'English-speaking Quebecers' or 'Quebeckers' (also 'Anglo-Quebecers', 'English Quebecers', or 'Anglophone Quebecers'; in French 'Anglo-Québécois', 'Québécois Anglophone', or 'Anglo') refers to the
English-speaking (
anglophone) minority of the primarily
French-speaking (
francophone) province of
Quebec in
Canada. The English-speaking community in Quebec constitutes an official linguistic minority population under Canadian law.
[1].
Unlike other minorities, English-speaking Quebecers are not an
ethnic group [2], with large outmigration to other provinces, intermarriage with francophones, and waves of immigration renewing the face of the community every generation. This makes estimating the population difficult. According to the 2001 Canadian census, 591,365 (8.3% of population) in Quebec declare English as their
mother tongue, 746,895 (10.5%) use mostly English as their
home language, and 918,955 (12.9%) comprise the Official Language Minority, having English as their
First Official language spoken.
[3]
Communities
Montreal
The English-speaking community of Montreal is extremely diverse, having always been influenced by successive waves of immigration into the city; even today 36% of anglophones in Quebec were born outside Canada.
A large proportion of Quebec's English-speaking population resides in or near Montreal. Most reside on the
Island of Montreal, particularly in the
West Island and in the western half of
Montreal's urban core, where there is a well-established network of
English-language educational, social, economic, cultural and medical institutions. Some suburbs north, south and west of the Island have significant English-speaking populations.
The earliest English-speaking Quebecers arrived in Montreal at the beginning of the British regime in the late 1700s. American merchants,
United Empire Loyalists and
Anglo-Scot Protestants founded Quebec's public and private English-language institutions and would represent Quebec's elite financial and merchant classes up until the 1960s; the heritage of this era remains in neighbourhoods such as
Westmount and the
Golden Square Mile.
Irish immigrants established their schools, churches and hospitals in the mid-1800s in tough, working class neighbourhoods such as
Point St. Charles and
Griffintown. Separate English-language confessional (Protestant and Catholic) school systems emerged and would be guaranteed in the
British North America Act in 1867 thanks to
D'Arcy McGee, a prominent Irish Montrealer. In 2000, these school boards were merged into English boards. The contribution of these founding communities is recognized along with that of the original French settlers on the
flag of Montreal.
An English-speaking
African-Canadian community grew in the 1860s with the coming of the railway industry centered in Montreal, settling in
Little Burgundy and
Saint-Henri.
The early 1900s brought waves of settlers from all over Europe.
Jews from Poland and Russia established a large Jewish community, and integrated into the English-speaking "Protestant" schools and businesses. Italian immigrants would adopt the Catholic institutions of either the Irish or French-Canadian community. These and many other immigrant communities would initially settle along
Saint Lawrence Boulevard (nicknamed "The Main"), before moving on to more prosperous suburbs such as
Cote-Saint-Luc and
Saint-Leonard.
In the 1950s, more immigration from Europe again changed the face of Montreal. Immigrants flocked to Montreal from all across Europe, bolstering the numbers of established cultural communities, with a
Greek community planting strong roots in the English-speaking community.
Immigrants of today come from all over the world and are largely more secular than members of the established English-speaking communities. Also, a larger proportion are French-speaking than before. However, immigrants from English-speaking countries such as
Britain, the
United States, and
Jamaica usually come with a knowledge of English;
Asians account for the fastest growing segment of the population, with over 26 000 Asians coming to Quebec between 1996 and 2001 and having English as their first official language spoken in 2001; as a result, over a quarter of anglophones now come from
visible minority groups
. Some
First nation peoples such as the
Mohawk, the Cree
[1], and Inuit
[2] also use English in their day-to-day lives and use English-language health services based in Montreal
[3]. These groups blend in easily in a community that defines itself increasingly as
multicultural and
bilingual. Its dwindling numbers, its large diversity, its mobility and access to mainstream North American society means that most anglophones in Quebec will identify themselves as
Canadian or by their cultural group, and identify as "anglophone" only in the context of Quebec's
French-speaking majority.
