ESHMUNAZAR
'Eshmunazar' (ืืฉืื ืขืืจ) was the name of several Phoenician kings of Sidon.
The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, which is now in the Louvre, was unearthed in 1855 in a site near Sidon, and contains an inscription, in Phoenician Canaanite, inscribed using the Phoenician alphabet.
The text of the 22 line inscription, on the front side of the sarcophagus, follows, with one-to one transliteration into the Hebrew alphabet. The original text contains no word breaks; these are merely suggested; numbers appear in the original inscription in an Egyptian standard.
# ืืืจื ืื ืืฉื ืช ืขืกืจ ืืืจืืข 14 ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื
# ืื ืืื ืชืื ืช ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืืืืช
# ืื ืขืชื ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ื ืืืืช ื ืืืงืืจ ื
# ืืืงื ืืฉ ืื ืช ืงื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืชื ืืืช ืืฉืื ื ื
# ืื ืืืงืฉ ืื ืื ื ื ืื ืฉื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขื
# ืกื ืืืฉืื ื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืค ืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืชืฉืืข ืืื ื ื ืื ืืืืืช ื
# ืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืคืชื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืกื ืื
# ืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืจืคืื ืืื ืืงืืจ ืืงืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืข
# ืชืืชื ื ืืืกืืจื ื ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉื ืืช ืืืื(ืช) ืืืจ ืืฉ ืืฉื ืื ื ืืง
# ืฆืชื ื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืคืชื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืฉื ืืืช
# ืืืช ื ืืืืช ืืจืข ืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืื ื
# ืคืจ ืืืขื ืืชืืจ ืืืื ืชืืช ืฉืืฉ ื ืื ื ื ืื ื ืืืืช ืื ืขืชื ืื ืืก
# ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืื ื ื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืื
# ืืื ืชืื ืช ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืื ืื ืขืฉืชืจืช
# ืืื ืช ืขืฉืชืจืช ืจืืชื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืช ืืช
# ืืื ื ืืืช (...)ืช ืืฆืื ืืจืฆ ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืช ืขืฉืชืจืช ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื
# ืืฉ ืื ื ืืช ืืืฉืื (?)ืจ ืงืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ื ืืชื
# ืืืื ืฆืื ื ืืฆืื ืืจืฆ ืื ืืช ืืืขื ืฆืื ืืืช ืืขืฉืชืจืช ืฉื ืืขื ืืขื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื
# ืืืช ืืืจ ืืืคื ืืจืฆืช ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉ ืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืืช ืขืฆืืช ืืฉ ืคืขืืช ืืืกืคื ื ื
# ืขืืช ืืื ืืจืฆ ืืื ื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืขื(?) ืงื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืชื ืขืืชื
# ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืืชื ืืื ืืขืืกื ืืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืกืืจื ื
# ืืื ื ืืงืืฉื ืื ืืืงืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืขื ืืขืื
The language used in this inscription is a Canaanite dialect, mutually intelligible with Biblical Hebrew. As in other Phoenician insriptions, the text seems to use no, or hardly any, matres lectionis. As in Aramaic, the preposition 'ืืืช' is used as an accusative marker, while 'ืืช' is used for 'with'.
★ GIF image of the inscription.
★ Information on the Eshmunazar inscription (in Spanish).
★ A photograph of the sarcophagus.
★ English translation of the inscription
The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, which is now in the Louvre, was unearthed in 1855 in a site near Sidon, and contains an inscription, in Phoenician Canaanite, inscribed using the Phoenician alphabet.
The text of the 22 line inscription, on the front side of the sarcophagus, follows, with one-to one transliteration into the Hebrew alphabet. The original text contains no word breaks; these are merely suggested; numbers appear in the original inscription in an Egyptian standard.
# ืืืจื ืื ืืฉื ืช ืขืกืจ ืืืจืืข 14 ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื
# ืื ืืื ืชืื ืช ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืืืืช
# ืื ืขืชื ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ื ืืืืช ื ืืืงืืจ ื
# ืืืงื ืืฉ ืื ืช ืงื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืชื ืืืช ืืฉืื ื ื
# ืื ืืืงืฉ ืื ืื ื ื ืื ืฉื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขื
# ืกื ืืืฉืื ื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืค ืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืชืฉืืข ืืื ื ื ืื ืืืืืช ื
# ืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืคืชื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืกื ืื
# ืฉืื ื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืจืคืื ืืื ืืงืืจ ืืงืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืข
# ืชืืชื ื ืืืกืืจื ื ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉื ืืช ืืืื(ืช) ืืืจ ืืฉ ืืฉื ืื ื ืืง
# ืฆืชื ื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืืคืชื ืขืืช ืืฉืื ื ืื ืืฉ ืืฉื ืืืช
# ืืืช ื ืืืืช ืืจืข ืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืื ืฉืจืฉ ืืื ื
# ืคืจ ืืืขื ืืชืืจ ืืืื ืชืืช ืฉืืฉ ื ืื ื ื ืื ื ืืืืช ืื ืขืชื ืื ืืก
# ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืื ื ื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืื
# ืืื ืชืื ืช ืืื ืฆืื ื ืืื ืื ืขืฉืชืจืช
# ืืื ืช ืขืฉืชืจืช ืจืืชื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืฆืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืช ืืช
# ืืื ื ืืืช (...)ืช ืืฆืื ืืจืฆ ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืช ืขืฉืชืจืช ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื
# ืืฉ ืื ื ืืช ืืืฉืื (?)ืจ ืงืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ื ืืชื
# ืืืื ืฆืื ื ืืฆืื ืืจืฆ ืื ืืช ืืืขื ืฆืื ืืืช ืืขืฉืชืจืช ืฉื ืืขื ืืขื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื
# ืืืช ืืืจ ืืืคื ืืจืฆืช ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉ ืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืืช ืขืฆืืช ืืฉ ืคืขืืช ืืืกืคื ื ื
# ืขืืช ืืื ืืจืฆ ืืื ื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืขื(?) ืงื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืชื ืขืืชื
# ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืืชื ืืื ืืขืืกื ืืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืกืืจื ื
# ืืื ื ืืงืืฉื ืื ืืืงืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืขื ืืขืื
The language used in this inscription is a Canaanite dialect, mutually intelligible with Biblical Hebrew. As in other Phoenician insriptions, the text seems to use no, or hardly any, matres lectionis. As in Aramaic, the preposition 'ืืืช' is used as an accusative marker, while 'ืืช' is used for 'with'.
| Contents |
| External links |
External links
★ GIF image of the inscription.
★ Information on the Eshmunazar inscription (in Spanish).
★ A photograph of the sarcophagus.
★ English translation of the inscription
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