DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

General of the Army 'Douglas MacArthur' HonGCB^[1](January 26 1880 – April 5 1964), was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and later played a prominent role in the Pacific theater of World War II, receiving the Medal of Honor. He was designated to command the invasion of Japan in November 1945, and when that was no longer necessary he officially accepted their surrender on September 2, 1945.
MacArthur oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951 and is credited for implementing far-ranging democratic changes. He led the United Nations Command forces defending South Korea in 1950–1951 against North Korea's invasion. MacArthur was removed from command by President Harry S Truman in April 1951 for insubordination relating to his failure to follow presidential directives.
He is credited with the military dictum, "In war, there is no substitute for victory." MacArthur fought in three major wars (World War I, World War II, Korean War) and was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army.

Early life and education

Douglas MacArthur was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1880 in an upstairs room of the The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal while his parents were briefly stationed there ^[2]^[3]. His parents were Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr., a recipient of the Medal of Honor, and Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur of Norfolk, Virginia. Douglas MacArthur was the grandson of jurist and politician Arthur MacArthur, Sr. He was baptized at Christ Episcopal Church in Little Rock on May 16, 1880.
In his memoir ''Reminiscences'', MacArthur wrote that his first memory was the sound of the bugle, and that he had learned to "ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed, almost before I could walk and talk."
MacArthur's father was posted to San Antonio, Texas, in 1893. There, Douglas attended West Texas Military Academy (now known as ), where he became an excellent student. MacArthur entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1898 (accompanied by his mother, who occupied a hotel suite overlooking the grounds of the Academy). An outstanding cadet, he graduated first in his 93-man class in 1903. For his prowess in sports, military training, and academic pursuit he was awarded the coveted title of the "First Captain Of The Corps Of Cadets."^[4] Only two other students in the history of West Point surpassed his achievements (Robert E. Lee being one). MacArthur became a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
During his time in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as an engineering officer, he received a poor performance rating because of his dislike for his assigned duties. This changed when he was reassigned to serve as an ''aide-de-camp'' to his father, the appointed Governor General when the Philippines were a U.S. possession. From 1904 to 1914, MacArthur was assigned to engineering duties in the
Philippines, Panama, and the United States.

Pancho Villa Expedition

MacArthur distinguished himself with several acts of personal bravery in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916–1917, including a railroad chase back to American lines, for which he was highly decorated. For these achievements, he was reassigned duty to the Army General Staff and put in charge of dealing with the National Guard Bureau within the War Department. In early 1917, prior to U.S. entry into World War I, MacArthur was elevated two grades in rank from major to full colonel and was asked to mobilize the Guard units for potential overseas war.

World War I

Brigadier General MacArthur at a French Chateau, September 1918.

During World War I MacArthur served in France as chief of staff of the 42nd ("Rainbow") Division. Upon his promotion to Brigadier General he became the commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade. A few weeks before the war ended, he became division commander. During the war, MacArthur received two Distinguished Service Crosses, seven Silver Stars, a Distinguished Service Medal, and two Purple Hearts.
Douglas MacArthur made it his policy to "lead... men from the front". Because of this policy, and the fact that he usually refused to wear a gas mask while the rest of his men would, he had respiratory problems the rest of his life. Still, he was the most decorated officer of the war, and General Charles T. Menoher once said that he was the "greatest fighting man" in the army. However, because of his risktaking, he was also taken to task at times by his superior officers, including General John "Black Jack" Pershing, the American Expeditionary Force commander, who was very concerned about his best field commander. MacArthur, however, felt that he was being singled out because of his heroics and became hypersensitive to Pershing in later years because of his being "chewed out".

Post World War I

MacArthur had a difficult time finding a full-time position in the Army, like many World War I officers. This devastated him. However, he was permitted to retain his war-time rank, unlike many others who reverted to their lesser permanent ranks. He used all of his father's connections as well as his own in his search for a suitable assignment. One offer included becoming military attaché to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He kept his rank after the war primarily because of the support of Army Chief of Staff General Peyton March. In 1919 MacArthur became superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, which had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform. MacArthur ordered drastic changes in the tactical, athletic and disciplinary systems; he modernized the curriculum, adding liberal arts, government and economics courses.
In 1922, General of the Armies John Pershing became Army Chief of Staff, and MacArthur found that his career was going to take a turn, as he was expected to perform overseas duty. From 1922 to 1930, MacArthur served two tours of duty in the Philippines, the second as commander of the Philippine Department (1928–1930); he also served two tours as commander of corps areas in the states. In 1925, he was promoted to major general, the youngest officer of that rank at the time, and served on the court martial that convicted Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. In 1928, he headed the U.S. Olympic Committee for the Amsterdam games.

Marriages

General MacArthur was married twice. His first marriage was to Mrs. Henrietta Louise Cromwell Brookson on February 14, 1922, the divorced wife of Walter Brooks, Jr., and stepdaughter of Edward T. Stotesbury, a wealthy Philadelphia banker. She obtained a divorced from him in 1929 on the ground that he had failed to support her. She later married Lionel Atwill and died in August 1973. (Her brother James H.R. Cromwell was the husband of Doris Duke)
MacArthur was married to Jean Marie Faircloth of Murfreesboro, Tenn., April 30, 1937. She was born December 28, 1898 in Nashville, Tennessee and died January 22, 2000), and was a socialite and philanthropist. She attended Ward-Belmont College. They remained married until the general's death in 1964. In her later years she often gave speeches on her late husband's military career. She died at the age of 101 of natural causes on in New York City.
Their only child, Arthur, was born in Manila on Feb. 21, 1938. Arthur graduated from Columbia University in 1961.

Bonus Army

His most controversial act came in 1932, when Hoover ordered him to disperse the "Bonus Army" of veterans who were in the capital protesting against the government. MacArthur was criticized for using tear gas, tanks, cavalry with sabers drawn, and infantry with fixed bayonets to disperse the protesters. According to MacArthur, the demonstration had been taken over by communists and pacifists with, he claimed, only "one man in 10 being veterans." Two veterans were fatally shot, two infants died of gas asphyxiation, and hundreds were injured.