[4]
Elsewhere in Quebec
All English-speaking communities outside the Montreal metropolitan area have been in decline for over a century, except for aboriginal communities in the North. However, communities near Montreal, Ontario and the American border are still large enough to constitute a sizeable yet shrinking minority in these regions.
In the late 1700s and the early 1800s, the
Eastern Townships, and the
Chateauguay Valley were pioneered by English-speaking settlers who moved north from the United States; the first were Loyalists (Tories in the U.S.) wishing to remain
British subjects after
The American Revolution. Very few of these Loyalists were allowed to stay in the Eastern Townships and were in fact forced by the British to move from the lands that they were squatting on because the British desired to keep the Eastern Townships as an unpopulated buffer zone between the French Canadians and the Americans. By the end of the 1790s, American homesteaders were allowed to come northward to settle lands across the border. Immigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland would further settle these regions in the mid 1800s, and pioneer the
Outaouais region (
Gatineau and
Pontiac region) and many
Laurentian communities. By the end of the nineteenth century, many grew into thriving small cities: Shawville, Hull, Lachute, Huntingdon, St. Johns (now St-Jean-sur-Richelieu), Granby, St. Hyacinthe, Victoriaville, Drummondville, Magog, Sherbrooke, Sawyerville. Migration to Montreal and larger cities in Canada has since reduced the English-speaking population in these regions.
Many American and Anglo-Scot merchants settled in
Quebec City in the nineteenth century, but the majority of anglophones were working-class Irish immigrants. In the 1860s, the proportion of English-speakers reached a historic high of 40%
[5]. The population gradually dwindled as Montreal replaced Quebec City as a center of commerce and industry. English-speakers now represent 1.9% of the total population in the Quebec metropolitan area
[6].
There has been English-speaking settlement or immigration to some degree in almost all areas of Quebec at one time or another. What remains today in many regions is only symbolic as anglophones have moved away or assimilated into the French-speaking community. English-speaking communities in the
Gaspé Peninsula and the
Lower North Shore remain.
Population
Number of English-Speaking Quebecers| Criteria | Quebec | Montreal |
|---|
| Mother tongue | |
| 'Official' | '591,379 (8.3%) ' | '401,183 (10.5%) ' | | Eng only | 557,040 | 379,570 | | Eng + Fr | 50,060 | | | Eng + Other | 15,040 | | | ''Total'' | ''622,140'' | ''424,355'' | | Home language | | 'Official' | '746,895 (10.5%)' | '552,610 (19.7%)' | | Eng Only | 480,400 | 376,720 | | Mostly | 220,850 | 175,990 | | Equally | 95,970 | 74,350 | | Regularly | 393,575 | 202,465 | | ''Total'' | ''1,190,435'' | ''886,050'' | | First official language | | 'Off lang minority' | ' 918,955 (12.9%)' | '699,203 (25%)' | | Eng only | 828,730 | 619,790 | | Eng + Fr | 180,450 | 158,885 | | ''Total'' | ''1,009,180'' | ''778,645'' | | 'Knowledge of English' | '3,234,740' | '2,047,520' | | 'Total Population' | '7,125,580' | '2,796,390' | |
English-language population in Quebec| Year | Mother tongue[7] | Home language[8] | 1st official language |
|---|
| 1951 | 558,256 (13.8%) | No data | No data | | 1961 | 697,402 (13.3%) | No data | No data | | 1971 | 788,830 (13.1%) | 887,875 (14.7%) | No data | | 1981 | 693,600 (10.9%) | 806,785 (12.7%) | No data | | 1991 | 626,200 (9.2%) | 761,810 (11.2%) | 904,305 | | 1996 | 621,863 | 762,457 | 925,830 | | 2001 | 591,365 (8.3%) | 746,895 (10.5%) | 918,955(12.9) | |
Interprovincial migration between Quebec and other provinces by Mother Tongue[9]| Year | French | English | Other |
|---|
| 1971–1976 | -4,100 | -52,200 | -5,700 | | 1976–1981 | -18,000 | -106,300 | -17,400 | | 1981–1986 | -12,900 | -41,600 | -8,700 | | 1986–1991 | 5,200 | -22,200 | -8,600 | | 1991–1996 | 1,200 | -24,500 | -14,100 | | 1996–2001 | -8,900 | -29,200 | -19,100 | | Total | -37,500 | -276,000 | -73,600 | |
Statistics Canada uses census data to keep track of minority language communities in Canada. It has recorded ''
mother tongue'' (the first language learned as a child and still spoken) since 1921, ''
home language'' (language spoken at home) since 1971, and ''first official language learned'' (English or French) since 1991. In addition, conversational knowledge of English and French is documented.
