ELECTRODE

An 'electrode' is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte or a vacuum). The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words ''elektron'' (meaning amber, from which the word electricity is derived) and ''hodos'', a way.^[1]

Contents

Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells

Primary cell

Secondary cell

Other anodes and cathodes

Welding electrodes

Alternating current electrodes

Uses of electrodes

See also

References

External links

Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells

An electrode in an electrochemical cell is referred to as either an ''anode'' or a ''cathode'', words that were also coined by Faraday. The anode is now defined as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, and the cathode as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either the anode or the cathode depending on the voltage applied to the cell. A bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell.

Primary cell

A primary cell is special type of electrochemical cell in which the reaction cannot be reversed, and the identities of the anode and cathode are therefore fixed. The anode is always the negative electrode. The cell can be discharged but not recharged.

Secondary cell

The case in an electrolytic cell. When the cell is being discharged, it behaves like a primary or voltaic cell, with the anode as the negative electrode and the cathode as the positive.

Other anodes and cathodes

In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity (diodes, electrolytic capacitors) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−). The electrons enter the device through the cathode and exit the device through the anode.
In a three-electrode cell, a counter electrode, also called an auxiliary electrode, is used only to make a connection to the electrolyte so that a current can be applied to the working electrode. The counter electrode is usually made of an inert material, such as a noble metal or graphite, to keep it from dissolving.

Welding electrodes

In arc welding an electrode is used to conduct current through a workpiece to fuse two pieces together. Depending upon the process, the electrode is either consumable, in the case of gas metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding, or non-consumable, such as in gas tungsten arc welding. For a direct current system the weld rod or stick may be a cathode for a filling type weld or an anode for other welding processes. For an alternating current arc welder the welding electrode would not be considered an anode or cathode.

Alternating current electrodes

For electrical systems which use alternating current the electrodes are the connections from the circuitry to the object to be acted upon by the electrical current but are not designated anode or cathode since the direction of flow of the electrons changes periodically, usually many times per second.

Uses of electrodes

★ Electrodes for medical purposes, such as EEG, ECG, ECT, defibrillator

★ Electrodes for electrophysiology techniques in biomedical research

★ Electrodes for execution by the electric chair

★ Electrodes for electroplating

★ Electrodes for arc welding

★ Electrodes for cathodic protection

★ Electrodes for grounding

★ Inert electrodes for electrolysis (made of platinum)

See also

★ Battery

★ Redox Reaction

★ Cathodic protection

★ Galvanic cell

★ Anion vs. Cation

★ Electron versus hole

★ Electrolyte

★ Electron microscope

References

1. Michael Faraday, "On Electrical Decomposition", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', 1834 (in which Faraday coins the words ''electrode'', ''anode'', ''cathode'', ''anion'', ''cation'', ''electrolyte'', ''electrolyze'').

External links

★ Valence Technologies Inc. battery education page

★ [http://www.medi-stim.com/electrodes/eoverview.htm Medi-Stim, Inc. Electrode Overview