DOONESBURY

'''Doonesbury''' is a comic strip by G. B. Trudeau. It chronicles the adventures and lives of a vast array of different characters, of different ages, professions, and backgrounds—from the President of the United States to the title character, Michael Doonesbury, a struggling middle aged remarried father.
Frequently political in nature, Doonesbury features characters professing a range of affiliations, but the cartoon’s editorial slant is primarily noted for a liberal outlook. The name “Doonesbury” is a portmanteau of the word ''doone''—1960s prep school slang for “someone unafraid to appear foolish”—with the surname of the roommate who was given that nickname, Charles Pillsbury. The strip marked its official thirty-fifth anniversary on October 26, 2005.

Contents

History

After the hiatus

Characteristic style

Use of real-life politicians as characters

Characters

Milestones

Criticism

Awards and honors

Trivia

Published collections

Notes

References

External links

History

''Doonesbury'' began as a continuation of ''Bull Tales'', which appeared in the Yale University student newspaper, the ''Yale Daily News'', beginning September 1968. It focused on local campus events at Yale. The executive editor of the paper in the late 1960s, Reed Hundt, who later served as the chairman of the FCC, noted that the ''Daily News'' had a flexible policy about publishing cartoons: “We publish[ed] pretty much anything.”
As ''Doonesbury'', the strip debuted as a daily strip in about two dozen newspapers on 26 October 1970, the first strip from Universal Press Syndicate. A Sunday strip began on 21 March 1971. Many of the early strips were reprintings of the ''Bull Tales'' cartoons, with some changes to the drawings and plots. BD’s helmet changed from having a “Y” (for Yale) to a star (for the fictional Walden College). Mike and BD started ''Doonesbury'' as roommates; they were not roommates in the original.
It became well known for its social and political (usually liberal) commentary, always timely, and peppered with wry and ironic humor. It is presently syndicated in approximately 1,400 newspapers worldwide. The decision, on 12 September 2005 to drop ''Doonesbury'' from ''The Guardian'' (UK) was reversed less than 24 hours later, after the strip’s followers voiced strong discontent.
Like ''Li‘l Abner'' and ''Pogo'' before it, ''Doonesbury'' blurred the distinction between editorial cartoon and the funny pages. In May 1975, the strip won Trudeau a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, the first strip cartoon to be so honored. That month, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, the publishers of collections of Doonesbury until the mid-1980s took out an ad in the ''New York Times Book Review'', marking the occasion by saying: It’s nice for Trudeau and Doonesbury to be so honored, “but it’s quite another thing when the Establishment clutches all of Walden Commune to its bosom.” That same year, then-U.S. President Gerald Ford acknowledged the stature of the comic strip, telling the Radio and Television Correspondents’ Association at their annual dinner: “There are only three major vehicles to keep us informed as to what is going on in Washington: the electronic media, the print media, and Doonesbury—not necessarily in that order.” ^[1]

In 1977, Trudeau wrote a script for a twenty-six minute long animated “special.” ''A Doonesbury Special'' was produced and directed by Trudeau, along with John Hubley and Faith Hubley. The ''Special'' was first broadcast by NBC in 1977. It won a Special Jury Award at the Cannes International Film Festival for best short film, and received an Academy Award Nomination (for best animated short film), both in 1978. Voice actors for the special included Barbara Harris, William Sloane Coffin, Jr., Jack Gilford and Will Jordan. Two songs “sung” by the character of Jimmy Thudpucker (titled “Stop in the Middle” and “I Do Believe,” the performances were credited to “Jimmy Thudpucker”) were also made part of the ''Special''.
The strip underwent a significant change after Trudeau returned to it from a 22 month hiatus (from January 1983 to October 1984). Before the break in the strip, the characters were eternal college students, living in a commune together near “Walden College,” which was modelled after Trudeau’s alma mater. During the break, Trudeau helped create a Broadway musical of the strip, showing the graduation of the main characters. The Broadway adaptation opened at the Biltmore Theatre on 21 November 1983, and played 104 performances. Elizabeth Swados composed the music for Trudeau’s book and lyrics.