A considerable number of census respondents in each category cite equal proficiency, knowledge, and use of different languages. In this case, census respondents are divided evenly among the language groups involved.
As allophone immigrants (mother tongue other than English or French) generally arrive with knowledge of either English or French and eventually integrate into these two linguistic groups, ''first official language learned'' is used to determine the Official Language minority population. It is used by the federal government and Quebec anglophone community organizations to determine the demand for minority language services
. Specifically, it classifies members of immigrant groups who learn English before French as English-speaking. Half of the people equally proficient since childhood in both English and French are placed into each linguistic community.
The English-speaking population has shown an accelerated decline in population in the last three decades. Between 1971 and 2001, the number of mother tongue anglophones has decreased from 788,830 to 591,365 representing a drop in it's share of the Quebec population from 13.1% to 8.3%. This is attributed partially to migration to other provinces and a low birth rate. Immigration from other countries and integration of allophones partially offsets this trend. One in three immigrants to Quebec is English-speaking and settle in Montreal. This makes the decrease in home-language anglophones less pronounced, particularly in the Montreal area.
[10]
Outmigration is the biggest challenge facing the survival of English-language communities in Quebec, particularly outside Montreal. English-speakers account for half the out-migrants from Quebec as they are extremely mobile compared to their francophone neighbours because they share a language and cultural identity with most other Canadians and North Americans
[ Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community ]. English-speaking Quebecers cite limited economic prospects and politics (
Quebec's language policies and the
Quebec independence) as primary reasons for leaving
[ To stay or not to stay: Migrations of young Anglo-Quebecer ]. These political factors have also lead to fewer Canadians from other provinces settling in Quebec
.
Anglophones are also less likely to migrate within the province. This is due to a strong sense of belonging among those in the Montreal area, the relative lack of English-language services and institutions outside Montreal, and a weak sense of identification with Quebec
.
Despite a lull in this outflux during an economic boom and break from separatist governments in 2003, this outmigration had returned to established levels by 2006 and is projected to continue at these rates over the next five years. It is predicted to lead to the continued long term decline of the community.
[ Quebec Turns Red Again When it Comes to Interprovincial Migration ].
Culture
English culture in Quebec tends to blend in seamlessly with the
Canadian and
North American mainstream. Unlike their
francophone neighbours who identify culturally with
Quebec, English-speaking Quebecers typically identify culturally as Canadian. As a result, English-speaking Quebecers look outward from Quebec to support their cultural identity. The result is limited assimilation into mainstream Quebec cultural institutions.
In the Montreal area, Quebecers have access to a wide range of English-language cultural activities and outlets (record stores, bookstores, cinemas, museums, concerts) concentrated in Downtown Montreal and the West Island. Outside Montreal, resources are much less common.
English-speaking Montrealers have played a large role in Canadian and North American culture, and have included prominent writers and poets such as Mordecai Richler, Irving Layton and Leonard Cohen; internationally-known philosophers Mario Bunge and Charles Taylor; dancer Margie Gillis; and members of the seminal Canadian painters group the
Group of Seven. English Montreal also supports an unusually strong local alternative music industry considering the small size of the population. Artists such as
Martha Wainwright,
Sam Roberts,
Patrick Watson and the musical acts
Bran Van 3000 and
Arcade Fire manage to prosper internationally while remaining in Montreal.
There are several amateur and professional theater companies, notably the
Centaur Theater. Since
1989, the
Quebec Drama Federation has represented the English-language milieu in Quebec.