Chief of Staff

President Franklin D. Roosevelt renewed MacArthur's appointment as Chief of Staff during the Great Depression. By the time MacArthur finished his tour as Chief of Staff in October 1935, the army ranked 16th in size among the world's armies, with 13,000 officers and 126,000 enlisted men. MacArthur's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans, the establishment of a mobile general headquarters air force, and a four-army reorganization which improved administrative efficiency. He supported the New Deal by enthusiastically operating the Civilian Conservation Corps (although, as an outspoken reactionary, he often had bitter disagreements with the New Dealers). He brought along many talented mid-career officers, including George C. Marshall, and Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, MacArthur made enemies of many members of the Roosevelt administration and clashed with the President at times, because of his strong opinions. Following his retirement, he reverted to his permanent grade of major general and accepted an offer in the Philippines.

Field Marshal of the Philippine Army

When the Commonwealth of the Philippines achieved semi-independent status in 1935, President of the Philippines Manuel L. Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. As a general, MacArthur elected not to retire and remained on the active list as a major general, and with Roosevelt's approval MacArthur accepted the assignment. MacArthur had been friends with Quezon when his father was Governor General. MacArthur had two conditions for taking the job: both his salary and his housing was to be equal to that of the president. He felt justified in this since the house that Quezon was using had been the one Douglas had known as a child, Malacanang Palace. The palace has been the home of the Spanish Governor General, the American Governor General and all Philippine Presidents to the present day. In addition, MacArthur was given the rank of "Field Marshal of the Philippine Army" (and is the senior officer on the rolls of the Philippine Army today—he is also the only American military officer to hold the rank of field marshal).
It was decided to house MacArthur in a suite at the world-famous Manila Hotel. The hotel was owned by the Philippine government. It was on Manila Bay across the park from the Army and Navy Club, MacArthur's favorite haunt. It was conveniently near the United States embassy. Government accountants decided that the best way to handle the cost of the suite was to make MacArthur a hotel employee entitled to housing. MacArthur was given the honorary title of "General Manager." MacArthur ignored the honorary status and took control of hotel management while he lived there. The MacArthur Suite still exists in the hotel. Although Manila was one of the cities most devastated by Japanese bombs in World War II, the hotel remained intact. MacArthur's suite was occupied by the highest ranking military officer in the islands. MacArthur gave the same order to American pilots when the Philippines were retaken.
MacArthur heavily invested in Philippine mining and industry. Before the Philippine National Bank in New York City closed after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, MacArthur was able to sell all of his holdings and convert all of his pesos to dollars.
Among MacArthur's assistants as Military Adviser to the Commonwealth of the Philippines was Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Some years later, Eisenhower was asked if he knew MacArthur. He replied, "Know him? I studied dramatics under him for seven years!")

A replica of Douglas MacArthur's Philippine field marshal cap

When MacArthur retired from the U.S. Army in 1937, his rank for retirement purposes again became that of a general, and he was made a Field Marshal of the Philippine Army by President Quezon. In July 1941 Roosevelt recalled him to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general and named him commander of United States Armed Forces in the Far East promoting him to a lieutenant general the following day. In December, he became a four star general yet again when the Japanese attacked across a wide front in the Pacific.

World War II

Main articles: World War II

After the United States entered World War II, MacArthur became Allied commander in the Philippines. He "courted controversy" on several occasions, especially when he over-ruled his air commander, General Lewis H. Brereton, who had requested permission to launch air attacks by the U.S. Far East Air Force (FEAF) against Japanese bases on nearby Taiwan, in keeping with a prewar plan. MacArthur refused, contrary to his express orders,^[5]^[6] and instead demanded the planes be moved to save them from Japanese attacks; half, while refueling, were caught and destroyed,^[7] the prelude to a Japanese invasion. Some discredit Brereton's account of these events, and Geoffrey Perret's biography, ''Old Soldiers Never Die'', lays out the case for negligence on the part of mid-level officers, who simply preferred the scenery at Clark Air Base. Others, such as biographer Alan Schom, claim that MacArthur secluded himself for several hours after being notified of the Pearl Harbor attack and refused to meet with or authorize Brereton to disperse the U.S. planes.^[8]
One of MacArthur's biggest mistakes was the defense of Luzon. The General Staff had before the war determined that defense was impractical. So, the plan for an invasion in force by the Japanese was to execute an orderly pull back of all forces (with their supplies) to the impregnable fortress on the Bataan peninsula. MacArthur, however, when faced with the Japanese invasion, threw out the plan because he thought he could defeat the Japanese on the field. The Japanese, though, repeatedly outflanked his forces by taking to the sea and skipping around them. Eventually, the U.S. forces fled to the Bataan fortress without the supplies they needed. After a resistance lasting many months, they were forced to surrender because they simply ran out of food.
Despite MacArthur's defense of his decisions prior to the Japanese invasion of the Philippines and the public face put his retreat, criticism of his actions followed him throughout the war. For example, in 1945, U.S. President Harry S Truman, contemplating a final invasion of Japan, wrote:
:''Mr. Prima Donna, if you don't think Hobie is really beastly, you are not a beast. Brass Hat, Five Star MacArthur. He's worse than the Cabots and the Lodges—they at least talked with one another before they told God what to do. Mac tells God right off. It's a very great pity we have stuffed shirts like that in key positions. I don't see why in hell Roosevelt didn't order Wainwright home and let MacArthur be a martyr. We'd have had a real General and a fighting man if we had Wainwright and not a play actor and a bunco man such as we have now.^[9]
MacArthur's headquarters during the Philippines campaign of 1941–1942 was on the island fortress of Corregidor; his single trip to the front lines in Bataan led to the disparaging moniker and ditty, "Dugout Doug." Nevertheless, MacArthur's fortress was clearly marked and was the target of Japanese air attacks, until Manuel Quezon cautioned MacArthur "not to subject himself to danger." In March 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Melbourne, Australia, after Quezon had already left. With his wife, four-year-old son, and a select group of advisers and subordinate military commanders, MacArthur at last fled the Philippines on ''PT 41'' commanded by Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley, and successfully evaded an intense Japanese search for him.

MacArthur visiting the Australian House of Representatives in March 1942.

