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EspañolLIST OF MONARCHS OF NORTHUMBRIA
(Redirected from Earl of Bernicia)
'Northumbria', a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. The two were first united by Aethelfrith around the year 604, and except for occasional periods of division over the subsequent century, they remained so.
The exceptions are during the brief period from 633 to 634, when Northumbria was plunged into chaos by the death of King Edwin in battle and the ruinous invasion of Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd. The unity of the Northumbrian kingdoms was restored after Cadwallon's death in battle in 634.
Another exception is a period from about the year 644 to 664, when kings ruled individually over Deira. In 651, King Oswiu had Oswine of Deira killed and replaced by Aethelwald, but Aethelwald did not prove to be a loyal sub-king, allying with the Mercian king Penda; according to Bede, Aethelwald acted as Penda's guide during the latter's invasion of Northumbria but withdrew his forces when the Mercians met the Northumbrians at the Battle of Winwaed. After the Mercian defeat at Winwaed, Aethelwald lost power and Oswiu's own son, Alchfrith, became king in his place. In 670, Aelfwine, the brother of the childless King Ecgfrith, was made king of Deira; by this point the title may have been used primarily to designate an heir. Aelfwine was killed in battle against Mercia in 679, and there was not another separate king of Deira until the time of Norse rule.
Following are 'lists' of the kings of Bernicia, Deira, and Northumbria. Note that many of their dates, particularly in the earlier period, are considered unreliable.
This was a time when spellings varied widely, even within a document. A number of variations of the details below exist. Amongst these are the preference between þ and ð (hard and soft 'th').
The character '7' was used as the ampersand '&' in contemporary Anglo-Saxon writings. The era pre-dates the emergence of forms of writing accepted today, notably minuscule, and the letters 'W' and 'U'. Where W was followed by U this was generally rendered as 'VV' (which was also used for 'W' alone).
The following were ealdormen, later earls, in Bernicia, with their capital at Bamburgh under the Norse of York. By the time of Osulf, they were ruling over all Northumbria from York under the king of England.
★ Earl of York
★ Earl of Northumberland
'Northumbria', a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. The two were first united by Aethelfrith around the year 604, and except for occasional periods of division over the subsequent century, they remained so.
The exceptions are during the brief period from 633 to 634, when Northumbria was plunged into chaos by the death of King Edwin in battle and the ruinous invasion of Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd. The unity of the Northumbrian kingdoms was restored after Cadwallon's death in battle in 634.
Another exception is a period from about the year 644 to 664, when kings ruled individually over Deira. In 651, King Oswiu had Oswine of Deira killed and replaced by Aethelwald, but Aethelwald did not prove to be a loyal sub-king, allying with the Mercian king Penda; according to Bede, Aethelwald acted as Penda's guide during the latter's invasion of Northumbria but withdrew his forces when the Mercians met the Northumbrians at the Battle of Winwaed. After the Mercian defeat at Winwaed, Aethelwald lost power and Oswiu's own son, Alchfrith, became king in his place. In 670, Aelfwine, the brother of the childless King Ecgfrith, was made king of Deira; by this point the title may have been used primarily to designate an heir. Aelfwine was killed in battle against Mercia in 679, and there was not another separate king of Deira until the time of Norse rule.
Following are 'lists' of the kings of Bernicia, Deira, and Northumbria. Note that many of their dates, particularly in the earlier period, are considered unreliable.
This was a time when spellings varied widely, even within a document. A number of variations of the details below exist. Amongst these are the preference between þ and ð (hard and soft 'th').
The character '7' was used as the ampersand '&' in contemporary Anglo-Saxon writings. The era pre-dates the emergence of forms of writing accepted today, notably minuscule, and the letters 'W' and 'U'. Where W was followed by U this was generally rendered as 'VV' (which was also used for 'W' alone).