Since
1998, the
Quebec Writers' Federation has represented the interests of English-language writers in Quebec and distributes the QWF awards. The federation grew out of the Quebec Society for the Promotion of English Language Literature and the Federation of English Writers of Quebec. There are 16 publishing houses in Quebec.
Media
English-language media tend to come from outside the province. Most local English-language media are based in the Montreal area.
The province's English television stations are
CBMT (
CBC),
CFCF (
CTV),
CKMI (
Global) and
CJNT (
CH). CKMI is officially licensed to
Quebec City, with a rebroadcaster in Montreal; however, its actual operations are in Montreal. CJNT airs multilingual programming in addition to the CH prime time schedule. These stations are available on cable throughout the province. Anglophones in the Outaouais region are served by
English stations from Ottawa. Southern Quebec is also served by American network affiliates from
Vermont and
New York's North Country who actually depend on the Montreal market for most of their revenue. The
Burlington, VT stations are
WCAX (
CBS),
WVNY (
ABC),
WFFF(
Fox), and
Vermont Public Television(
PBS). The
Plattsburgh, NY stations are
WPTZ (
NBC) and
WCFE (PBS). These stations are carried on Montreal-area cable networks, along with other English and French language cable station. (See
Multichannel television in Canada. Western Montreal carries more English language programming to better serve the large English-speaking market.
'Radio': English radio stations in Montreal include
AM stations
CKGM (sports),
CJAD (news/talk) and
CINW (''940 Montreal''), and
FM outlets
CBME (
CBC Radio One),
CKUT (
campus radio from
McGill University),
CFQR (''Q92'', adult contemporary},
CJFM (''Mix96'', hot AC/pop),
CBM (
CBC Radio Two) and
CHOM (rock). Listeners in
Sherbrooke,
Lennoxville and the
Eastern Townships are served by CBC Radio One and CBC Radio Two, a CJAD rebroadcast transmitter, and the
Bishop's University station
CJMQ. CBC Radio One is also available in many other Quebec communities. Parts of the province also receive English-language signals from
Ontario,
New Brunswick,
New York or
New England. However, no community in the province besides Montreal has an English commercial station.
'Newspapers and periodicals': Quebec has two English-language daily newspapers: the large ''
Montreal Gazette'', and the small ''
Sherbrooke Record'', a local newspaper for the Eastern Townships. Many smaller communities in Quebec also have English-language weekly papers, including ''
The Equity'' in
Shawville, the ''
Stanstead Journal'' in
Stanstead, ''
The First Informer'' in the
Magdalen Islands, ''
The Gleaner'' in
Huntingdon, the ''
Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph'' in Quebec City, ''
SPEC'' in the
Gaspé region, the ''
West Quebec Post'' in
Buckingham, the ''
Aylmer Bulletin'' in
Aylmer and the ''
Townships Sun'' in Lennoxville, the Suburban and the Chronicle in the ''
West Island of Montreal''. Montreal also has two English alternative weeklies, ''Hour'' and ''Mirror''. ''
Maisonneuve'' is a culturally literate bimonthly general-interest English-language magazine published in Montreal.
Festivals
Cultural festivals in Montreal tend to be multilingual and multicultural, attracting both English and French-speaking Quebecers. Large festivals such as the
Montreal International Jazz Festival and Nuits d'Afrique
[4] attract both English- and French-speaking artists and spectators of various nationalities.
The Montreal
Irish community organizes an immensely popular
Saint Patrick's Day Parade
[5] and attracts huge numbers of anglophones every March . The
Just for Laughs international Comedy festival runs English language shows that feature top international stars parallel to French language shows. Pop Montreal
[6] highlights local Montreal talent in the
independent music scene .
Fringe Theater festivals originated at English-language universities and also tend to cater to English-speaking audiences and tastes.
Outside Montreal, several country festivals in areas originally settled by English-speakers such as the
Brome Fair [7], the Shawville Fair,
[8] and
Ormstown Fair
[9] are organized and run by rural anglophones.