MacArthur reached Mindanao on March 13 and boarded a B-17 Flying Fortress bomber three days later; on March 17, he arrived at Batchelor Airfield in Australia's Northern Territory, about 60 miles (100 km) south of Darwin, before flying to Alice Springs where he took the Ghan railway through the Australian outback to Adelaide. His famous speech, in which he said "I came out of Bataan and I shall return", was made at Terowie, South Australia, on March 20. During this period, President Quezon decorated MacArthur with the Philippine Distinguished Conduct Star.
For his leadership of the defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. Arthur and Douglas MacArthur are the first father and son to be awarded a Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded one posthumously for his service during the Spanish American War. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. had won one for his service during World War II.
MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Australian Prime Minister John Curtin put MacArthur in command of the Australian military, which — following the isolation of the Philippines — was numerically larger than MacArthur's American forces. The Allied forces under his command included a small number of personnel from the Netherlands East Indies and other countries. One of MacArthur's first tasks was to reassure Australians, who feared a Japanese invasion. The fighting at this time was predominantly in and around New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. On July 20, 1942, SWPA headquarters was moved to Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, taking over the AMP Insurance Society building (later known as MacArthur Central).
Australian successes at the Battle of Milne Bay and the Kokoda Track campaign came in late 1942, the first victories by Allied land forces anywhere against the Japanese. When it was reported the U.S. 32nd Division, an inexperienced National Guard unit, had proved incompetent in the Allied offensive against Buna and Gona, the major Japanese beachheads in northeastern New Guinea, MacArthur told U.S. I Corps commander, Robert L. Eichelberger, to assume direct control of Allied operations:
:''Bob, I'm putting you in command at Buna. Relieve Harding ... I want you to remove all officers who won't fight. Relieve regimental and battalion commanders; if necessary, put sergeants in charge of battalions and corporals in charge of companies ... Bob, I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive ... And that goes for your chief of staff, too.'' ^[10]
The Allied land forces commander, General Thomas Blamey, did not want the U.S. 41st Division, another inexperienced National Guard unit, to reinforce the Gona assault, and requested instead that the Australian 21st Brigade be sent, as "he knew they would fight".^[11] Nevertheless, a regiment of the 41st Division was sent to Gona.
In March 1943, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved MacArthur's grand strategy, known as Operation Cartwheel, which aimed to capture the major Japanese base at Rabaul by taking strategic points to use as forward bases. During 1944 this was modified to bypass Rabaul and let the forces there "wither on the vine," Initially, the majority of his land forces were Australian, but increasing numbers of U.S. military forces arrived in the theater, including Marines, the Sixth Army (Alamo Force), and later the Eighth Army. In addition, he drew in significant numbers of submarines, deployed on so-called "guerrilla submarine" missions,^[12] and away from attacks on Japanese commerce.^[13]
MacArthur's use of air power during the New Guinea campaign is considered by many historians as the first harnessing of air power to influence land warfare. His advancement of land forces up the 1,500 mile (2,400 km) coast was sequenced specifically on terrain selected for its ability to be made into landing strips for the tactical support aircraft. By advancing in leaps always within the range of his fighter-bombers (typically P-38 Lightnings), he could maintain air superiority over his land operations. This provided critical close air support (bombing of enemy positions) and also denied the enemy of sea and airborne resupply, effectively cutting the Japanese forces off as they were under attack. Modern land warfare is based on this concept, first perfected by MacArthur's chief of air forces, USAAF Gen George Kenney.^[14]^[15]

General MacArthur returns to the Phillipines.

Allied forces under MacArthur's command landed at Leyte Island, on October 20, 1944, fulfilling MacArthur's vow to return to the Philippines. They consolidated their hold on the archipelago in the Battle of Luzon after heavy fighting, and despite a massive Japanese naval counterattack in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. With the reconquest of the islands, MacArthur moved his headquarters to Manila, where he announced his plan for the invasion of Japan in late 1945. The invasion was preempted by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in September 1945 MacArthur received the formal Japanese surrender, which ended World War II.
MacArthur was promoted to the new rank of General of the Army on December 18, 1944. His first set of 5-star General of the Army insignia was made in December 1944 by a Filipino jeweler from melted-down silver coins from the U.S., Philippines, United Kingdom, Australia and the Netherlands, the countries that had troops under his command at the time.
Philippine President Sergio Osmeña also decorated him with the Philippines' highest military award, the Medal of Valor.

Post-World War II Japan

Main articles: Occupied Japan

General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito

MacArthur was ordered on August 29 to exercise authority through the Japanese government machinery, including Emperor Hirohito.^[16] Some believe MacArthur may have made his greatest contribution to history in the next five and a half years, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan.
However, some historians criticize his work to exonerate Emperor Showa and all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as prince Chichibu, prince Asaka, prince Takeda and prince Higashikuni from criminal prosecutions.^[17] As soon as November 26 1945, MacArthur confirmed to admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. ^[18] MacArthur exonerated Hirohito and ignored the advice of many members of the imperial family and Japanese intellectuals who publicly asked for the abdication of the Emperor and the implementation of a regency. For example, prince Mikasa (Takahito), Hirohito's youngest brother, even stood up in a meeting of the private council, in February 1946, and urged his brother to take responsibility for defeat while the well-known poet Tatsuji Miyoshi wrote an essay in the magazine ''Shinchô'' titled "The Emperor should abdicate quickly."^[19]
According to historian Herbert Bix, "MacArthur and Bonner Fellers had worked out their own approach to occupying and reforming Japan."^[20] "MacArthur, in short, formulated no new policy toward the Emperor; he merely continued the one in effect during the last year of the Pacific war, then threw out its implications as circumstances changed."^[21] The plan, code-named "Operation Blacklist", turned on separating Hirohito from the militarists, retaining him as a figurehead and using his image to bring about a transformation of the Japanese people.^[22]
According to Bix, "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, Mac Arthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo"^[23] Citing the debates between Truman, Eisenhower and MacArthur, Bix argues that "immediately on landing in Japan, Bonner Fellers went to work to protect Hirohito from the role he had played during and at the end of the war." and "allowed the major war criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment"^[24]
According to John Dower, "This successful campaign to absolve the Emperor of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal. He was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war." "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor."^[25]
For his admirers, MacArthur's deeper feelings toward defeated Japan can be readily seen in the photos of the surrender ceremony where the flag of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794–1858) was prominently displayed. A descendant of the Massachusetts Perry family and a cousin of the commodore, MacArthur must have seen himself as a second "opener" of Japan rather than the nation's conqueror. MacArthur and his GHQ staff helped a devastated Japan rebuild itself, institute a democratic government, and chart a course that made Japan one of the world's leading industrial powers. The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction, and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948. In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and reduced the emperor to a figurehead; this constitution remains in use in Japan to this day. He also pushed the Japanese Diet into adopting a decentralization plan to break apart the large Japanese companies (zaibatsu) and foster the first Japanese labor unions.
These reconstruction plans alarmed many in the U.S. Defense and State Departments, believing they conflicted with the prospect of Japan (and its industrial capacity) as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia.^[9] Some of MacArthur's reforms, such as his labor laws, were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. MacArthur handed over power to the newly-formed Japanese government in 1949 and remained in Japan until relieved by President Truman on April 11, 1951. Truman replaced SCAP leader MacArthur with General Matthew Ridgway of the U.S. Army. By 1952, Japan was a sovereign nation under the democratic constitution MacArthur had pushed for, which had been in effect since 1947.
In late 1945, Allied military commissions tried 4,000 Japanese officers for war crimes. About 3,000 were given prison terms and 920 executed; the charges included the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March, and the sack of Manila. Critics claim that General Yamashita Tomoyuki, Japanese commander in the Philippines, had lost control of his soldiers and should not have been executed. In fact those responsible were under orders from Count Hisaichi Terauchi. Ultimately, because he failed to resign his post, his command responsibility was found to impose liability for the actions of Japanese troops; this case has become a precedent known as the Yamashita Standard. The same standard was applied to the case of General Homma who was also tried and hanged for atrocities during the Death March in Bataan. In fact, General Homma was then leading troops to capture Corregidor. PBS once called the trials "hasty".^[27]
At the end of the war MacArthur secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on biological weapons. As a result, only one reference to Japanese experiments with "poisonous serums" on Chinese civilians was heard by the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal in August of 1946. This was actioned by David Sutton, assistant to the Chinese prosecutor.
MacArthur's proposed strategy for winning the Cold War was to adopt a "Fortress America" defense strategy focused on protecting the Western Hemisphere similar to the policies advocated by isolationists such as Robert Taft, combined with a policy of foreign aid to all countries resisting Communism (in Asia as well as Europe). Like Senator Taft, Gen. MacArthur strongly opposed NATO.

