey Nichols, which will be opened in 2008 at the same shopping centre.
Ireland
Originally the
Republic of Ireland had two department stores,
Clerys and
Arnotts, the latter considered to be one of the five largest stores in Britain and Ireland. However several large retailers now own chains of department stores, such as:
★
Debenhams
★
Dunnes Stores
★
Marks & Spencer
The most upmarket chain is undoubtedly Brown Thomas, founded as a haberdasher's in 1849 on Dublin's Grafton Street. The company (which belongs to the same group as the UK's Selfridges or Canada's Holt Renfrew) bought its long time competitor across the street, Switzers, in 1995. BT then moved to the larger site. It also acquired and re-branded the former Switzer stores in Cork (formerly Cash's), Limerick (formerly Todd's) and Galway (formerly Moon's).
There are also many self-owned department stores around the country, especially in rural towns.
The British department store, Debenhams, purchased the
Roches Stores chain in 2006, closed two stores and rebranded the others. The opening of the Dundrum Shopping Centre in Dublin's suburbs saw the arrival of two more British stores, House of Fraser and Harvey Nichols.
Japan
Main articles: Department stores in Japan
Some of the largest department stores in Japan include
Daimaru (J. Front Retailing) ,
Hankyu (H2O Retailing) ,
Hanshin (H2O Retailing) ,
Isetan (Mitsukoshi-Isetan Holdings) ,
Marui ,
Matsuzakaya (J. Front Retailing) ,
Matsuya ,
Mitsukoshi (Mitsukoshi-Isetan Holdings) ,
Printemps Ginza ,
Seibu (Millennium Retailing) ,
Sogo (Millennium Retailing) ,
Takashimaya ,
Tobu and
Tokyu (109). Many are owned and operated in conjunction with private railway companies.Recently, business integration is successive.
Germany
In Germany there are a number of department stores. There are three big department store companies,
Karstadt (part of
Arcandor AG, also operating the
KaDeWe and two Wertheim department stores in Berlin and the
Alsterhaus in Hamburg),
Hertie and Kaufhof (part of the
Metro AG). There are also some smaller independent department stores. Some department stores only sell clothing. The biggest clothing department store chain is
C&A. Larger department stores in Germany usually contain a self-service restaurant, clothing departments, a toy department, a department for computer and electronics, a small book department (for bestsellers), a department for newspapers and magazines and a food department (like a supermarket).
One of the most famous department stores in Germany is the
Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe, German for department store of the west) which is located in
Berlin.
Malaysia
Since the 1980s, Malaysia has opened its doors to many foreign chains, such as Tesco, Carrefour, Aeon (Jusco), Makro, Sogo, etc. All of these foreign stores must join ventures with local partners.
Many of home grown department store chains include Parkson, Giant, Metrojaya, Cold Storage, Sunshine (SuiWah), The Store, Kamdar, Mydin, etc.
Mexico
Mexico has a number of department stores, including the Mexican chains
Liverpool,
El Palacio de Hierro, Suburbia,
Fabricas de Francia, Dorian's, C&A, Sanborns,
Sears Mexico. There are also foreign stores such as JCPenney, and Zara.
Panama
Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the
nineteenth century. Later on in the
twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market. Today major department stores aside from these two include Steven's and Collin's. There are also many discount department stores such as Conway, La Onda, Dorian's, Saks, Madison Store and El Titan among others.
Philippines
Philippines' most popular department stores are:
SM Supermalls and
Robinsons Mall. SM Supermalls have 11 malls all over in the
Metro Manila named, SM Valenzuela, SM City San Lazaro, SM City Sta. Mesa, SM City Dasmarinas, SM City Sucat, SM City Fairview, SM Southmall Las Pinas, SM Megamall & the most biggest and popular SM Supermall all over in the Philippines, SM Mall Of Asia. 10 malls all over in the Luzon
(North, South & Central) named, SM City Sta. Rosa, SM City Lipa, SM City Marilao, SM City Clark, SM City Pampanga, SM City Baguio, SM City Lucena, SM Supercenter Molino, SM City Batangas & SM City Bacoor. 3 malls all over in the Visayas named, SM City Iloilo, SM City Bacolod & SM City Cebu, and 2 malls all over in the Mindanao named, SM City Cagayan & SM City Davao.
The Netherlands
Flagship branch of Dutch department store
De Bijenkorf in Amsterdam.
The most well-known departement stores in The Netherlands are
Metz & Co,
De Bijenkorf,
Vroom & Dreesmann and
HEMA.