Politics
The politics of language has always played against issues of
Quebec nationalism and
Quebec separatism. English-speaking Quebecers maintain a strong
Canadian identity, with about 90% opposing
Quebec sovereignty in
1980 and
1995 referendums. Having no distinct political representation in Quebec, they tend to vote for the federalist
Liberal Party of Canada federally and for the
Liberal Party of Quebec at the provincial level. English-speaking Quebecers view provincial
language legislation as the principal challenge facing their community and look to the federal government to protect their individual and collective rights from provincial government limits on access to English education, health care, government services, and visibility on public signs.
[11]
The
Canadian constitution protects the language rights of English-speaking communities and individuals in Quebec. Since 1867, Quebec had full jurisdiction over schools, with only Section 93 of the
Constitution Act guaranteeing Protestant confessional boards the right to administer most English schools. Section 133 still allows French and English to be used in the
Parliament of Canada and the
Legislature of Quebec and makes both languages mandatory for the laws, records, and journals of those houses. It also gives any person the right to plead in either English or French in any of the Courts of Quebec. In 1982, Section 23 of the
Constitution Act guaranteed the right of English-speaking Quebecers educated in English in Canada to attend English schools. This paved the way for a Constitutional Amendment, 1999, (Québec) passed unanimously by Parliament and the
National Assembly that transformed Protestant confessional into English linguistic school boards.
[12] The federal government also maintains
The Official Languages Act of 1988 that ensures equality between English and French in the federal civil service, that official minority language groups in Canada receive service in their language where numbers warrant, and that supports the development of linguistic minority communities.
[13]
Provincial legislation has also delimited the language rights of English-speaking Quebecers and the role of their institutions since the
Quiet Revolution as French-speaking
Quebecois sought to improve their economic prospects, assimilate immigrants into their community to maintain their population, and establish French as a language of business.
Bill 63, introduced by the
Union Nationale government in 1969, required that English schools provide all students with a working knowledge of French. In 1974 the Liberal government of
Robert Bourassa passed
Bill 22 and restricted access to English schools to children who could pass a language test. In 1977, the seperatist
Parti Quebecois passed the more comprehensive
Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). The law made French the language of the civil service and of business in most private workplaces, establishing the rights of francophones to work in their own language; it also favored a demographic shift towards more francophones in Quebec. The Charter was and still is seen as emancipatory and a protector of culture, and is immensely popular among francophone Quebecers.
[14]
Other Charter provisions, though, deeply alienated English-speaking Quebecers. The Charter cut off access to English schools to all but children who had a parent who had received their education in English in Quebec. The Charter also eliminated the Constitutional guarantee to English legal proceedings, eliminated English translations of Quebec laws, and banned the use of languages other than French from commercial signs. The law has therefore polarized Quebec along linguistic lines to this day.
Legal challenges by English-speaking Quebecers using provisions of the Canadian constitution and
international law overturned these provisions, forcing the Quebec government to blunt these Charter provisions many times.
The Charter coupled with the looming
1980 Referendum on Sovereignty triggered an unexpected exodus of English-speaking Quebecers between 1976 and 1980, exacerbating the already existing demographic decline. Head offices that employed anglophones moved mostly to Toronto, taking their employees with them. Structural unemployment in the private sector with the mass hiring of francophones in an expanding civil service limited the economic opportunities of especially young anglophones in Quebec leading them to search for work elsewhere. Young highly educated anglophones, despite high rates of bilingualism and increased contact and openness to francophones, cite limited economic prospects caused by perceived linguistic discrimination and an unsatisfactory political climate as the major factors in their departure. By 2001, 50% of mother-tongue anglophones had left the province.
[15]
Faced with increasing marginalization from the political process in Quebec, English-speaking community groups across the province banded together to form
Alliance Quebec, a provincial lobby group that would advocate for English-language education, health, and social services. It was supported by the federal
Commissioner of Official Languages and members worked with provincial administrations to maintain access to English government services across the province.