| Contents |
| List of the Kings of Bernicia |
| List of the Kings of Deira |
| List of the Kings of Northumbria |
| Sub-Kings under Norse Kingdom of York |
| Deira under Norse York Control from 878 |
| See also |
List of the Kings of Bernicia
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ''fl.''500 | 'Esa' (Oesa) | 'ESA INGVING' CYNING 'ESA REX' BERNICIA CYNING | |
| ''fl.c.''520 | 'Eoppa' | 'EOPPA ESING' BERNICIA CYNING 'EOPPA REX' BERNICIA | |
| 547 to 559 | 'Ida' | 'IDA EOPPING' BERNICIA CYNING 'IDA REX' BERNICIA | |
| 559 to 560 | 'Glappa' (Clappa) | 'GLAPPA' BERNICIA CYNING 'GLAPPA REX' BERNICIA | |
| 560 to 568 | 'Adda' | 'ADDA IDING' BERNICIA CYNING 'ADDA REX' BERNICIA | |
| 568 to 572 | 'Æthelric' | 'ÆÞELRIC IDING' BERNICIA CYNING 'ÆÞELRIC REX' BERNICIA | |
| 572 to 579 | 'Theodric' (Deoric) | 'ÞEODRIC IDING' BERNICIA CYNING 'ÞEODRIC REX' BERNICIA | |
| 579 to 585 | 'Frithuwald' (Frithewlf) | 'FRIÞVVALD' BERNICIA CYNING 'FRIÞVVALD REX' BERNICIA | |
| 585 to 593 | 'Hussa' | 'HVSSA' BERNICIA CYNING 'HVSSA REX' BERNICIA | |
| 593 to 616 | 'Æthelfrith' | 'ÆÞELFRIÞ ÆÞELRICING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'ÆÞELFRIÞ REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | Killed in battle |
| 'Deira Dynasty' | |||
| 616 to 12/14 October 632 | 'Edwin' | 'EDVVIN ÆLLING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'EDVVIN REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | Killed in battle by Penda, King of Mercia |
| 'Bernicia Dynasty' | |||
| ''late'' 632 to 633 | 'Eanfrith' | 'EANFRIÞ ÆÞELFRIÞING' BERNICIA CYNING 'EANFRIÞ REX' BERNICIA | |
| 634 to 5 August 641 | 'Oswald' | 'OSVVALD ÆÞELFRIÞING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'OSVVALD REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald |
| ''late'' 641 to 654 | 'Oswiu' | 'OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING' BERNICIA CYNING 'OSVVIO REX' BERNICIA | Became King of united Northumbria |
List of the Kings of Deira
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 559/560 to 589 | 'Aella' (Aelli) | 'ÆLLA YFFING' DEIRA CYNING 'ÆLLA REX' DEIRA | |
| 589/599 to 604 | 'Aethelric' (Aedilric) | 'ÆÞELRIC IDING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'ÆÞELRIC REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | |
| 'Bernician Dynasty' | |||
| 593/604''?'' to 616 | 'Aethelfrith' | 'ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING' DEIRA CYNING 'ÆÞELFERÞ REX' DEIRA | Killed in battle |
| 'Deira Dynasty' | |||
| 616 to 12/14 October 632 | 'Edwin' | 'EDVVIN ÆLLING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'EDVVIN REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia |
| ''late'' 633 to summer 634 | 'Osric' | 'OSRIC ÆLFRICING' DEIRA CYNING 'OSRIC REX' DEIRA | |
| 633 to 5 August 642 | 'Oswald' | 'OSVVALD' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'OSVVALD REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald |
| 642 to 644 | 'Oswiu' | 'OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING' BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING 'OSVVIO REX' BERNICIA ET DEIRA | |
| 644 to 651 | 'Oswine' | 'OSVVINE OSRICING' DEIRA CYNING 'OSVVINE REX' DEIRA | Murdered |
| summer 651 to ''late'' 654 or 655 | 'Æthelwold' | 'ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING' DEIRA CYNING 'ÆÞELVVALD REX' DEIRA | |
| 654 to 15 August 670 | 'Oswiu ' | 'OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSVVIO REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Restored |
| 656 to 664 | 'Alchfrith' | 'ALCHFRIÞ' DEIRA CYNING 'ALCHFRIÞ REX' DEIRA | |
| 670 to 679 | 'Aelfwine' | 'ÆLFVVINE' DEIRA CYNING 'ÆLFVVINE REX' DEIRA | |
List of the Kings of Northumbria
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 654 to 15 February 670 | 'Oswiu' | 'OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSVVIO REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Hither of Bernicia and Deira |
| February 670 to 20 May 685 | 'Ecgfrith' | 'ECGFERÞ OSVVEOING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ECGFERÞ REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Killed in battle against the Picts |
| May 685 to 14 December 704 | 'Aldfrith' (Ealdfrith, Aldfrid) | 'ALDFERÞ OSVVEOING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ALDFERÞ REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | |
| ''late'' 704 to ''early'' 705 | 'Eadwulf' | 'EADVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EADVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Usurper |
| 705 to 716 | 'Osred I' | 'OSRED ALDFERÞING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Killed in battle or murdered |
| 716 to 718 | 'Coenred' | 'COENRED' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'COENRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | |
| 718 to 29 May 729 | 'Osric' | 'OSRIC ALDFERÞING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSRIC REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Adopted Ceolwulf as his heir |