Thailand
The most popular department stores in
Thailand are
Central Department Store which are managed by
Central Group. These are the list of department stores in
Thailand
★
Central Department Store - has 15 branches and 5 more branches in the future (2007)
★
The Mall - has 6 branches (2007)
★
Robinson Department Store has 19 branches (2007)
★
Zen Department Store has 1 branches (2007)
Russia
Arguably the most famous Department store in Russia is the
GUM in
Moscow or the
Petrovsky Passage.
In
Saint Petersburg there is
The Passage extremely popular.
Singapore
Most department stores are clustered around
Orchard Road in
Singapore. The most well-known department stores in Singapore are
BHG (formally known as
Seiyu),
Isetan,
John Little,
Marks & Spencer,
Metro,
Mustafa,
OG,
Robinson & Co.,
Takashimaya and
Tangs. Some of their branch outlets can also be found in the sub-urban shopping malls.
South Korea
Aekyung Department Store at Suwon Station
Most famous department stores are
Shinsegae,
Hyundai, and
Lotte.
Shinsegae, which opened in
1930 as
Mitsukoshi Gyeongseong store, is oldest department store chain.
Shinsegae,
Lotte Department Store, and
GS Group has discount stores.
Carrefour and
Wal-Mart sells its all stores to
E-Land and
Shinsegae.
Spain
Spain is dominated by one department store chain,
El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934. These stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products.
Sweden
The largest department store chain in Sweden is
Åhléns, which operates stores throughout the country. Its flagship
Stockholm store,
Åhléns City, is the largest department store in Sweden. Other large stores are
Nordiska Kompaniet in Stockholm and
Gothenburg, and
PUB in Stockholm.
Switzerland
The Swiss retail market is dominated by two
consumers' cooperatives,
Migros and
Coop, which also run department stores. Migros operates 12 upscale
Globus department stores and 34 mid-range Migros MMM centers across the country. Since the acquisitions of EPA in 2002, Coop operates its mid-range department stores under the brand Coop City.
Manor operates department stores throughout the country. Jelmoli and Loeb operate upscale department stores in
Zurich and
Berne respectively.
United Kingdom
Most of the early department stores in
London started out as small
drapery stores which bought up neighbouring stores and increased their range of products.
The exterior of Harrods in London.
★
Whiteleys in
Westbourne Grove was first to grow to department store size. By
1867 it consisted of 17 departments and by
1890 it was operating in a purposely built department store and had over 6,000 staff employed in the business.
★
Barkers in
Kensington can be defined as a department store by
1880, when it encompassed 15 neighbouring stores, and in
1889 the company moved into a new, large building. This was eventually taken over by
House of Fraser and closed for business in 2006.
★
Peter Jones in
Sloane Square had grown to department store size by
1890.
★
Harrods was reborn as a proper department store in
1889, after a devastating fire in
1883.
★
John Lewis in
Oxford Street was a true department store by
1900.
★
Selfridges was opened in
1909 by the American entrepreneur
Harry Gordon Selfridge, and thus became London's seventh department store.
However, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being the oldest department store in the UK and perhaps in the world. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientel for over 200 years, it was recently purchased by the House of Fraser - although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals.
In
Edinburgh,
Jenners saw a similar development. It starting as a drapery store in
1838, which by
1890 had grown into Scotland's largest retail store by gobbling up all the small stores in the neighbourhood. In 1895, after a devastating fire, a new ultra-modern building opened, with lavish electrical lighting, hydraulic lifts and air conditioning. Four hours after the grand opening, 25,000 people had already visited the store.
In the
UK the term "department store" still refers to the traditional, classic department store, which has a wide range of independent departments with their own staff and their own
tills. Large discount stores with the tills located by the entrance are not regarded as department stores in the UK, although the owners may call them that.
United States
In the
United States, companies such as
Macy's,
Gottschalks,
Dillard's,
Nordstrom,
Sears, and
J.C. Penney are considered department stores, while retail brands such as
Toys "R" Us,
Target,
Kmart, and
Wal-Mart are discount department stores.
T.J. Maxx,
Marshalls, and
Burlington Coat Factory are stores that sell designer goods for less. Stores that carry a general line of groceries and other product lines similar to those of department stores are considered warehouse clubs or supercenters. Warehouse clubs require a nominal annual membership fee, while supercenters do not.
Costco,
BJ's Wholesale Club, and
Sam's Club are examples of warehouse clubs.
Upscale Department Store
The following are the characteristics of an Upscale Department Store:
★ Sells brand name perfumes and Beauty supplies, like
Burberry and
Calvin Klein at the main entrance, and have specialists in cosmetics there to assist customers with applying and selecting makeup.
★ Generally sells name brand clothes above an average price level, such as Dior, Chanel, Versace, Lacoste, etc.