[16]
Sign laws governing language are a particular irritant to English-speaking Quebecers. When the original Charter provision banning English from commercial signs and from trade names was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1988, the Liberal government of Robert Bourrassa passed Bill 178 that banned English on outdoor commercial signs only. This required invoking the
notwithstanding clause in the
Canadian Constitution, which overrode the Supreme Court decision. Discontent with the Liberals led anglophones in Western Montreal to form the
Equality Party in protest, which surprised many by electing 4 candidates in the 1989 provincial election.
[17] Anglophone Quebecers would take the case to the ''Human Rights Committee of the United Nations'', which in 1993 ruled that the laws violating the public display of any language violated the
Freedom of Expression. As the sign law would have to be renewed in 1993, the Liberal government passed a law that mandated French on signs, but allowed other languages provided they are less visible than French.
[18] Although this law stands up to Supreme Court challenges, anglophones continue to find sign law regulations petty and irritating, wryly referring to the
inspectorate that enforces the law as "tongue troopers" and "language cops".
[19]
Regardless of legally recognized rights, the practice in long-established institutions has often been to provide more service than what rights alone would dictate. On the other hand, a long-term trend toward providing even less service than what rights call for has been observed, especially in cases when the service-providing entity is newly created; the only recourse being to sue for redress.
In addition to the rights guaranteed by the constitution of Canada, the various regulations outside the Charter recognize other linguistic rights of Quebec anglophones. Quebecers have the right to receive services in English from all public health care and social service institutions in Quebec, although there is considerable controversy as to whether this is in fact the case. The charter also permits bilingual status to cities, but only those with a majority of English mother-tongue residents; other cities are not required to provide services in English but usually do if a significant minority of the population is English-speaking. Ninety-three municipalities offer bilingual services in Quebec.
In 2002, Quebec's French Language Charter was amended with ''Bill 104'', which aims to prevent education received in fully-private English schools or through temporary certificates from producing constitutional education rights. Several court cases are still pending.
Education
Main articles: Education in Quebec,
List of English educational institutions in Quebec
In 2001, Quebec had 340 primary and secondary English-language schools administered by nine English-language school boards. As in French-language schools, elementary education goes from Kindergarten to Elementary 6 (K-6), while high school goes from Secondary 1 to 5 (grades 7-11). The curriculum is strictly controlled by the Ministère d'Education, Quebec's provincial education ministry, and is generally identical to that offered in the French-language public school system.
The exception is language education. French is taught as a second language in English schools from Grade 1 onwards, and English is taught as a second in French schools from grade 3 onwards. English schools in the Montreal area were pioneers in
French immersion and
bilingual education starting in the late 1960s. As a result, they offer a range of established bilingual and short- and long-immersion programs. Programs offering both French and English curricula as a first language have recently been approved by the Ministère d'Education and are increasingly popular. English immersion programs are not common in French-language public schools.
Some English-speaking Quebecers also opt to send their children to French-language schools. As a result, programs to integrate English-speaking children into a French-speaking milieu (particularly in English-speaking areas on the West Island) are increasingly popular in French school boards, and have used in French-language private school for years.
In an addition to the public system, many private schools provide instruction in English, including schools serving religious and cultural communities. Quebec subsidizes a large portion of the tuition on the condition that they teach the provincial curriculum; almost all private schools accept these conditions and the accompanying subsidy.
Access to English-language public and semi-private education is restricted by provincial law to children who have at least one parent educated in English in Canada. Temporary residents of Quebec and English-speaking immigrants whose children have special learning needs may apply to the Ministère d'Education for permission to enter these schools. (see
Charter of the French Language). Access to private schools is open to anyone who can afford the tuition.
CEGEPs provide 3-year career certification programs or 2-year pre-University curricula following Grade 11 (Secondary 5) high school. Most CEGEPs are tuition-free; a few are subsidized private institutions. Core courses in English literature, humanities, and French represent about 25% of the curriculum. There are eight English-language CEGEPs, open to all Quebec residents.
