(Redirected from Enclave) ''For the vehicle, see
Buick Enclave.''
C is A's enclave and B's exclave.
D is an exclave of B, but not an enclave of A since it also shares a border with C.
In
political geography, an 'enclave' is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country,
[1] and an 'exclave' is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.
[2] Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but not all are simultaneously both.
Origin and usage
The word ''enclave'' crept into the
jargon of
diplomacy rather late in
English, in 1868, coming from
French, the ''
lingua franca'' of
diplomacy, with a sense inherited from late
Latin ''inclavatus'' meaning 'shut in, locked up" (with a key, late Latin ''clavis''). The word ''exclave'' is a logical extension created three decades later.
Although the meanings of both words are close, an exclave may not necessarily be an enclave or vice versa. For example,
Kaliningrad, an exclave of
Russia, is not an enclave because it is surrounded not by one state, but by two:
Lithuania and
Poland; it also borders the
Baltic Sea. On the other hand,
Lesotho is an enclave in
South Africa, but it is not politically attached to anything else, meaning that it is not an exclave.
In
British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called 'detachments'. In
English ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as 'peculiars' (see also
Royal Peculiar).
A country almost surrounded by another but having access to the sea is not considered to be an enclave. For this reason,
The Gambia is not an enclave of
Senegal.
Usage in other fields
In medicine, an ''exclave'' is a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.
Characteristics
Enclaves may be created for a variety of
historical,
political or
geographical reasons. Some areas have been left as enclaves simply due to changes in the course of a river.
Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed.
Many exclaves today have an
independence movement, especially if the exclave is far away from the mainland.
True enclaves
:''See
List of enclaves and exclaves.''
This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering one particular other country. The best-known example was
West Berlin, before the reunification of
Germany, which was ''de facto'' a
West German exclave within
East Germany, and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as
Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters). ''De jure'' all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from
conscription.
Most of the enclaves now existing are to be found in Asia, with a handful in Africa and Europe. While administrative enclaves are found frequently elsewhere, there are no nation-level enclaves in Australia or the Americas.
Enclaved countries
Some enclaves are countries in their own right, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not
exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:
★ The republic of
San Marino, an enclave in
Italy
★
Vatican City, an enclave in the city of
Rome, Italy
★ The Kingdom of
Lesotho, an enclave in
South Africa, shown in green on the right.
See also
List of countries that border only one other country.
Related constructs and terms
"Practical" enclaves and exclaves and inaccessible districts
Some territories, attached to the motherland by a a thin slice of land or territorial water, are more easily accessible by traveling through a foreign country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves," "pene-exclaves" or "quasi-exclaves".
Areas that are not geographically separated from the rest of the mother country, but do not have adequate transportation links between the territory and its mother country without going through a
foreign country are called inaccessible districts.
Subnational enclaves and exclaves
Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, due to historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to a division while being attached to another one.
★
Jervis Bay Territory in Australia is in some but not all administrative respects an exclave of the
Australian Capital Territory.
Ethnic enclaves
Ethnic enclaves are communities of an ethnic group inside an area where another ethnic group predominates. Jewish ghettos and
shtetls,
barrios and
Chinatowns are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system.
Extraterritoriality
Embassies and military bases are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation the embassy is in do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as
extraterritoriality. Areas of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves as they are still part of the host country. In addition to embassies some other areas have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
★
Pavillon de Breteuil in
France, used by the
General Conference on Weights and Measures.
★
United Nations headquarters in the
United States of America, used by the
United Nations.
★
NATO (political) headquarters near
Evere in
Haren, a part of the
City of Brussels,
Belgium.
★ Headquarters
Allied Command Operations (
NATO) at the area designated as
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), North of
Mons,
Belgium
★ The headquarters of
Sovereign Order of the Knights of Malta in Rome.
★
Properties of the Holy See.
Land ceded to a foreign country
Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
★
Napoleon's original grave in
Longwood, Saint Helena ceded to
France.
★
Victor Hugo's house in
St Peter Port,
Guernsey ceded to the city of
Paris.
★ The
Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Normandy,
France which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom gave their lives during the landings and ensuing operations of World War II, ceded to the
United States of America.
★ About 24 m² of land that surrounds the
Suvorov memorial near
Göschenen in central
Switzerland ceded to
Russia.
★ The
Vimy Memorial in
France, which commemorates the
Battle of Vimy Ridge. The French government permanently ceded a land area of about 1 km² to Canada as a war memorial in 1922 in recognition of Canada's military contributions in
World War I in general and at Vimy Ridge in particular.
★ Numerous Commonwealth WW I cemeteries in Belgium of which the territory is ceded to the according country
★ The land under the
John F. Kennedy memorial at
Runnymede,
United Kingdom. Land ceded to the
United States of America by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964.
