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EspañolESPIONAGE_ACT_OF_1917
(Redirected from Espionage Act)
The 'Espionage Act of 1917' was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. It was punishable by a maximum $USD 10,000 fine (almost $170,000 in today's dollars) and 20 years in prison. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.
A year after the Act's passage, Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party presidential candidate in 1904, 1908, and 1912 was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech that "obstructed recruiting". He ran for president again in 1920 from prison. He was pardoned by President Warren G. Harding after serving nearly 3 years.[1]
Publications which the Wilson Administration determined were guilty of violating the Act "were subject to being deprived of mailing privilege, a blow to most periodicals," according to Sidney Kobre's book ''Development of American Journalism''. A section of the Act allowed the Postmaster General to declare all letters, circulars, newspapers, pamphlets, and other materials that violated the Act to be unmailable. As a result, about 75 newspapers either lost their mailing privileges or were pressured to print nothing more about World War I between June 1917 and May 1918. Among the publications which were censored as a result of the Act were two Socialist Party daily newspapers ''New York Call'' and ''Milwaukee Leader''. The editor of the latter, Victor Berger, was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted on a charge of conspiracy to violate the Act. This was later appealed on a technicality. Other publications banned from the mails were the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) journal ''Solidarity'', ''American Socialist'', bohemian radical magazine ''The Masses'', German-American or German-language newspapers, pacifist publications, and Irish nationalist publications (such as Jeremiah O'Leary's ''Bull'').
The laws were ruled to be compliant with the United States Constitution in the United States Supreme Court case ''Schenck v. United States'', 249 U.S. 47 (1919). Schenck, an anti-war Socialist, had been convicted of violating the Act, after he published a pamphlet urging resistance to the World War I draft. Although Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes joined the Court majority in upholding Schenck's conviction in 1919, he also introduced the theory that punishment in such cases can only be limited to political expression which constitutes a "clear and present danger" to the government action at issue.
Later court decisions have cast serious doubt upon the constitutionality of the Espionage Act, including Brandenburg v. Ohio (which changed the "clear and present danger" test derived from Schenck to the "imminent lawless action" test), New York Times Co. v. United States, and United States v. The Progressive, Inc., although none of these decisions directly overruled it.
The law was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it illegal to speak out against the government.
During and after World War I, the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were used in some prosecutions that would be considered constitutionally unacceptable in today's United States, even in the political climate after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York's World Trade Center. While many of the laws were repealed in 1921, major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of United States law (18 USC 793, 794). The libel decision of ''New York Times Company v. Sullivan'' (1964), by granting enhanced protection to criticism of public figures, including government officials, largely eliminated what remained of the crime of sedition in the United States. [1]
The United States Congress has enacted other laws to protect specific types of information including:
★ cryptographic intelligence and methods - 18 USC 798
★ nuclear weapons and materials (Restricted Data) - Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 USC 2162, 2163, 2168, and 7383)
★ industrial trade secrets - Industrial Espionage Act of 1996 (18 USC Chapter 90)
★ intelligence sources and methods (Wnintel) - in particular the Intelligence Identities Protection Act (50 USC 421–426)
★ data stored on computers - Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 USC 1030) and the Stored Communications Act (18 USC 2701)
★ patient medical records (HIPAA)
★ video tape rental and sale records — Video Privacy Protection Act — (18 USC 2710)
Note that all of the aforementioned acts either are related to very personal and private data (such as health records) or, when related to records of government activities, they prohibit unlawful disclosure of a secret by someone lawfully privy to the secret in question; unlike the Espionage Act, they do not prohibit disclosure by someone who merely obtained the secret (i.e. whom the secret was leaked to) from someone lawfully privy to it.
1. Don't Know Much About History, , Kenneth C., Davis, Perennial, 2004, ISBN 0-06-008382-4
★ Alien and Sedition Acts
★ Executive Order 13292 Classified National Security Information
★ Freedom of Information Act (United States)
★ History and background of New York Times Co. v. United States
★ Official Secrets Act (U.K. and others)
★ Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
★ Security clearance
★ United States Code (USC)
★ Full Text of the original (1917) US Espionage Act
★ United States v. Morison, a 1985 ruling that leaks to the press of classified information by government officials are prosecutable under 18 USC 793(d). The court specifically found that there is no need under this law to show any "evil purpose."