After the hiatus

The strip resumed some time after the events in the musical, with further changes having taken place after the end of the musical’s plot. While Mike, Mark, Zonker, BD and Boopsie were all now graduates, BD and Boopsie were living in Malibu, where BD was a third-string quarterback for the Los Angeles Rams, and Boopsie was making a living from walk-on and cameo roles. Mark was living in Washington DC, working for National Public Radio. Michael and JJ had gotten married, and Mike had dropped out of business school to start work in an advertising agency in New York City. Zonker, still not ready for the “real world,” was living with Mike and JJ until he was accepted as a medical student at his Uncle Duke’s “Baby Doc College” in Haiti.
Prior to the hiatus, the strip’s characters had aged at the tectonically slow rate that is standard for comic strips. But when Trudeau returned to “Doonesbury,” the characters began to age in something close to real time, as in “Gasoline Alley” and “For Better or for Worse.” Since then, the main characters’ age and career development has tracked that of standard media portrayals of baby boomers, with jobs in advertising, law enforcement, and the dot-com boom. Current events are mirrored through the original characters, their offspring (the “second generation”), and occasional new characters.
Post-hiatus, Trudeau developed a more sophisticated look for the strip, often varying his angles from frame to frame. The result was more graphically dynamic without sacrificing the deadpan quality that made the punchlines land.
Garry Trudeau received the National Cartoonist Society Newspaper Comic Strip Award for 1994, and their Reuben Award for 1995 for his work on the strip.

Characteristic style

The unnamed college attended by the main characters was later given the name “Walden College,” revealed to be in Connecticut (the same state as Yale), and depicted as devolving into a third-rate institution under the weight of grade inflation, slipping academic standards, and the end of tenure—issues that Trudeau has consistently revisited since the original characters graduated. Many of the second generation of Doonesbury characters are attending Walden, a venue Trudeau uses to advance his concerns about academic standards in America.
With the exception of Walden College, Trudeau has frequently used real-life settings, based on real scenarios, but with fictional results. Due to deadlines, some real-world events have rendered some of Trudeau’s comics unusable, such as a 1973 series featuring John Ehrlichman, a 1989 series set in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, a 1993 series involving Zoë Baird, and a 2005 series involving Harriet Miers. Trudeau has also delighted and intrigued readers by displaying fluency in various forms of jargon, including that of real estate agents, flight attendants, computer nerds, journalists, presidential aides, and soldiers in Iraq.

Use of real-life politicians as characters

Main articles: Doonesbury Icons

Even though Doonesbury frequently features major real-life US politicians, they are rarely depicted with their real face. Originally, strips featuring the President of the US would show an external view of the White House, with dialogue emerging from inside. During the Ford administration, characters would be shown speaking to Ford at press conferences, and fictional dialogue supposedly spoken by Ford would be written as coming “off-panel.” Similarly, while having several characters as students in a class taught by Henry Kissinger, the dialogue made up for Kissinger would also come from “off-panel.” Sometimes hands, or in rare cases, the back of heads would also be seen.
More recently, personal symbols reflecting some aspect of their character are used. For example, during the 1980s, Ronald Reagan was depicted as a computer-generated artificial-intelligence, an image based on the television character Max Headroom. Members of the Bush family have been depicted as invisible. During his term as Vice President George H.W. Bush was first depicted as completely invisible, his words emanating from a little “spark” in the air. This was originally a reference to the man’s perceived low profile and his denials of knowledge of the Iran-Contra Affair. (In one strip, published 20 March 1988, the vice president almost materialized, but only made it to an outline before reverting to invisibility.) President George W. Bush was later symbolized by a Stetson hat atop a giant asterisk (a la Roger Maris), because he was Governor of Texas prior to his presidency (Trudeau accused him of being “all hat and no cattle”, reiterating the characterization of Bush by columnist Molly Ivins) and also due to the controversy surrounding the 2000 presidential elections. Later, President Bush’s symbol was changed to a Roman military helmet (again, atop an asterisk) representing imperialism. Towards the end of his first term, the helmet became battered, with the gilt work starting to come off and with clumps of bristles missing from the top. (By now, the helmet has been dented almost beyond recognition.) On 2 September, 2006, he fantasized about himself wearing a crown.
Other notable symbols include a waffle for the indecisive Bill Clinton (chosen by popular vote—the other possibility had been a “flipping coin”), an unexploded (but sometimes lit) bomb for the hot-tempered Newt Gingrich, a feather for the “lightweight” Dan Quayle and a giant groping hand for Arnold Schwarzenegger (who is addressed by other characters as “Herr Gropenführer,” a reference to accusations of sexual assault against Schwarzenegger). Many minor politicians have also been represented as icons over the years, like a swastika for David Duke, but only for the purposes of a gag strip or two. Trudeau has made his use of icons something of an in joke to readers, where the first appearance of a new one is often a punchline in itself.
The long career of the series and continual use of real-life political figures, analysts note, have led to some uncanny cases of the cartoon foreshadowing a national shift in the politicians’ political fortunes. Tina Gianoulis in ''St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture'' observes: “In 1971, well before the conservative Reagan years, a forward-looking BD called Ronald Reagan his ‘hero.’ In 1984, almost 10 years before Congressman Gingrich became Speaker of the House, another character worried that he would ‘wake up someday in a country run by Newt Gingrich.’ ”^[2] In its 2003 series “John Kerry: A Candidate in the Making” on the 2004 presidential race, the ''Boston Globe'' reprinted and discussed 1971 ''Doonesbury'' cartoons of the young Kerry’s Vietnam War protest speeches.^[3]