Korean War

Main articles: Korean War

In 1945, as part of the surrender of Japan, the United States agreed with the Soviet Union to divide the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel north. This resulted in the creation of two states: the western-aligned Republic of Korea (ROK) (often referred to as "South Korea"), and the Soviet-aligned and communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) (generally referred to as "North Korea"). After the surprise attack by the DPRK military on June 25, 1950, started the Korean War, the United Nations General Assembly authorized a United Nations (UN) force to help South Korea. MacArthur led the UN coalition defense and later counteroffensive, noted for a daring and overwhelmingly successful amphibious landing behind North Korean lines in the Battle of Inchon. The maneuver successfully outflanked the North Korean army, forcing it to retreat northward in disarray. United Nations forces pursued the DPRK forces, eventually approaching the Yalu River border with China.
On November 19, 1950, with the DPRK forces largely destroyed, Chinese military forces crossed the Yalu River, routing the UN forces and forcing them on a long retreat. Calling the Chinese intervention the beginning of "an entirely new war," MacArthur repeatedly requested authorization to strike supplies, troops, and airplanes in Manchuria with conventional weapons and also requested permission to deploy nuclear weapons in North Korea. The Truman administration feared that such an action would greatly escalate the war into full-scale conflict with China and possibly draw the Soviet Union into the conflict. Angered by Truman's desire to maintain a "limited war," MacArthur began issuing statements to the press, warning them of a crushing defeat.
In March 1951, after a UN counterattack commanded by Matthew B. Ridgway again turned the tide of the war in the UN's favor, Truman alerted MacArthur of his intention to initiate cease-fire talks. Such news ended any hopes the general had retained of leading a full-scale war against China, and MacArthur quickly issued his own ultimatum to China. MacArthur's declaration threatened the expansion of the war and was similar to the recommendations the Joint Chiefs made to Truman. Although this completely ruined any hope for a cease-fire, he received a mild rebuke.^[28] Truman apparently had enough when the Republican leader in the House (Joseph W. Martin) read a letter from MacArthur that made public the views he had been pressing on Washington, but Truman decided to wait for the Joint Chiefs. By April the Joint Chiefs decided MacArthur had to go for military reasons—they had lost confidence in his strategy^[29], whereupon Truman moved. As Bernstein has argued, MacArthur never challenged the constitutional separation of powers.^[30]
On April 11, 1951, President Truman relieved General MacArthur of his military command, leading to a storm of controversy. General Matthew B. Ridgway replaced MacArthur. The war continued at a stalemate for two additional years with thousands of casualties near the 38th parallel.

Return to America

MacArthur returned to Washington, D.C. (his first time in the continental U.S. in 11 years), where he made his last public appearance in a farewell address to the U.S. Congress, interrupted by thirty ovations.^[31] In his closing speech, he recalled: "Old soldiers never die; they just fade away." "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away — an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye."
On his return from Korea, after his relief by Truman, MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for the presidency as a Republican in the 1952 election. However, a U.S. Senate Committee investigation of his removal, chaired by Richard Russell, contributed to a marked cooling of the public mood, and hopes for a MacArthur presidential run died away. MacArthur, in ''Reminiscences'', repeatedly stated he had no political aspirations.

1952 to death

In the 1952 Republican presidential nomination contest, MacArthur was not a candidate and instead endorsed Senator Robert Taft of Ohio.James 3: 648–652; rumors were rife Taft offered the vice presidential nomination to MacArthur. Taft did persuade MacArthur to be the keynote speaker at the convention. The speech was not well received. Taft lost the nomination to Dwight Eisenhower; MacArthur was silent during the campaign, which Eisenhower won by a landslide. Once elected, Eisenhower consulted with MacArthur and adopted his suggestion of threatening the use of nuclear weapons to end the war.^[32]
In 1956, U.S. Senator Joseph Martin introduced a proposal to elevate MacArthur to six star rank; however, this caused issues with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the issue died within the U.S. Senate. MacArthur became head of Remington Rand Corporation and spent the remainder of his life in New York. He made a spectacular "sentimental journey" to the Philippines in 1961, when he was decorated by President Carlos P. Garcia with the Philippine Legion of Honor, rank of Chief Commander.
President John F. Kennedy solicited MacArthur's counsel in 1961. The first of two meetings was shortly after the Bay of Pigs Invasion. MacArthur was extremely critical of the Pentagon and its military advice to Kennedy. MacArthur also cautioned the young President to avoid a U.S. military build-up in Vietnam, pointing out domestic problems should be given a much greater priority.

