EMPEROR SHIRAKAWA
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'Emperor Shirakawa' (白河天皇 ''Shirakawa-tennÅ'') (July 7, 1053 – July 24, 1129) was the '72nd' emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from January 18, 1073 to January 5, 1087. His personal name was Sadahito (貞ä»). He was the first emperor to ostensibly retire to a monastery, but in fact continue to exert considerable influence over his successor. This process would become known as cloistered rule.
He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-SanjÅ
★ 1074–1077 Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王)
★ 1075–1105 Prince KakugyÅ (覚行法親王)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1076–1096 Imperial Princess ?? (媞å内親王), Empress Dowager Ikuyoshi (éƒèŠ³é–€é™¢)
★ 1076–1131 Imperial Princess ?? (å–„å内親王)—Rokkaku ''>saigÅ«'' (Imperial Princess serving at the Grand Shrine of Ise)
★ 1078–1144 Imperial Princess ?? (令å内親王)—''saigÅ«''
★ 1079–1107 Imperial Princes Taruhito (å–„ä»è¦ªçŽ‹)—Emperor Horikawa
★ 1081–1156 Imperial Princess ?? (禛å内親王)—Tsuchimikado Saiin (土御門斎院)
★ 1090–???? Imperial Princess ?? (å®®å内親王)—Saiin (斎院)
★ 1092–1153 Prince ?? (覚法法親王)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1093–1132 Imperial Princess Junko (æ‚å内親王)—Higuchi ''saigÅ«'' 樋å£æ–Žå®®
★ 1094–1137 Prince ?? (è–æµæ³•è¦ªçŽ‹)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1101–1165 GyÅkei (行慶)—High Priest
★ 1128–???? EngyÅ? (円行)
★ ?? (é™è‰)
Note: there's also a theory that Shirakawa was the actual father of Emperor Sutoku, officially the son of Emperor Toba, Shirakawa's grandson.
★ 1057–1084 Empress (''chÅ«gÅ«''): Fujiwara ?? (藤原賢å)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (æºé¡•æˆ¿), adopted by Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実); mother of Emperor Horikawa
★ 1042–1132 Court Lady: Fujiwara ?? (藤原é“å)—daughter of Fujiwara ?? (藤原能長)
★ 1070–1148 Court Lady: Minamoto ?? (æºå¸«å)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (æºé¡•æˆ¿), later wife of Fujiwara no Tadazane (è—¤åŽŸå¿ å®Ÿ)
★ Lady-in-waiting Fujiwara ?? (藤原佳å)
When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold, but in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a ''shinnÅ'' (Imperial Prince), becoming 'Imperial Prince Sadahito.' (貞ä»è¦ªçŽ‹). In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in 1073, at the age of 19, he became emperor.
A ''kampaku'' was put in place, but when his father died later that year, he attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the ''shÅen'' (manor) system, working to weaken the influence of the ''sekkan'' lines.
Go-SanjÅ wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother Imperial Prince ?? (実ä»è¦ªçŽ‹) to succeed him to the throne. Upon Shirakawa's enthronement, ?? became ''kÅtaitei'' (heir who is a younger brother). Shirakawa opposed this, but in 1085, the prince died of illness, and his own son, Imperial Prince Taruhito (å–„ä»è¦ªçŽ‹) became Crown Prince. On the same day as Taruhito's establishment as Crown Prince, Shirakawa abdicated, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa began the custom of cloistered rule, ruling from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"). Nominal ''sesshÅ'' and ''kampaku'' continued to exist for a long time.
However when Horikawa came of age, Shirakawa did not relinquish power, and continued to rule as an autocrat.
Believing strongly in Buddhism, in 1096, on the occasion of his daughter's death, he entered a monastery under the name of YÅ«kan? (èžè¦³), becoming a ''hÅÅ'' (法皇), a former emperor who has become a monk.
After the death of Emperor Horikawa, his son became Emperor Toba. Shirakawa was still alive when Toba abdicated in turn to his son, who became Emperor Sutoku. By the time of his death in 1129, he had ruled as cloistered Emperor for 41 years and through the reigns of three ''de jure'' emperors.
The name 'Shirakawa' comes from ''Shirakawa-in'' (白河院), the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after his abdication. Another name was 'RokujÅ no Mikado' (å…æ¡å¸, Mikado being an old name for the Emperor of Japan).
The years of Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.