| 729 to 731 | 'Ceolwulf' | 'CEOLVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'CEOLVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed; Saint Ceolwulf |
| 731 to 737/8 | 'Ceolwulf' | 'CEOLVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'CEOLVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Restored; abdicated to become a monk |
| 737 to 758 | 'Eadberht' | 'EADBRYHT EATING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EADBRYHT REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Abdicated to become a monk |
| 758 to 759 | 'Oswulf' (Osulf) | 'OSVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Murdered by his servants |
| 759 to 765 | 'Æthelwald Moll' | 'ÆÞELVVALD MOLL' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆÞELVVALD MOLL REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed |
| 765 to 774 | 'Alhred' | 'EALCHRED' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EALCHRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed and exiled |
| 774 to 779 | 'Æthelred I' | 'ÆÞELRED' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆÞELRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed |
| 779 to 23 September 788 | 'Ælfwald I' | 'ÆLFVVALD' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆLFVVALD REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Murdered |
| 788 to 790 | 'Osred II' | 'OSRED ALCHREDING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed and exiled |
| 790 to 18 April 796 | 'Æthelred I' | 'ÆÞELRED' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆÞELRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Restored |
| 796 | 'Osbald' | 'OSBALD' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSBALD REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Exiled after a reign of 27 days |
| 14 May 796 to 806/8 | 'Eardwulf' | 'EARDVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EARDVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed |
| 806/8 to 808/10 | 'Ælfwald II' (Elfwald II) | 'ÆLFVVALD' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆLFVVALD REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | |
| 808 to 810 | 'Eardwulf' | 'EARDVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EARDVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Restored |
| 810 to 841 | 'Eanred' | 'EANRED EARDVVLFING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'EANRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | |
| 840/1 to 844 | 'Æthelred II' | 'ÆÞELRED EANREDING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆÞELRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed |
| 844 | 'Rædwulf' (Redwulf) | 'RÆDVVLF' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'RÆDVVLF REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Usurper |
| 844 to ''c.''848/9 | 'Æthelred II' | 'ÆÞELRED EANREDING' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆÞELRED REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Restored |
| ''c.''848/9 to 862/3 | 'Osberht' (Osbert) | 'OSBEORHT' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSBEORHT REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Deposed |
| 862/3/7 to 23 March 867 | 'Ælle II' | 'ÆLLE' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ÆLLE REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Usurper; Killed by the Danes with Osbeorht |
| 867 to 21 March 867 | 'Osberht' (Osbert) | 'OSBEORHT' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'OSBEORHT REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Killed by the Danes with the usurper Aelle |
Sub-Kings under Norse Kingdom of York
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 867 to 872 | 'Ecgberht I' | 'ECGBRYHT' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ECGBRYHT REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | Puppet king of the Danes | |
| 872 to 876 | 'Ricsige' | 'RICSIGE' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'RICSIGE REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | ||
| 876 to ''c.''878 | 'Ecgberht II' | 'ECGBRYHT' NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING 'ECGBRYHT REX' NORÞANHYMBRA | ||
| ''c.''878> | ''Northumbria subsumed into the Norse kingdom of York'' | |||
Deira under Norse York Control from 878
The following were ealdormen, later earls, in Bernicia, with their capital at Bamburgh under the Norse of York. By the time of Osulf, they were ruling over all Northumbria from York under the king of England.
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ''???'' to 913 | 'Eadulf I' | 'Eadulf' | |
| 913 to 930 | 'Ealdred I' | 'Ealdred' | |
| 930 to 963 | 'Osulf' | 'Osulf' | Earl of all Northumbria in 954, with death of Eric Bloodaxe |
| 963 to 970 | 'Waltheof' | 'Walþeof' | Earl of all Northumbria |
| 995 to 1016 | 'Uchtred the Bold' | 'Uchtred' | Earl of all Northumbria |
| 1016 to 1019 | 'Eadulf II' | 'Eadulf' | Only in Bernicia |
| 1019 to 1038 | 'Ealdred II' | 'Ealdred' | Only in Bernicia |
| 1038 to 1041 | 'Eadulf III' | 'Eadulf' | Only in Bernicia |
See also
★ Earl of York
★ Earl of Northumberland
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