★ Seymour Stedman, a Chicago attorney, who defended Eugene V. Debs and Rose Pastor Stokes on Espionage Act violations during WWI
★ The United States v. Rose Pastor Stokes (1918)
★ 2005 Federal Indictment of Lewis Libby (Page 2, section b)
★ Repression against the IWW
The 'Espionage Act of 1917' was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. It was punishable by a maximum $USD 10,000 fine (almost $170,000 in today's dollars) and 20 years in prison. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.
| Contents |
| Enforcement of the Act |
| The Act in the courts |
| Changes to the Act |
| References |
| See also |
| External links |
Enforcement of the Act
A year after the Act's passage, Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party presidential candidate in 1904, 1908, and 1912 was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech that "obstructed recruiting". He ran for president again in 1920 from prison. He was pardoned by President Warren G. Harding after serving nearly 3 years.[1]
Publications which the Wilson Administration determined were guilty of violating the Act "were subject to being deprived of mailing privilege, a blow to most periodicals," according to Sidney Kobre's book ''Development of American Journalism''. A section of the Act allowed the Postmaster General to declare all letters, circulars, newspapers, pamphlets, and other materials that violated the Act to be unmailable. As a result, about 75 newspapers either lost their mailing privileges or were pressured to print nothing more about World War I between June 1917 and May 1918. Among the publications which were censored as a result of the Act were two Socialist Party daily newspapers ''New York Call'' and ''Milwaukee Leader''. The editor of the latter, Victor Berger, was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted on a charge of conspiracy to violate the Act. This was later appealed on a technicality. Other publications banned from the mails were the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) journal ''Solidarity'', ''American Socialist'', bohemian radical magazine ''The Masses'', German-American or German-language newspapers, pacifist publications, and Irish nationalist publications (such as Jeremiah O'Leary's ''Bull'').
The Act in the courts
The laws were ruled to be compliant with the United States Constitution in the United States Supreme Court case ''Schenck v. United States'', 249 U.S. 47 (1919). Schenck, an anti-war Socialist, had been convicted of violating the Act, after he published a pamphlet urging resistance to the World War I draft. Although Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes joined the Court majority in upholding Schenck's conviction in 1919, he also introduced the theory that punishment in such cases can only be limited to political expression which constitutes a "clear and present danger" to the government action at issue.
Later court decisions have cast serious doubt upon the constitutionality of the Espionage Act, including Brandenburg v. Ohio (which changed the "clear and present danger" test derived from Schenck to the "imminent lawless action" test), New York Times Co. v. United States, and United States v. The Progressive, Inc., although none of these decisions directly overruled it.
Changes to the Act
The law was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it illegal to speak out against the government.
During and after World War I, the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were used in some prosecutions that would be considered constitutionally unacceptable in today's United States, even in the political climate after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York's World Trade Center. While many of the laws were repealed in 1921, major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of United States law (18 USC 793, 794). The libel decision of ''New York Times Company v. Sullivan'' (1964), by granting enhanced protection to criticism of public figures, including government officials, largely eliminated what remained of the crime of sedition in the United States. [1]
The United States Congress has enacted other laws to protect specific types of information including:
★ cryptographic intelligence and methods - 18 USC 798
★ nuclear weapons and materials (Restricted Data) - Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 USC 2162, 2163, 2168, and 7383)
★ industrial trade secrets - Industrial Espionage Act of 1996 (18 USC Chapter 90)
★ intelligence sources and methods (Wnintel) - in particular the Intelligence Identities Protection Act (50 USC 421–426)
★ data stored on computers - Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 USC 1030) and the Stored Communications Act (18 USC 2701)
★ patient medical records (HIPAA)
★ video tape rental and sale records — Video Privacy Protection Act — (18 USC 2710)
Note that all of the aforementioned acts either are related to very personal and private data (such as health records) or, when related to records of government activities, they prohibit unlawful disclosure of a secret by someone lawfully privy to the secret in question; unlike the Espionage Act, they do not prohibit disclosure by someone who merely obtained the secret (i.e. whom the secret was leaked to) from someone lawfully privy to it.
References
1. Don't Know Much About History, , Kenneth C., Davis, Perennial, 2004, ISBN 0-06-008382-4
See also
★ Alien and Sedition Acts
★ Executive Order 13292 Classified National Security Information
★ Freedom of Information Act (United States)
★ History and background of New York Times Co. v. United States
★ Official Secrets Act (U.K. and others)
★ Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
★ Security clearance
External links
★ United States Code (USC)
★ Full Text of the original (1917) US Espionage Act
★ United States v. Morison, a 1985 ruling that leaks to the press of classified information by government officials are prosecutable under 18 USC 793(d). The court specifically found that there is no need under this law to show any "evil purpose."
★ Seymour Stedman, a Chicago attorney, who defended Eugene V. Debs and Rose Pastor Stokes on Espionage Act violations during WWI
★ The United States v. Rose Pastor Stokes (1918)
★ 2005 Federal Indictment of Lewis Libby (Page 2, section b)
★ Repression against the IWW
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