[3]
★ Two cemeteries on North Carolina's Outer Banks ceded to the
United Kingdom. Both contain the graves of British sailors killed in U-Boat attacks during World War II.
★
James Cook's grave on Hawaii ceded to the United Kingdom.
★
Ernst Thälmann Island; a
Cuban island ceded by
Fidel Castro in perpetuity to the
German Democratic Republic in 1972. Current status is unclear due to the
GDR's absorption into the reunited
Germany
★ The
Jaber Castle also known as "Türk's Tomb" (Turkish: Türk Mezarı) in
Syria is the grave of
Suleyman Shah (Turkish: Süleyman Şah). He was father of
Ertuğrul, who was in turn, the father of
Osman I, the founder of the
Ottoman Empire. The land is ceded to
Turkey by the Treaty of Ankara signed between her and
France on 20 October 1921. Turkey has the right to have a squad/section of the army and to hoist the Turkish flag.
★ Twintza in
Peru. Land ceded to
Ecuador without sovereign.
National railway passing through foreign terrirory
Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country criss-cross the new borders. Since railways are much more expensive than roads to rebuild to avoid this problem, the criss-cross arrangement tends to last a long time. With passenger trains this may mean that doors on carriages are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is momentarily in another country.
Examples include:
★
Salzburg to
Innsbruck (
Austria) (passes
Rosenheim,
Germany).
★ Trains from
Neugersdorf,
Saxony to
Zittau pass Czech territory at
Varnsdorf, while Czech trains from Varnsdorf to
Chrastava pass through German territory at Zittau, and then a small part of
Polish territory near the village of
Porajów.
★ Trains from
Görlitz to
Zittau,
Germany, pass several times the border river
Neisse (see
Oder-Neisse line); the train station for Ostritz,
Germany, lies in Krzewina Zgorzelecka,
Poland.
★
Vienna to
Innsbruck, the straightest route for a high speed line would pass in tunnel under a "knob" of German Territory (see
map).
★
Una railway (Unska pruga) connecting
Zagreb and
Split via
Bihać crosses border between
Croatia and
Bosnia and Herzegovina many times.
★
Belgrade - Bar railway crosses into
Bosnia and Herzegovina for 9 km, between stations Zlatibor and Priboj (both in
Serbia). There is one station,
Štrpci, but there is no border crossing facilities and trains do not call at the station.
★ During the era of the Iron Curtain, local trains between the north and south of Burgenland in Austria operated as "corridor trains" (Korridorzüge) along the border with Hungary – they had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory (Győr-Sopron County [as it was then]).
★ The line from Ventimiglia
Italy to Limone Piemonte
Italy via Breil sur Roya
France
★ Similarly, during the
Cold War, underground lines in
West Berlin ran under parts of
East Berlin.
Ghost stations (
German: Geisterbahnhöfe) were stations on
Berlin's
U-Bahn and
S-Bahn metro networks that were closed during this period of Berlin's division.
★ The line between
Farnham, Québec and
Newport, Vermont crosses the US-Canada border three times
★ The Belgian
Vennbahn lies on a narrow strip of Belgian territory running through Germany, creating 5 German exclaves.
★ The railway between
France and
Monaco briefly leaves
France to enter
Monaco before entering
France once more. This takes place underground for around 150 metres.
Also, borders have occasionally been shifted for the purpose of avoiding this sort of arrangement. The best-known example is the
Gadsden Purchase, in which the
United States bought land from
Mexico on which it was planned to build a southern route for the
transcontinental railroad. Due to the topography of the area, acquisition of the new land by
New Mexico and
Arizona would have been the only feasible way to construct such a railroad in the South.
National highway passing through foreign territory
This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned as noted above. Examples include:
★
Congo Pedicle road: built to provide access for
Zambia's
Luapula Province to the
Copperbelt through 70 km of territory of the
DR Congo, requiring a change in driving on the left to driving on the right.
★ Between 1963 and 2002 the N274 road from
Roermond to
Heerlen, part of Dutch territory, passed through the German
Selfkant, which had been annexed by the
Netherlands after the Second World War but returned to Germany in 1963.
Notes
1. 6 results for: enclave
2. 4 results for: exclave
3. John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964, , D. M. Emrys, Evans, The Modern Law Review,
See also
★
List of enclaves and exclaves
★
Panhandle
★
Flagpole annexation
★
Landlocked
★
List of countries that border only one other country
★
List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities
★
European Enclaves in China
External links
★
Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world
★
Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
★
exclave.info
★
'Tangled Territories' 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in hidden europe magazine
★
Barry Smith's Baarle Site
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