Characters

Main articles: List of characters in the comic strip Doonesbury

Doonesbury has a large group of recurring characters, with 24 of them currently listed on the cast list at the strip’s website.^[4] There, it notes that “readers new to Doonesbury sometimes experience a temporary bout of character shock,” as the sheer number of characters—and the historical connections among them—can be overwhelming.
The main characters of the strip are a group who attended the fictional Walden College during the strip’s first twelve years. In April 1972, a sub-group of these characters started their own commune, and moved in together. The original “Walden Commune” residents were: Mike Doonesbury, Zonker Harris, Mark Slackmeyer, Nicole, Bernie and DiDi. Zonker was soon given “Walden Puddle” to reflect in, and the residents of Walden Commune changed over time. In September 1972, Joanie Caucus joined the comic, meeting Mike and Mark in Colorado, and eventually moved into the commune. They were later joined by BD and his girlfriend (later wife) Boopsie. Nicole, DiDi, and Bernie were phased out, both as characters and as residents of the commune. The spouses of this group became important following this group’s graduation; they are JJ Caucus (Mike’s now-ex-wife) and Rick Redfern (Joanie’s husband). Mike remarried, to Kim Rosenthal, a Vietnamese refugee who had been adopted by a Jewish-American family just after the fall of Saigon and whose first words as an infant in the strip had been “Big Mac.” Uncle Duke and Roland Hedley have also appeared often, frequently in unconnected, more topical settings. In more recent years, a second generation of characters has taken prominence as it has grown up to college-age; this group consists of Jeff Redfern (Rick and Joanie’s son), Zipper Harris (Zonker’s nephew), and Alex Doonesbury (Mike and JJ’s daughter).

Milestones

Doonesbury delved into a number of political and social issues, causing controversies, and breaking new ground on the comics pages. Among the milestones:

★ A November 1972 strip depicting Zonker telling a little boy in a sandbox a fairy tale ending in the protagonist being awarded “his weight in fine, uncut Turkish hashish” raised an uproar.^[5]

★ During the Watergate scandal, one strip showed Mark on the radio with a “Watergate profile” of John Mitchell, declaring him “Guilty! Guilty, guilty, guilty!!” A number of newspapers removed the strip and one, ''The Washington Post'', even ran an editorial criticizing the cartoon.^[6]

★ In June 1973, the military newspaper ''Stars and Stripes'' dropped Doonesbury for being too political. The strip was quickly reinstated after hundreds of protests by readers, who were soldiers in the U.S. Army.

★ September 1973: ''The Lincoln Journal'' became the first newspaper to move Doonesbury to its editorial page.^[7]

★ In February 1976, Andy Lippincott, a classmate of Joanie’s, told her that he was gay. Dozens of papers opted not to publish the storyline, with ''Miami Herald'' editor Larry Jinks saying, “We just decided we weren’t ready for homosexuality in a comic strip.”^[8]

★ In November 1976, when the storyline included the blossoming romance of Rick Redfern and Joanie Caucus, four days of strips were devoted to a transition from one apartment to another, ending with a view of the two together in bed, marking the first time any nationally run comic strip portrayed premarital sex in this fashion.^[9] Again, the strip was removed from the comics pages of a number of newspapers.

★ In June 1978, one strip included a coupon listing various politicians and dollar amounts allegedly taken from Korean lobbyists, to be clipped and glued to a postcard to be sent to the Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill, resulting in an overflow of mail to the Speaker’s office.

★ In August 1979, Trudeau took a three-week vacation from the strip, which was uncommon among comic strip writers and artists.

★ From January 1983 through September 1984, the strip was not published so that Trudeau could bring the strip to Broadway.