MacArthur Memorial

MacArthur Grave

MacArthur and his second wife, Jean Faircloth, spent the last years of their life together in the penthouse of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. After his death Jean continued to live in the penthouse until her death. The couple are entombed together in downtown Norfolk, Virginia; their burial site is in the rotunda of a memorial building/museum (formerly the Norfolk City Hall) dedicated to his memory, and there is a major shopping mall (MacArthur Center) named for him across the street from the memorial. According to the museum, General MacArthur chose to be buried in Norfolk because of his mother's ancestral ties to the city.
MacArthur wanted his family to remember him for more than being a soldier. He said, "By profession I am a soldier and take pride in that fact. But I am prouder—infinitely prouder—to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battle but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, 'Our Father who art in heaven."^[33]
MacArthur's nephew, Douglas MacArthur II (a son of his brother Arthur) served as a diplomat for several years, including the post of Ambassador to Japan and several other countries.
In 1945, MacArthur gave his treasured Gold Castles insignia, a personal possession, to his chief engineer, Major General Leif J. Sverdrup. They are currently worn by the Chief of Engineers as a tradition.

Legacy

Places named after MacArthur

★ The Douglas MacArthur Academy of Freedom, an extension of Howard Payne University in Brownwood, Texas, is named for the general. It has a life-size statue of MacArthur in front of the building. Douglas MacArthur's Medal of Honor is on permanent display in the MacArthur Gallery, along with a collection of MacArthur's effects, including swords from the Philippines and Japan, a collection of his pipes, and other personal belongings.

★ Two towns in the Philippines are named after him:MacArthur, Leyte, and General MacArthur, Eastern Samar.

★ The highway that spans from Kalookan, Metro Manila to as far as La Union in the Philippines is named after MacArthur. It is now aptly called "MacArthur Highway."

★ The large MacArthur Central plaza in downtown Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named after Douglas MacArthur and has as its logo the five stars of his rank. The MacArthur Museum [1], which was opened to the public in 2004, is located within the MacArthur Central building.

★ A statue of MacArthur built at Inchon Harbor in South Korea in 1957 has become a site of contention between some civic groups who consider him a war criminal whose statue should be removed, and some veteran groups who consider him a hero and symbol of all Korean and UN forces who died.[2] Skirmishes between the two groups have forced the Korean government to protect the statue with troops. In November 2006, a MacArthur Statue protest leader was arrested.^[34]

★ There are two bridges and one road named after MacArthur in Taiwan, becoming one of the only three foreigners who have had a landmark named after them, the other two being Franklin Roosevelt and George Leslie Mackay. The road is located in Taipei, although it is renamed now. The other two bridges remain.

★ MacArthur Boulevard in Maryland and Washington, D.C. is named in his honor. It runs from Great Falls Park in Potomac, Maryland, into the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.

★ Though there is a deviation in the spelling, McArthur Avenue in St. Louis, Missouri is named after General MacArthur. It runs from Goodfellow Boulevard to Darby Street.

★ MacArthur Park located in western Los Angeles, California is named after General MacArthur. The park was also the basis of the song of the same name written by Jimmy Webb.

★ A street, MacArthur Boulevard, and a section of Interstate 580 in Oakland, California, is named after him. A local BART rapid transit station in Oakland is named after its location atop the street and in the freeway median. The tunnel south of the Golden Gate Bridge on Highway 1 where it passes through the Presidio in San Francisco is named after him.

★ There is a national guard base and section of highway named for MacArthur in North Little Rock, Arkansas, as well as a park in Little Rock, Arkansas.

★ Douglas MacArthur High School in Levittown, New York, was named after the general.

★ Douglas MacArthur Fundamental Intermediate School is located in Santa Ana, California, this was also named after the General.

★ Irving, Texas is home to MacArthur High School, which is also on MacArthur Boulevard. The southern part of town is home to Nimitz High School, making Irving the only city with high schools named after the two highest-ranking WWII leaders.

★ MacArthur Elementary-Intermediate School in El Paso, Texas is named after Douglas MacArthur.

★ MacArthur Drive, is an 8-mile (13 km) long multilane bypass around the western side of Alexandria, Louisiana. Throughout, it bears US 71 and in places the additional road numbers for US 165, US 167, and LA 28. Until the 1992 closure of England Air Force Base, MacArthur Drive helped connect it with Camp Beauregard, which lies northeast of Alexandria and is a major facility for the Louisiana National Guard.

★ Long Island MacArthur Airport is located in Islip, New York

★ A major upscale shopping mall, MacArthur Center named for him across the street from the MacArthur memorial and burial site in Norfolk, Virginia.

★ MacArthur Boulevard is a major highway in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and terminates at the Federal Aviation Administration training academy there.

★ MacArthur High school in Lawton, OK

Controversies

MacArthur is viewed as a controversial figure. His handling of Japan after World War II led to Japan's economic transformation and was generally applauded. However, the fact he chose to protect some major leaders of the showa regime in World War II is sometimes criticized. Also, his actions during the Korean War remain highly controversial. MacArthur had a son, born Arthur MacArthur IV, who changed his surname so he could live anonymously as a saxophonist and artist in the New York area. Some claim that he declined to confer medals on to several US Marine Corps Units in theater in the Philippines by simply stating "The Marines have enough medals." The very fact that his air force commander was not granted permission to attack forward Japanese Air Installations is very controversial as are actions by several members of his staff. A clear example was the continued resistance of men under Col. Wendell Fertig, who continued the fight against the Japanese Occupation. While Fertig would lead a mixed force of 40,000 Filipino and American troops, MacArthur and his staff made sure he was left from most if not all of the credit for successfully operating the guerilla force in the face of the Japanese hold of the Philippines. Colonel Fertig for his part would leave the US Army later yet be a great mentor to members of the US Army Special Forces, the Green Berets.
MacArthur is a controversial figure in Australia because of his performance in the Kokoda Track campaign and Battle of Buna-Gona, and his disrespect for Australian troops at the time.^[35]
His reputation for self-promotion has earned him many detractors. "MacArthur's Communiqué was criticized, ridiculed, or lamented by many. Most critics fail to understand that MacArthur did not write the communiqué for the benefit of the troops, the press or the politicians in Canberra, London and Washington. He wrote it for the American public, whose opinion could influence political forces in decisions of strategic planning and control. He wrote his communiqué to focus the attention of the American people on SWPA and its needs... To interpret the communiqué, and all other aspects of MacArthur's activities, in terms of pure, unrestrained ego is a gross oversimplification and underestimation of the General's complex character and of his intellectual capacity."^[36] MacArthur's public pressure campaign to improve Washington's logistical support for the Pacific War was somewhat successful, and combined with the influence of his sometime rival Admiral Ernest King, MacArthur's efforts were largely responsible for the increased diversion of resources to the Pacific by 1943.^[37]