English is also the language of instruction at three Quebec universities that offer 3-year undergraduate programs for Quebec students graduating from CEGEP. They also offer standard 4-year programs to students from all over Canada, North America, and the world. For Quebec residents, 85% of tuition is subsidized by the provincial government. Canadian students pay differential tuition fees based on the Canadian average. Foreign students pay the full cost of their tuition, although Quebec has signed reciprocal agreements with some jurisdictions such as
France,
Belgium,
Bavaria, and
Catalonia allowing students to pay local Quebec tuition rates. Concordia offers instruction in French, and exams and assignments may be done in French at all universities.
Health Care
Montreal has several English-language hospitals that offer multilingual services, including service in French:
★
McGill University Health Centre (Downtown Montreal)
★
★
Montreal General Hospital
★
★
Royal Victoria Hospital
★
★
Montreal Children's Hospital
★
★
Montréal Neurological Institute
★
★
Montreal Chest Institute
★
Lakeshore General Hospital (Pointe-Claire)
★
Jewish General Hospital(Montreal)
★
Saint Mary's Hospital(Montreal)
★
Queen Elizabeth Health Center, formerly the Queen Elizabeth hospital
Outside Montreal, some hospitals also provide services in English.
★
Brome-Missisquoi-Perkins Hospital (Eastern Townships)
★
Pontiac Community Hospital (Shawville)
Notes
1. Constitutuion Acts 1867 to 1982 Department of justice Canada
2.
3. Demographics and the Long-term Development of the English-speaking Communities of the Greater Montreal Region
4. Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community
5. Anglos in Québec Morrin Centre
6. Voice of English-speaking Québec: A Portrait of the English-speaking Community in Quebec
7. Graph 14 — Changes in English mother-tongue population, Quebec, 1951-2001 Government of Canada Privy Council Office
8. Graph 15 — Proportion of population using mainly English at home, Quebec, 1971-2002 Government of Canada Privy Council Office
9. Factors Affecting the Evolution of Language Groups Statistics Canada
10. Action Plan for Official Languages Government of Canada Privy Council Office
11. ‘New’ and Not So New Anglos: An Analysis of Quebec Anglophone opinion on the province’s
socio-political realities Jack Jedwab
12. Moving From Denominational to Linguistic
Education in Quebec, , David, Young, Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy,
13. Official Languages Act Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages
14. The Language Laws of Quebec
15. "To Stay or not to Stay:" Migrations of Young Anglo-Quebecers
16. Alliance Québec
17. Bill 178
18. Bill 86
19. No jokes needed - Quebec's Tongue Troopers make fools of themselves
References
;Communities
★
The Forgotten Quebecers: A History of English-Speaking Quebec, 1759-1980., , Ronald, Rudin, Institut Québecois de Recherche sur la Culture., 1984, ISBN 2892240689
★
Anglophone(s) - Quebec History
;Population
★
Demographics and the Long-term Development of the English-speaking Communities of the Greater Montreal Region
★
Unpacking the Diversity of Quebec Anglophones
★
Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community
★
The Evolving Demographic Context of the Anglophone Communities in the Eastern Townships
★
Minority Populations by First Official Language Spoken (2001 Census Data) Province: Quebec Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat
★
Youth and Language Volume II: Language Use and attitudes among young people instructed in English (Secondary IV through CEGEP)
Language Composition of Canada Statistics Canada
;Politics
★
★
‘New’ and Not So New Anglos: An Analysis of Quebec Anglophone opinion on the province’s socio-political realities
★
How do francophones regard Quebec anglophones and their issues of concern? Missisquoi Institute
★
L’invention d’une minorité : Les Anglo-Québécois., , Josée, Legault, éditions du Boréal, 1992, ISBN 2890524647
;Education
★
CBC Montreal Matters Archive (Several articles on current education issues)
★
The Chambers Report, Ten Years After: The State of English Language Education in Quebec, 1992-2002
★
LA FRÉQUENTATION DU RÉSEAU SCOLAIRE ANGLOPHONE UNE ÉTUDE EXPLORATOIRE DES STATISTIQUES DE 2000 À 2004
;Health Care
★
Report to the Federal Minister of Health, Consultative Committee for English-Speaking Minority Communities, , , Health Canada, 2002, ISBN 0-662-66749-2
★
Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay
★
Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services
See also
External links
;English-speaking community organizations in Quebec:
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