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EspañolFIDEI DEFENSOR
:''"Defender of the Faith" redirects here. For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith.''
'''Fidei defensor''' is a Latin phrase that translates to '''Defender of the Faith''' in English and '''Défenseur de la Foi''' in French. The phrase has been used as part of the full style of many monarchs since the early 16th century.
"''Defender of the Faith''" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British and Commonwealth monarchs since it was granted on October 17, 1521, by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII of England. The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book, ''Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'' (''Defence of the Seven Sacraments''), which defended the sacramental nature of marriage and the supremacy of the Pope. This was also known as the "Henrician Affirmation" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the Protestant Reformation, especially the ideas of Martin Luther.
Following Henry's decision to break with Rome in 1530 and establish himself as head of the Church of England, the title was revoked by Pope Paul III (since Henry's act was regarded as an attack on "the Faith") and Henry was excommunicated. However, in 1544, the English parliament conferred the title, "''Defender of the Faith''", on King Edward VI and his successors, now the defenders of the Anglican faith.
From 1653 until 1659, the two republican heads of state during the period known as The Protectorate - Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell - did not adopt the style, "''Defender of the Faith''". However, the style was reintroduced after the restoration of the monarchy and remains in use to this day.
In her capacity as queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is styled, "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title, "''Defender of the Faith''", reflects her position as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and she is thus formally superior to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The original Latin phrase - ''Fidei Defensor'' - is referred to on all current British coins by the abbreviations, 'F D' or 'FID DEF'. This reference was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King George I. The decision of the Royal Mint to omit reference to the phrase (and other parts of the monarch's style) from the Florin (a pre-decimal British coin) in 1849, caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced.[1]
In most Commonwealth Realms the phrase does not appear in Queen Elizabeth's full style (for example, in Australia she is styled, "...by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth"). She is only styled "''Defender of the Faith''" in Canada, New Zealand and the UK. Canada chose to include the phrase not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the House of Commons in 1953, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent stated:
At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, while others dropped it. For example, in 1953, while still a dominion of the Commonwealth, Pakistan dropped the title in recognition of the contradiction between its overwhelmingly Muslim population and having a monarch as the defender of the Christian faith.
Prince Charles, the heir to the thrones of all the Commonwealth Realms, expressed a preference to change the style should he succeed as expected. He commented in 1994, "I personally would rather see [my future future role] as Defender of Faith, not ''the'' Faith".[2] Formalising this change, however, would require the alteration of the Coronation Act of 1688 as well as the full approval of all the parliaments of the Commonwealth Realms, pursuant to the 1931 Statute of Westminster. While the absence of articles in Latin allows the phrase to be translated as "''Defender of Faith''", such a change would bring into question whether it still reflects the sovereign's role as head of the established Church of England.
In 1811, when he proclaimed himself king, Henri I of Haiti awarded himself the title, "''Défenseur de la Foi''", and incorporated it into his full style.[3] Today, the French variant is used as part of the official version of Queen Elizabeth's style in Canada ("''...par la Grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres Royaumes et Territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi''" - mainly used in the francophone province of Quebec).
★ By the Grace of God
★ Dieu et mon droit
★ Protestantism in the Church of England
★ Style of the British Sovereign
★ Defensor Perpétuo do Império do Brasil
1. Agnostic Coinage Stephen Appleton
2. What religion do The Prince and The Duchess practice?
3. World Statesmen - Haiti
'''Fidei defensor''' is a Latin phrase that translates to '''Defender of the Faith''' in English and '''Défenseur de la Foi''' in French. The phrase has been used as part of the full style of many monarchs since the early 16th century.
| Contents |
| English usage |
| History |
| Modern usage |
| French usage |
| See also |
| References |
English usage
History
"''Defender of the Faith''" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British and Commonwealth monarchs since it was granted on October 17, 1521, by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII of England. The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book, ''Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'' (''Defence of the Seven Sacraments''), which defended the sacramental nature of marriage and the supremacy of the Pope. This was also known as the "Henrician Affirmation" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the Protestant Reformation, especially the ideas of Martin Luther.
Following Henry's decision to break with Rome in 1530 and establish himself as head of the Church of England, the title was revoked by Pope Paul III (since Henry's act was regarded as an attack on "the Faith") and Henry was excommunicated. However, in 1544, the English parliament conferred the title, "''Defender of the Faith''", on King Edward VI and his successors, now the defenders of the Anglican faith.
From 1653 until 1659, the two republican heads of state during the period known as The Protectorate - Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell - did not adopt the style, "''Defender of the Faith''". However, the style was reintroduced after the restoration of the monarchy and remains in use to this day.
Modern usage
British coins contain a reference to the phrase, "''Fidei Defensor''" on their obverse sides.
In her capacity as queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is styled, "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title, "''Defender of the Faith''", reflects her position as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and she is thus formally superior to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The original Latin phrase - ''Fidei Defensor'' - is referred to on all current British coins by the abbreviations, 'F D' or 'FID DEF'. This reference was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King George I. The decision of the Royal Mint to omit reference to the phrase (and other parts of the monarch's style) from the Florin (a pre-decimal British coin) in 1849, caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced.[1]
In most Commonwealth Realms the phrase does not appear in Queen Elizabeth's full style (for example, in Australia she is styled, "...by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth"). She is only styled "''Defender of the Faith''" in Canada, New Zealand and the UK. Canada chose to include the phrase not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the House of Commons in 1953, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent stated:
''"The rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words, "Defender of the Faith". In England there is an established church. In our countries [the other monarchies of the Commonwealth] there are no established churches, but in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all-wise providence, and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organisation is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men, and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the Supreme Being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler."''
At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, while others dropped it. For example, in 1953, while still a dominion of the Commonwealth, Pakistan dropped the title in recognition of the contradiction between its overwhelmingly Muslim population and having a monarch as the defender of the Christian faith.
Prince Charles, the heir to the thrones of all the Commonwealth Realms, expressed a preference to change the style should he succeed as expected. He commented in 1994, "I personally would rather see [my future future role] as Defender of Faith, not ''the'' Faith".[2] Formalising this change, however, would require the alteration of the Coronation Act of 1688 as well as the full approval of all the parliaments of the Commonwealth Realms, pursuant to the 1931 Statute of Westminster. While the absence of articles in Latin allows the phrase to be translated as "''Defender of Faith''", such a change would bring into question whether it still reflects the sovereign's role as head of the established Church of England.
French usage
In 1811, when he proclaimed himself king, Henri I of Haiti awarded himself the title, "''Défenseur de la Foi''", and incorporated it into his full style.[3] Today, the French variant is used as part of the official version of Queen Elizabeth's style in Canada ("''...par la Grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres Royaumes et Territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi''" - mainly used in the francophone province of Quebec).
See also
★ By the Grace of God
★ Dieu et mon droit
★ Protestantism in the Church of England
★ Style of the British Sovereign
★ Defensor Perpétuo do Império do Brasil
References
1. Agnostic Coinage Stephen Appleton
2. What religion do The Prince and The Duchess practice?
3. World Statesmen - Haiti
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psst.. try this: add to faves