★ In June 1985, a series of strips included photos of Frank Sinatra associating with a number of people with mafia connections, one alongside text from President Ronald Reagan’s speech awarding Sinatra the Medal of Freedom.

★ In January 1987, politicians were again declared “Guilty, guilty, guilty.” This time it was Donald Regan, John Poindexter and Oliver North, referring to their roles in the Iran-Contra Affair.

★ In June 1989, several days’ comics (which had already been drawn and written) had to be replaced with repeats, due to the humor of the strips being considered in bad taste in light of the mass murder of democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Trudeau himself asked for the recall.^[10] This was despite an interview published with Universal Press Syndicate’s Editorial Director, Lee Salem, in the 28 May 1989 ''San Jose Mercury News'' in which Salem stated his hopes the strips could still be used.

★ In May 1990, the storyline included the death of Andy Lippincott, who succumbed to AIDS.

★ In November 1991, a series of strips implied that former Vice-President Dan Quayle had connections with drug dealers; the strip sequence was dropped by some two dozen newspapers, in part because the allegations had been investigated and dispelled previously.^[11](Six years later, the reporter who broke the Quayle story some weeks after the ''Doonesbury'' cartoons later published a book saying he no longer believed the story had been true.^[12])

★ In December 1992, ''Working Woman'' magazine named two characters (Joanie Caucus and Lacey Davenport) as role models for women.

★ In November 1993, a story line dealing with California wildfires was dropped from several California newspapers, including the ''Los Angeles Times'', the ''Orange County Register'' and the ''San Diego Union-Tribune''.^[13]

★ In June 1994, the Roman Catholic Church took issue with a series of strips dealing with the book ''Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe'' by John Boswell. A few newspapers dropped single strips from the series, and the ''Pantagraph'' from Bloomington, Illinois, refused to run the entire series.

★ In March 1995, John McCain denounced Trudeau on the floor of the Senate: “Suffice it to say that I hold Trudeau in utter contempt.” This was in response to a strip about Bob Dole’s strategy of exploiting his war record in his presidential campaign. The quotation was used on the cover of Trudeau’s book ''Doonesbury Nation.'' (McCain and Trudeau later made peace: McCain wrote the foreword to ''The Long Road Home'', Trudeau’s collection of comic strips dealing with BD’s leg amputation during the second Iraq war.)

★ Later in 1995 Mark Slackmeyer, a gay character from the strip, was seen in the final days of Berkeley Breathed’s comic ''Outland'' heading off with a main character from that series, Steve Dallas.

★ In February 1998, a strip dealing with Bill Clinton’s sex scandal was removed from the comics pages of a number of newspapers because it included the phrases “oral sex” and “semen-streaked dress.”

★ In November 2000, a strip was not run in some newspapers when Duke says of then-Presidential candidate George W. Bush: “He’s got a history of alcohol abuse and cocaine.”

★ In September 2001, a strip perpetuated the Internet hoax that claimed George W. Bush had the lowest IQ of any president in the last 50 years, half that of Bill Clinton.^[14] When caught repeating the hoax, Trudeau apologized for “unsettling anyone who was under the impression that the President is, in fact, quite intelligent.”^[15]

★ In 2003 a cartoon that publicized the recent medical discovery that masturbation reduces the risk of prostate cancer, with one character alluding to the practice as “self-dating,” was not run in many papers; pre-publication sources indicated that as many as half of the 700 papers to which it was syndicated were planning not to run the strip.^[16]

★ February 2004: Trudeau used his strip to make the apparently genuine offer of $10,000 (to the USO in the winner’s name^[17]) for anyone who can personally confirm that George W. Bush was actually present during a part of his service in the National Guard. Reuters and CNN reported by the end of that week that despite 1,300 responses, no credible evidence had been offered^[18]; as of 2006, the offer remains unclaimed.

★ April 2004: On April 21, after nearly 34 years, readers finally saw BD’s head without some sort of helmet. In the same strip, it was revealed that he had lost a leg in the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq. Later that month, after awakening and discovering his situation, BD exclaims “SON OF A 'BITCH!!!'” The single strip was removed from many papers—including the ''Boston Globe''^[19]—although in others, such as ''Newsday'', the offending word was replaced by a line. ''The Dallas Morning News'' ran the cartoon uncensored, with a footnote that the editor believed profanity was appropriate, given the subject matter. An image of BD with amputated leg also appeared on the cover of ''Rolling Stone'' that summer (issue 954).

★ May 2004: two Sunday strips were published containing only the names of soldiers killed in the War in Iraq. Further such lists were printed in May 2005, May/June 2006 and 2007.