Summary of service

West Point

★ June 13, 1899 – appointed as a Cadet at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.

★ 1900: Is the victim of hazing and becomes involved in a serious scandal where one Cadet is left dead by upperclassman abuse. During the investigation he implicates only cadets who were already expelled from West Point or had previously confessed

★ June 1903 – Graduates first in his class, commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers

Early career

★ June 1903: Serves with the 3rd Battalion of Engineers in the Philippine Islands.

★ 1904: Assigned to the California Debris Commission.

★ April 1904: Promoted to First Lieutenant, becomes acting Chief Engineering Officer for the Army Pacific Division based in San Francisco, California

★ October 1904: Reports to Tokyo, Japan to serve as an aide to his father (Major General Arthur MacArthur, Jr.) in the Far East

★ December 1906: Serves as aide-de-camp to President Theodore Roosevelt

★ August 1907: Attends the "Engineering School of Application" in Washington, DC

★ February 1908: Assigned as the Officer-in-Charge (OIC), Improvements Commission, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

★ April 1908: Appointed as Commanding Officer, Company K, 3rd Battalion of Engineers. Later that year becomes an instructor at the Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kansas

★ April 1909: Becomes Quartermaster for the 3rd Battalion of Engineers

★ February 1911: Promoted to Captain and serves as the Officer-in-Charge of the Engineering Depot at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

★ November 1912: Assigned to the General Staff Corps, for duty as a Member and Recorder of the Board of Engineering Troops

★ April 1913: Appointed as Superintendent of State, War, and Navy Buildings as a member of the General Staff

★ April 1914: Becomes the Assistant Engineering Officer of the military expedition to Veracruz, Mexico

★ December 1915: Promoted to Major, serves as an Engineering Officer on the Army General Staff

★ August 1917: Advanced to the temporary rank of Colonel in the National Army. Reports to Camp Mill, Long Island, New York to begin forming the 42nd Infantry Division.

World War I

★ 1917 – 1918: Becomes Chief of Staff of the 42nd Infantry Division and is credited with naming it the "Rainbow Division". Joins the American Expeditionary Force bound for France

★ June 1918: Appointed a Brigadier General in the National Army and in August is appointed as Commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade.

★ 1918 – 1919: Cited for extreme battlefield bravery and also is wounded in combat and gassed by the enemy. Was known for personally leading troops into battle, often without a weapon of his own. Begins to develop a negative relationship with General of the Armies John Pershing, after feeling that Pershing is wasting the lives of his troops with bad military tactics.

★ May 1919: Returns to the United States a hero, but is distraught over the lack of recognition his Rainbow Division receives for actions in France.

Inter-war years

★ June 1919: Becomes the Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point

★ February 1920: Reverts to peacetime rank, but is one of the few officers who does not lose his World War I position. Becomes a brigadier general in the Regular Army. Receives a negative evaluation report from Pershing, now Chief of Staff, who ranks Macarthur 38 out of 45 generals and states that MacArthur has an "exalted view of himself and should remain in his present grade for several years".

★ October 1922: Becomes Commanding General, District of Manila, in the Philippines

★ July 1923: While still serving as District of Manila Commander, also becomes Commander of the 23rd Infantry Brigade

★ January 1925: Promoted to Major General, becoming the youngest two-star general in the U.S. Army. Returns to the United States to become a Corps Commander

★ May 1925: Assigned as IVth Area Corps Commander, U.S. Army, encompassing areas of Atlanta and Georgia

★ 1926 – 1927: Serves as 3rd Corps Commander, based in Baltimore, Maryland

★ 1928: Leads the US Olympic Team to Amsterdam and is then assigned as the Commanding General, Philippine Department, based in Manila.

★ October 1930: Becomes the commander of the Ninth Corps Area based in San Francisco, California

★ November 21, 1930: Appointed as a full General and becomes Chief of Staff of the United States Army

★ June 1932: Presides over the destruction of the "Bonus Army", deemed a low point of his tenure as Army Chief of Staff

★ October 1935: Completes his tour as Chief of Staff and declines retirement from the Army. Per Army regulations, reverts to his permanent rank of Major General and becomes the Chief Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines

★ December 31, 1937: Decides to retire from the United States Army. He reverts back to the rank of General for listing on the U.S. Army retired rolls

★ 1937 – 1941: Civilian adviser to the Philippine Government on military matters. Is appointed a Field Marshal in the Philippine Army, the only American officer in history accorded with that rank. Begins wearing the cap which is so often associated with him, that being a Field Marshal cover with U.S. Army crest

★ April 1937: marries Jean Faircloth

★ February 21, 1938: Arthur MacArthur IV is born

World War II

MacArthur surveys the Leyte beachhead in 1944

★ July 26, 1941: Recalled to active service in the United States Army as a Major General

★ July 27, 1941: Appointed Lieutenant General in the Army of the United States and becomes Commanding General of USAFFE (United States Army Forces in the Far East)

★ December 1941: Japanese invade the Philippines

★ December 1941: promoted to General in the Army of the United States

★ December 1941–May 1942; Allied forces retreat to Bataan and Corregidor

★ February–March 1942: Roosevelt orders MacArthur to leave the Philippines and base in himself in Australia; on March 20, in Terowie, South Australia, MacArthur promises, "I came out of Bataan and I shall return."

★ 1942: MacArthur is appointed Supreme Allied Commander, South West Pacific Area. Australian Prime Minister John Curtin gives MacArthur control of the Australian military, which commences the New Guinea campaign.