★ When items are on sale, the price resembles that of an average priced item at a lower scale department store (''Example: Jeans at Nordstrom usually are on sale for 80, which is an average price at Macy's'')
★ May sell small household appliances like
blenders
Some upscale department stores that operate in the United States include:
Bloomingdale's,
Saks Fifth Avenue,
Nordstrom,
Neiman Marcus,
Bergdorf Goodman,
Barneys New York,
Von Maur,
Lord & Taylor, and formerly
Marshall Field's.
Macy's,
Dillard's, and
Belk are sometimes considered upscale department stores, but most view them as bieng situated between midscale and upscale.
Mid-Range Department Store
The following are the characteristics of a Mid Range Department Store:
★ Sells cosmetics
★ Sells brand names and non name brands.
★ Sells accessories.
★ May sell small household appliances.
Comparison to Upscale Department Store
★ Sells cosmetics but generally not brand name. Doesn't have perfumes and beauty supplies at main entrance and doesn't have cosmetic specialists.
★ Doesn't sell upscale brand names.
★ Accessories and purses aren't upscale brand names and generally not even brand name.
Mid-range department stores that operate in the United States include:
JC Penney,
Kohl's,
Gottschalks,
Macy's,
The Bon-Ton,and
Mervyns.
Sears is also in this category but is considered a lower grade mid-range department store due to the fact that it sells almost no brand names and has a more "Discount Department Store" vibe because it sells power tools and may have a garden center. It should be noted that Macy's and Dillards seem to be situated on the edge between mid-range and upscale, carrying a significant selection of brand name products including brand name accessories and
fragrances kept in glass cases, and usually have cosmetic specialists in the beauty department yet do not have the elite names the others carry. Gottschalks would also fall under the same category as Macy's, but is on a much smaller regional scale, and is in no major metropolitan areas.
Discount Department Store/ Super Store
★ Sells cosmetics, generally not name brand.
★ Generally doesn't sell name brands.
★ Sells accessories, generally not name brand.
★ Sells small household appliances.
★ Sells toys, electronics and video games.
★ Sells household necessities.
★ The "super-store" variant usually sells food products and has a "one stop shop" vibe.
Comparison to Mid-Range Department Store
★ Sells fewer major brand names.
★ Offers a wider variety of products.
★ More likely to anchor a
power centre than an indoor
shopping mall.
Some discount department stores that operate in the United States include:
ShopKo,
Kmart and
Wal-Mart. Although Shop Ko and Kmart are more upscale than Wal-Mart; further, Wal-Mart could be considered a "super discount department store".
Target is also in this category but may be considered a more upscale Discount Department Store because it puts a greater emphasis on current fashion and on special merchandise lines from well-known designers such as
Isaac Mizrahi and Thomas O'Brien.
Off-price retailer
★ Most products are name-branded.
★ Products may be over-runs, seconds, or last season's stock liquidated from department stores.
★ Product mix typically emphasizes women's clothing and may include men's clothing, children's clothing, shoes, accessories, perfume, toys, housewares, or packaged gourmet food.
★ Stores are most frequently located in
power centres but may also appears in
shopping malls.
Off-price retail department stores include
T.J. Maxx,
Factory 2-U,
Century 21,
Gabriel Brothers,
Ross Dress For Less,
Marshalls, and
Burlington Coat Factory. TJX, the parent company of Marshall's and TJ Maxx, has been experimenting with Home Goods superstores that carry a larger range and variety of housewares, including furniture.
[1]
See also
★
List of department stores
★
Distribution
★
Depāto (Japanese department stores)
★
Retailer
★
Marketing
References
★ Abelson, Elaine S. ''When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
★ Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in ''City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
★ Benson, Susan Porter. ''Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988. ISBN 0-252-06013-X.
★ Ershkowicz, Herbert. ''John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant.'' New York: DaCapo Press, 1999.
★ Gibbons, Herbert Adams. ''John Wanamaker.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1926.
★ Hendrickson, Robert. ''The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores.'' New York: Stein and Day, 1979.
★ Leach, William. ''Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture.'' New York: Pantheon, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75411-3.
★ Parker, K. (2003). "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846 – 1900)." ''Journal of Sociology'' 39 (4): 353–371.
★ Schlereth, Thomas J. ''Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915''. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
★
Sobel, Robert. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' New York: Weybright & Talley,
1974). ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
★ Spang, Rebecca L. ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. 325 p.
★ Whitaker, Jan. ''Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006. ISBN 0-312-32635-1.
Gallery
External links
★
History of The Department Store
★
A.T. Stewart's
★ — Long detailed paper describing the history of the department store
★
International Association of Department Stores
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