★ On 7 March 2005, the series began a sequence memorializing the death by suicide of Hunter S. Thompson, the inspiration for the character of Duke. In the sequence, Duke’s head explodes upon reading the news; in an unusual development, no newspapers are known to have refused to print that day’s strip. Trudeau indicated in a news story that one reason for this willingness may have been that the character had a history of similar events: “I’ve been exploding Duke’s head as far back as 1985,” he said.^[20]

★ In June 2005, Trudeau came out with ''The Long Road Home'', a book devoted to BD’s recovery from his loss of a leg in Iraq. Although Trudeau opposed the Iraq War, the foreword was written by Sen.John McCain, a supporter of the war. Proceeds from the book, and its sequel ''The War Within'', benefit Fisher House, the generic name for homes where families of injured soldiers may stay near where they are recovering, also known as “the military equivalent of Ronald McDonald House.” ^[21]

★ July 2005: Several newspapers declined to run two strips in which George W. Bush refers to his adviser Karl Rove as “Turd Blossom,” a nickname Bush has been reported to use for Rove.^[22]

★ In September 2005 when the British newspaper ''The Guardian'' relaunched in a smaller format, Doonesbury was dropped due to space considerations. After a flood of complaints the strip was reinstated with an omnibus covering the issues missed and a full apology. ^[23]

★ The strips scheduled to run from 31 October to 5 November 2005 and a Sunday strip scheduled for 13 November about the nomination of Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court were withdrawn suddenly after her nomination was. The strips have been posted on the official website ^[24], and were replaced by re-runs by the syndicate.

★ Trudeau sought input from readers as to where Alex Doonesbury should attend college in a 15 May 2006 straw cyber-poll at Doonesbury.com. Voters chose among MIT, Rensselaer, and Cornell. Students from Rensselaer and then MIT hacked the system, which was designed to limit each computer to one vote. In the end, voters logged 175,000 votes, with MIT grabbing 48% of the total. The Doonesbury Town Hall FAQ stated that given that the rules of the poll had not ruled out such methods, “the will, chutzpah, and bodacious craft of the voting public will be respected,” declaring that Alex will be attending MIT.

Criticism

Some conservatives have intensely criticized ''Doonesbury''. Several examples are cited in the Milestones section. The strip has also met criticism from its readers almost since it began syndicated publication. For example, when Lacey Davenport’s husband Dick, in the last moments before his death, calls on God, several conservative pundits, apparently not understanding the context, called the strip blasphemous. The sequence of Dick Davenport’s final bird-watching and fatal heart attack was run in November 1986.
''Doonesbury'' has angered, irritated, or been rebuked by many of the political figures that have appeared or been referred to in the strip over the years. Outspoken critics have included members of every US Presidential administration since Richard Nixon’s. A 1984 series of strips showing then Vice President George H.W. Bush placing his manhood in a blind trust—in parody of Bush’s using that financial instrument to fend off concerns that his governmental decisions would be influenced by his investment holdings—brought the politician to complain, “''Doonesbury''’s carrying water for the opposition. Trudeau is coming out of deep left field.”^[25] There have also been other politicians who did not view the way that ''Doonesbury'' portrayed them very favorably, including former U.S. House Speaker Thomas “Tip” O’Neill and former California Governor Jerry Brown.
The strip has also met controversy over every military conflict it has dealt with, including Vietnam, Grenada, Panama and both Gulf Wars. When ''Doonesbury'' ran the names of soldiers who had died in Iraq since the 2003 invasion, conservative commentators accused Trudeau of using the American dead to make a profit for himself, and again demanded that the strip be removed from newspapers.
After many letter writing campaigns demanding the removal of the strip were unsuccessful, conservatives changed their tactics, and instead of writing to newspaper editors, they began writing to one of the printers who prints the color Sunday comics. In 2005, Continental Features gave in to their demands, and refused to continue printing the Sunday Doonesbury, causing it to disappear from the 38 Sunday papers that Continental Features printed. Of the 38, only one newspaper ''The Anniston Star'' in Anniston, Alabama, continued to carry the Sunday Doonesbury, though of necessity in black and white.
Some newspapers have dealt with the criticism by moving the strip from the comics page to the editorial page, because many people believe that a politically based comic strip like Doonesbury does not belong in a traditionally child-friendly comics section. The ''Lincoln Journal'' started the trend in 1973. In some papers (such as the ''Tulsa World'') ''Doonesbury'' appears on the opinions page alongside ''Mallard Fillmore'', a politically conservative comic strip.