★ 1943: MacArthur implements Operation Cartwheel, the Joint Chiefs of Staff plan to isolate the major Japanese base at Rabaul.

★ 1943 – 1944: argues with the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding reconquest of the Philippine Islands. Chiefs propose bypass; MacArthur appeals to President Roosevelt.

★ October 1944: U.S forces land at Leyte and begins reconquest of Philippines

★ December 1944: Promoted to the newly created rank of five star General of the Army becoming second highest ranking active duty officer of the U.S. Army, second only to George Marshall

★ 1944 – 1945: Due to logistics issues the Joint Chiefs decided to invade the Philippine Islands. MacArthur again must fight to convince his superiors to invade the entire Philippine Islands, whereas initial plans call for only an invasion of the south. The Joint Chiefs at last agreed that MacArthur is to invade the Philippine Islands at Leyte Gulf and strike toward Manila.

★ February 5, 1945: MacArthur fulfills his promise to return and liberates Manila

★ Summer 1945: in Manila to plan invasions of Japan in October, 1945. Is stunned when the atomic bomb ends the war abruptly, quoted that "this apparatus will make men like me obsolete".

★ September, 1945: Presides over the Japanese surrender ceremony and is appointed military governor of Japanese home islands. Threatens the Soviet Union with armed conflict should Red Army soldiers attempt to occupy any part of Japan.

Occupation of Japan

★ December 15, 1945: Orders the end of Shinto as the state religion of Japan

★ 1945 – 1948: Begins sweeping reforms, drafts a new constitution for Japan, and puts an end to centuries of Emperor god-worship.

Korean War

★ July 8, 1950: Following the invasion of North Korea into South Korea, MacArthur is named Commander of all United Nations forces in Korea.

★ July 31, 1950: Travels to Taiwan and conducts diplomacy with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek

★ September 15 1950: Leads UN forces at the Battle of Inchon, seen as one of the greatest military maneuvers in history

★ October 15 1950: Meets with President Truman on Wake Island after heavy disagreements develop regarding the conduct of the Korean War. When meeting Truman, it is very noticeable that MacArthur does not salute his Commander-in-Chief but rather offers a handshake

★ November – December 1950: With China committed to all-out war against the US on the Korean peninsula, MacArthur advocates for the same in return against China but is prohibited. He is outraged when military leaders in Washington restrict the war to only the Korean theater, meaning that he cannot bomb even the bridges of the Yalu river over which Chinese troops, supplies, and material are streaming across. He is further restricted from bombing their bases in Manchuria. MacArthur expressed his outrage later, saying that "The order not to bomb the Yalu bridges was the most indefensible and ill-conceived decision ever forced on a field commander in our nation's history."

★ April 11, 1951: After several public criticisms of White House policy in Korea, which were seen as undercutting the Commander-in-Chief's position, Harry Truman removes MacArthur from command and orders him to return to the United States. Some suggest Truman may have exchanged MacArthur for a sound nuclear policy in Korea since he did not trust "Brass Hat MacArthur" with nuclear weapons. Some disagree with this, however, since (as David Horowitz noted in ''The Free World Colossus'') MacArthur later came out against Truman's use of the bomb against Japan and there seems to be no concrete evidence of a major change in his views.

★ April 19, 1951: At a farewell address before the United States Congress, MacArthur gives his famous "Old Soldiers Never Die" speech [3]

★ May 1951: Retires a second time from the U.S. Army, but is listed as permanently on active duty due to the regulations regarding those who hold Five Star General rank. For administrative reasons, he is assigned ''in absentee'' to the Office of the Army Chief of Staff

Later life

★ 1952: Allows name to be placed on primary ballots for Republican nomination, but does not campaign or announce as a candidate. Senator Robert Taft promises supporters to name MacArthur as candidate for Vice President, but Taft loses nomination to Eisenhower.

★ 1955: Is considered for promotion to General of the Armies. The promotion is declined by MacArthur due to logistics involving retirement pay benefits and seniority listings within the Army.

★ May 12, 1962: Gives famous valedictory speech at West Point

★ Active in U.S. Olympic affairs

★ April 5, 1964: Douglas MacArthur dies of liver and kidney failure following gallbladder surgery at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC.

Dates of rank

''No pin insignia in 1903''	Second Lieutenant, United States Army: June 11 1903
	First Lieutenant, United States Army: April 23 1904
	Captain, United States Army: February 27 1911
	Major, United States Army: December 11 1915
	Colonel, National Army: August 5 1917
	Brigadier General, National Army: June 26 1918
	Brigadier General rank made permanent in the Regular Army: January 20 1920
	Major General, Regular Army: January 17 1925
	General for temporary service as Army Chief of Staff: November 21 1930
	Reverted to permanent rank of Major General, Regular Army: October 1 1935
	Retired in grade as a General on Regular Army rolls: December 31 1937
	Recalled to active service as a Major General in the Regular Army: July 26 1941
	Lieutenant General in the Army of the United States: July 27 1941
	General, Army of the United States: December 18 1941
	General of the Army, Army of the United States: December 18 1944
	General of the Army rank made permanent in the Regular Army: March 23 1946

In 1955, a bill passed by the United States Congress authorized the President of the United States to promote Douglas MacArthur to the rank of General of the Armies (a similar measure had also been proposed unsuccessfully in 1945). However, because of regulations involving retirement pay and benefits, as well as MacArthur being junior to George C. Marshall (who had not been recommended for the same promotion), MacArthur declined promotion to what may have been seen as a Six Star General.

Awards and decorations

During his military career, General MacArthur was awarded the following decorations from the United States and other allied nations. The awards listed below are those which would have been worn on a military uniform and do not include commemorative medals, unofficial decorations, and non-portable awards.

Decorations

★ Medal of Honor

★ Distinguished Service Cross with two oak leaf clusters

★ Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters

★ Navy Distinguished Service Medal

★ Silver Star six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster

★ Distinguished Flying Cross

★ Bronze Star Medal with Valor device

★ Presidential Unit Citation six oak leaf clusters, represented by one silver and one bronze oak leaf cluster

★ Air Medal

★ Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster

★ Philippine Campaign Medal

★ Mexican Service Medal

A graphical representation of Douglas MacArthur's American medals, as they would be displayed today.