★ ''EnkyÅ«'' (1069-1074)
★ ''JÅhÅ'' (1074-1077)
★ ''JÅryaku'' (1077-1081)
★ ''EihÅ'' (1081-1084)
★ ''ÅŒtoku'' (1084-1087)
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo, 1652], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa, 1359], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
| Contents |
| Genealogy |
| Empresses and consorts |
| Events of Shirakawa''-tennÅ's life |
| Eras of Shirakawa''-tennÅ's reign |
| References |
| Notes |
| Further reading |
Genealogy
He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-SanjÅ
★ 1074–1077 Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王)
★ 1075–1105 Prince KakugyÅ (覚行法親王)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1076–1096 Imperial Princess ?? (媞å内親王), Empress Dowager Ikuyoshi (éƒèŠ³é–€é™¢)
★ 1076–1131 Imperial Princess ?? (å–„å内親王)—Rokkaku ''>saigÅ«'' (Imperial Princess serving at the Grand Shrine of Ise)
★ 1078–1144 Imperial Princess ?? (令å内親王)—''saigÅ«''
★ 1079–1107 Imperial Princes Taruhito (å–„ä»è¦ªçŽ‹)—Emperor Horikawa
★ 1081–1156 Imperial Princess ?? (禛å内親王)—Tsuchimikado Saiin (土御門斎院)
★ 1090–???? Imperial Princess ?? (å®®å内親王)—Saiin (斎院)
★ 1092–1153 Prince ?? (覚法法親王)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1093–1132 Imperial Princess Junko (æ‚å内親王)—Higuchi ''saigÅ«'' 樋å£æ–Žå®®
★ 1094–1137 Prince ?? (è–æµæ³•è¦ªçŽ‹)—Buddhist Priest
★ 1101–1165 GyÅkei (行慶)—High Priest
★ 1128–???? EngyÅ? (円行)
★ ?? (é™è‰)
Note: there's also a theory that Shirakawa was the actual father of Emperor Sutoku, officially the son of Emperor Toba, Shirakawa's grandson.
Empresses and consorts
★ 1057–1084 Empress (''chÅ«gÅ«''): Fujiwara ?? (藤原賢å)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (æºé¡•æˆ¿), adopted by Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実); mother of Emperor Horikawa
★ 1042–1132 Court Lady: Fujiwara ?? (藤原é“å)—daughter of Fujiwara ?? (藤原能長)
★ 1070–1148 Court Lady: Minamoto ?? (æºå¸«å)—daughter of Minamoto Akifusa (æºé¡•æˆ¿), later wife of Fujiwara no Tadazane (è—¤åŽŸå¿ å®Ÿ)
★ Lady-in-waiting Fujiwara ?? (藤原佳å)
Events of Shirakawa''-tennÅ's life
When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold, but in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a ''shinnÅ'' (Imperial Prince), becoming 'Imperial Prince Sadahito.' (貞ä»è¦ªçŽ‹). In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in 1073, at the age of 19, he became emperor.
A ''kampaku'' was put in place, but when his father died later that year, he attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the ''shÅen'' (manor) system, working to weaken the influence of the ''sekkan'' lines.
Go-SanjÅ wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother Imperial Prince ?? (実ä»è¦ªçŽ‹) to succeed him to the throne. Upon Shirakawa's enthronement, ?? became ''kÅtaitei'' (heir who is a younger brother). Shirakawa opposed this, but in 1085, the prince died of illness, and his own son, Imperial Prince Taruhito (å–„ä»è¦ªçŽ‹) became Crown Prince. On the same day as Taruhito's establishment as Crown Prince, Shirakawa abdicated, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa began the custom of cloistered rule, ruling from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"). Nominal ''sesshÅ'' and ''kampaku'' continued to exist for a long time.
However when Horikawa came of age, Shirakawa did not relinquish power, and continued to rule as an autocrat.
Believing strongly in Buddhism, in 1096, on the occasion of his daughter's death, he entered a monastery under the name of YÅ«kan? (èžè¦³), becoming a ''hÅÅ'' (法皇), a former emperor who has become a monk.
After the death of Emperor Horikawa, his son became Emperor Toba. Shirakawa was still alive when Toba abdicated in turn to his son, who became Emperor Sutoku. By the time of his death in 1129, he had ruled as cloistered Emperor for 41 years and through the reigns of three ''de jure'' emperors.
The name 'Shirakawa' comes from ''Shirakawa-in'' (白河院), the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after his abdication. Another name was 'RokujÅ no Mikado' (å…æ¡å¸, Mikado being an old name for the Emperor of Japan).
Eras of Shirakawa''-tennÅ's reign
The years of Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.
★ ''EnkyÅ«'' (1069-1074)
★ ''JÅhÅ'' (1074-1077)
★ ''JÅryaku'' (1077-1081)
★ ''EihÅ'' (1081-1084)
★ ''ÅŒtoku'' (1084-1087)
References
Notes
Further reading
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo, 1652], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa, 1359], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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