ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

'Environmental science' is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. It is an interdisciplinary science overlapping the categories in Natural sciences, Engineering sciences and Social sciences. In nature, Environmental science focuses on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities and their impact on biodiversity and sustainability. As an interdisciplinary field, environmental science also applies knowledge from economics, law and social sciences. It can be applied to cyberspace environment also. In nature, Physics is used to understand the flux of material and energy interaction and construct mathematical models of environmental phenomena. Chemistry is applied to understand the molecular interactions among natural systems. Biology is fundamental to describing the effects within the plant and animal kingdoms.
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s. This was driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation, and growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems.
Environmental science encompasses issues such as climate change, conservation, biodiversity, groundwater and soil contamination, use of natural resources, waste management, sustainable development, air pollution and noise pollution. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, teams of professionals commonly work together to conduct environmental research or to produce Environmental Impact Statements, as required by the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or under state laws. Other professional organizations engender work in environmental science and aid in communication among the diverse sciences.

Contents

Sub-categories

Regulations driving the studies

Terminology

See also

External links

References

Sub-categories

'Atmospheric sciences' examines the new phenomenology of the Earth's gaseous outer layer with emphasis upon interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprises meteorological studies, greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants,^[1][2] sound propagation phenomena related to noise pollution, and even light pollution
Taking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists create computer models of atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics.
'Ecology' studies typically analyze the dynamics among an interrelated set of populations, or a population and some aspect of its environment. These studies could address endangered species, predator/prey interactions, habitat integrity, effects upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed land development upon species viability.
An interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. For example one might examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by water pollution and air pollution. For this study biologists would describe the flora and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.
'Environmental chemistry' is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include soil contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.
As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the soil upgradient of a habitat of an endangered species of amphibian. Physicists would develop a computer model to understand the extent of soil contamination and subsurface transport of solvent, chemists would analyze the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods, plants and ultimately pond dwelling copepods who are the food of the endangered amphibian.
'Geosciences' include Environmental Geology, Hydrology, Physical Geography, Climatology and Geomorphology. It may also embrace oceanography and other related fields.
As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists. Hydrologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.
'Environmental assessment' is the process of appraisal through which environmental protection and sustainable development may be considered. Environmental assessments typically involve collection of field data, this can be from stakeholders and the ambient environment, and serves to harmonize the the linkages between the different branches of the environment and development.

Regulations driving the studies

In the U.S. the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for analysis of major projects in terms of specific environmental criteria. Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying the principles to local scale actions. The upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before the fact of development actions.
One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of Environmental Impact Statements prepared under NEPA such as: ''Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/Tiajuana Estuary'', ''Expansion of the San Francisco International Airport'', ''Development of the Houston, Metro Transportation system'', ''Expansion of the metropolitan Boston MBTA transit system'', and ''Construction of Interstate 66 through Arlington, Virginia''.
In England and Wales the Environmental Agency[1](EA), (EA) formed in 1996 is the leading public body for protecting and improving the environment and enforces the regulations listed on the communities and local government site[2] (formerly the office of the deputy prime minister) which help drive the study environmental science in the UK. The Agency was set up under the Environment Act 1995 as an independent body and works closely with UK Government to enforce the regulations.

Terminology

"Environmental science" and "ecology" are different fields of study, although there is some overlap due to the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science. ''Ecology'' is the study of the interrealtions of living organisms, whether at the population, community, or ecosystem level. In contrast, environmental science is a broad area of study including diverse areas such as meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, soil chemistry, water chemistry, pollution studies, and biological responses of systems to anthropogenic influence. water quality, air quality, and soil chemistry).

See also

★ Actinides in the environment

★ Association of Environmental Professionals

★ Atmospheric dispersion modeling

★ Biogeochemistry

★ Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies

★ Earth Summit

★ Ecological sanitation

★ Environmental Impact Statement

★ Environmental planning

★ Environmental studies

★ The Institution of Environmental Sciences

★ List of environmental issues

★ List of environmental organizations

★ Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

External links

★ Glossary of environmental terms

★ Institute for Environmental Physics - University of Bremen

★ Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health in Association with Harvard School of Public Health - [3]

★ Environmental Science & Technology - Peer-reviewed research, as well as news and features from the American Chemical Society

References

1. Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion, Beychok, M.R., , , author-published, 2005, ISBN 0-9644588-0-2 www.air-dispersion.com
2. Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling, Turner, D.B., , , CRC Press, 1994, ISBN 1-56670-023-X www.crcpress.com