★ World War I Victory Medal with five battle clasps (Aisne-Marne, Champagne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Defensive Sector)

★ Army of Occupation of Germany Medal

★ American Defense Service Medal with “Foreign Service” clasp

★ Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two silver service stars and arrowhead device

★ World War II Victory Medal

★ Army of Occupation Medal with “Japan” clasp

★ National Defense Service Medal

★ Korean Service Medal with three bronze service stars and arrowhead device

★ United Nations Service Medal

★ Command Aviator Badge

★ Army General Staff Identification Badge

★ Fourteen Overseas Service Bars

★ Expert Badge with Rifle and Pistol bars

Foreign awards

★ Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath

★ French Légion d'honneur

★ French Croix de Guerre

★ French Medaille Militaire

★ British Pacific Star

★ Philippine Medal of Valor

★ Philippine Distinguished Service Star

★ Philippine Legion of Honor, Degree of Chief Commander

★ Philippine Defense Medal with one service star

★ Philippine Liberation Medal with four service stars

★ Republic of the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation

★ Philippine Independence Medal

★ Order of the Belgium Crown

★ Belgian Croix de Guerre

★ Belgian Order of the Cross

★ Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion

★ Polish Virtuti Militari

★ Polish Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta

★ Grand Cross Netherlands Order of Orange-Nassau

★ Yugoslavian Order of the White Eagle

★ Japanese Order of the Rising Sun

★ Republic of Korean Presidential Unit Citation

★ Korean Grand Cross of the Order of Military Valour and Merit

★ Knight of Gran Cross of Military Order of Italy

★ Italian War Cross

★ Cuban Grand Cross of Military Merit

★ Ecuadorian Grand Cross Order of Abdon Calderon

★ Chinese Cordon of Pau Ting

★ Greek Medal of Honor

★ Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit

★ Hungarian Grand Cross of Military Merit

★ Order of Mexican Military Merit

★ Grand Cross Order of Romanian Military Merit

References

★ United States Army service record of Douglas MacArthur, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri

★ Duffy, Bernard K. and Ronald H. Carpenter. ''Douglas MacArthur: Warrior as Wordsmith''. Greenwood Press, 1997. ISBN 0-313-29148-9.

★ James, D. Clayton. ''The Years of MacArthur Volume I, 1880–1941'' (1970) (ISBN 0-395-10948-5); ''The Years of MacArthur: vol. 2 1941–45'' (1975); (ISBN 0-395-20446-1); ''The Years of Macarthur: Volume 3: Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964'' (1985)(ISBN 0-395-36004-8); Houghton, Mifflin. the stanadard biography

★ Leary, William M. ''MacArthur and the American Century: A Reader''. University of Nebraska Press: 2001. ISBN 0-8032-2930-5. essays by historians

★ Leary, William M. ''We Shall Return!: Macarthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945'' (1988)

★ Long, Gavin Merrick; ''MacArthur as Military Commander'' (1969)

★ Richard Lowitt; ''The Truman-MacArthur Controversy'' (1967)

★ David W. Lutz; "The Exercise Of Military Judgment: A Philosophical Investigation Of The Virtues And Vices Of General Douglas Macarthur." ''Journal Of Power And Ethics'' Vol 1, Issue: 1. 2000. pp 68+

★ MacArthur, Douglas. ''Reminiscences''. United States Naval Institute: 2001. ISBN 1-55750-483-0.

★ Manchester, William. ''American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964''. Laurel: 1983. ISBN 0-440-30424-5.

★ Perret, Geoffrey. ''Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life and Legend of Douglas MacArthur''. Random House: 1996. ISBN 0-679-42882-8.

★ Nathan Prefer; ''Macarthur's New Guinea Campaign'' (1995)

★ Eugene L. Rasor; ''General Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography'' Greenwood Press, 1994

★ Paul P. Rogers; ''The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland'' Greenwood Press. 1990, vol 1; vol 2: ''The Bitter Years: MacArthur and Sutherland'' (1991). Sutherland was MacArthur's chief of staff, and Rogers was a junior staffer

★ Rowman & Littlefield, ''General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation'', ISBN 0-7425-1115-4.

★ Schaller, Michael. ''Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General''. Replica Books: 2001. ISBN 0-7351-0354-2.

★ Howard B. Schonberger; ''Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952'' Kent State University Press. 1989.

★ Taaffe, Stephen. ''Macarthur's Jungle War: The 1944 New Guinea Campaign''. University Press of Kansas: 1998. ISBN 0-7006-0870-2.

★ Valley, David J. ''Gaijin Shogun: General Douglas MacArthur, Stepfather of Postwar Japan''. Sektor Company: 2000. ISBN 0-9678175-2-8.

★ Dennis D. Wainstock; ''Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War'' Greenwood Press, 1999

★ Weintraub, Stanley. ''MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero''. Free Press: 2000. ISBN 0-684-83419-7.

★ Robert Wolfe; ''Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952'' Southern Illinois University Press, (1984)

★ Ham, "Kokoda"; Paull, "Retreat from Kokoda"; Brune, Bastard of a Place"; Fitzsimmons "Kokoda"

External links

★ The MacArthur Memorial — The MacArthur Memorial at Norfolk, Virginia

★ The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History

★ MacArthur Museum Brisbane — The MacArthur Museum at Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

★ Obituary, NY Times, April 6, 1964 ''Commander of Armies That Turned Back Japan Led a Brigade in World War I''

★ MacArthur At Home in the Philippines — Excerpted from the Book "The Manila Hotel" by Beth Day Romulo Manila, Philippines

★ MacArthur — a site about MacArthur from PBS.

★ The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER XXIV, General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, State Funeral, 5–11 April 1964 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark

★ Streaming Audio & Downloadable MP3 of MacArthur's Farewell Address to Congress

★ WW2DB: Douglas MacArthur

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DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

Early life and education

Pancho Villa Expedition

World War I

Post World War I

Marriages

Bonus Army

Chief of Staff

Field Marshal of the Philippine Army

World War II

Post-World War II Japan

Korean War

Return to America

1952 to death

Legacy

Places named after MacArthur

Controversies

Summary of service

West Point

Early career

World War I

Inter-war years

World War II

Occupation of Japan

Korean War

Later life

Dates of rank

Awards and decorations

Decorations

Foreign awards

See also

Notes

References

External links

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