Awards and honors

★ In 1975 the strip won Trudeau a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, the first strip cartoon to be so honored. It was also a Nominated Finalist in 1990, 2004, and 2005.

★ Trudeau received “Certificates of Achievement” from the US Army 4th Battalion 67th Armor Division and the Ready First Brigade in 1991 for his comic strips dealing with the first Gulf War. The texts of these citations are quoted on the back of the comic strip collection ''Welcome to Club Scud!''

★ Trudeau won the Reuben Award from the National Cartoonists Society in 1995. [1]

★ Trudeau was awarded the US Army’s Commander’s Award for Public Service in 2006 for his series of strips about BD’s recovery following the loss of his leg in Iraq. [2]

Trivia

★ Long-time minor character Jim Andrews and the company he works for (Universal Petroleum) were named by Trudeau after his first editor at Universal Press Syndicate, Jim Andrews. The book ''The People’s Doonesbury'' is dedicated in memory of Andrews.

★ Enzo Baldoni, the strip’s long time Italian translator and a personal friend of G.B. Trudeau, was kidnapped and killed in Iraq where he was an independent reporter at the end of August 2004.

Published collections

Main articles: List of published collections of Doonesbury

Notes

1. America’s Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbury, Blair, Walter and Hamlin Hill, , , Oxford University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-19-502756-6
2. Tina Gianoulis, “Doonesbury”, ''St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture'', 2002
3. Michael Kranish, Part 3: With Antiwar Role, High Visibility, ''Boston Globe'', 17 June 2003
4. The Cast, official list at Doonesbury.com
5. Jesse Walker, Doonesburied: The Decline of Garry Trudeau—and of Baby Boom Liberalism, ''Reason'' Online, July 2002
6. Nat Gertler, in The Biggest Events in Comics History: ‘Doonesbury’ Finds Mitchell ‘Guilty’, Daryl Cagle’s Professional Cartoonists Index, MSNBC
7. Ken Bode (DePauw University professor), ‘Doonesbury’ Belongs on the Editorial Page, ''Indianapolis Star'', August 19, 2005
8. Aaron Glazer, Doonesbury Delivers Satirical Satisfaction, ''The Johns Hopkins News-Letter'', March 16, 2000
9. Glazer 2006
10. “Trudeau Recalls Doonesbury China Strips” p. 22 in ''The Comics Journal'', no. 130 (July 1989).
11. Two Dozen Newspapers Omit ‘Doonesbury’ Quayle Series, ''The New York Times'', November 12, 1991
12. Anthony Marro, The Art of the Con (book review of Mark Singer’s ''Citizen K: The Deeply Weird American Journey of Brett Kimberlin''), ''Columbia Journalism Review'', March/April 1997
13. Astor, David; “Major Southern California Dailies Drop ‘Doonesbury,’ ” ''Editor & Publisher'', 13 November 1993
14. ''Doonesbury'' Daily Dose as retrieved via web.archive.org
15. Doonesbury Creator Falls for Hoax, 7 September 2001
16. Sheerly Avni, ‘Doonesbury’: Jerked Off the Funny Pages, ''Salon'', 5 September 2003
17. Bush National Guard Offer at Doonesbury.com
18. No Winner Yet in ‘Doonesbury’ Bush Search, Reuters/CNN.com, 27 February 2004
19. Joseph P. Kahn, ‘Doonesbury’ Language Gets Some Edits, ''Boston Globe'', 2 November 2004
20. Exploding Head Pays Tribute to Hunter S. Thompson, 10 March 2005
21. http://www.fisherhouse.org/inTheNews/injured_05_02_CC.shtml
22. Papers Pull ‘Doonesbury’ Over Potty Put-Down, CBC, July 26, 2005
23. My Doonesbury hell Ian Katz
24. Doonesbury@Slate Miers’ Strips
25. ''Doonesbury'' still feisty after 35 years, Associated Press, 17 November 2005

References

★ Doonesbury: A Musical Comedy, , Garry, Trudeau, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984, ISBN 0-517-05491-4

★ Trudeau, Garry, ''Doonesbury Flashbacks'' CD-ROM for Microsoft Windows. Published by Mindscape, 1995.

★ NCS Awards

External links

★ Doonesbury home page

★ Doonesbury—The Sandbox-Military Blog

★ DOONESBURY: Drawing and Quartering for Fun and Profit—''TIME Magazine'' article from 9 February 1976

★