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EspañolFIRST ALL-UNION CENSUS OF THE SOVIET UNION
(Redirected from First All Union Census of the Soviet Union)
The 'First All Union Census of the Soviet Union' took place in 1926. It was an important tool in the state-building of the USSR, provided the government with important ethnographic information, and helped in the transformation from Imperial Russian society to Soviet society. The decisions made by ethnographers in determining the "nationality" of individuals, whether in the Asiatic or European parts of the former Russian Empire, through the drawing up of the "List of Nationalities (''Narodnosti'') of the USSR", and how borders were drawn in mixed areas had a significant influence on Soviet policies. Ethnographers, statisticians, and linguists were drawing up questionnaires and list of nationalities for the census, which provided crucial information helping the Bolsheviks consolidate Soviet power even in remote villages, towns, and mountain regions of the Soviet Union. Like earlier European colonial empires, Soviet experts created standardised knowable categories in order to better control the varied lands and people of the Soviet Union. However, they also had the more ambitious goal of deliberately transforming their identities according to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. As Anastas Mikoyan put it, the Soviet Union was "creating and organising new nations (''natsii'')"[1]
The First All Union Census of the Soviet Union followed two partial censuses carried out by the Bolsheviks following their seizure of power in Russia. The first, the general census of 1920, took place during the Civil War and the Soviet-Polish War and was thus unable to deal with the Crimea, much of Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Belarus, Far Eastern, Siberian, and Central Asian parts of the Soviet Union as well as with its Far Northern parts. The 1923 Census was restricted to cities. Prior to the Russian Revolution, the only Russian Empire Census was done in 1897.
By classifying the population in terms of ''narodnosti'' (nationalities)—as opposed to tribe or clan—along with policies which gave these nations land, resources, and rights, experts and local elites were encouraged to interfere with the information collecting. Coercion and deception were used to manipulate the census information on nationality to gain more resources and land, as representatives of different groups tried to swell their groups numbers, or present them as a compact mass,the better to gain territorial rights. As often as not the new census aggravated territorial disputes rather than solving them.
This list, called ''Programmy i posobiya po razrabotke Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1926 goda'', vol. 7, ''Perechen i slovar narodnostey'', Moscow 1927, was developed by the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR.[2]
#Russian (Great Russian)
#Ukrainian
#Belarusian
#Pole
#Czech
#Slovak
#Serb
#Bulgarian
#Latvian (151,410)
#Lithuanian
#Latgalians
#Zhmud (Zhmudin, Samogitian)
#German
#English
#Swede
#Dutch
#Italian
#French
#Romanian
#Moldavian
#Greek (Ellino)
#Albanian (Arnaut)
#Jew
#Crimean Jew
#Mountain Jew (Dag Chufut)
#Georgian Jew
#Central Asian Jew (Dzhugur)
#Karaim
#Finn
#Leningrad Finn (Chukhon)
#Karelian
#Tavas
#Estonian (Esti)
#Veps (Chukar, Chud, Kaivan)
#Vod (Vot, Vad, Vad'd'alaiset)
#Izhora (Ingrian)
#Kven
#Lopar (Sami people)
#Zyrian (Komi)
#Permiak
#Votiak (Udmurt)
#Besermian
#Mari (Cheremis)
#Mordva (Moksha, Erzya, Teryukhan, Karatai)
#Magyars (Hungarian)
#Gagauz
#Chuvash
#Tatar
#Misher (Meshcheriak)
#Bashkir (Bashkurd)
#Nagaibak
#Nogai
#Gypsy
#Kalmyk
#Mongol
#Buryat
#Sart-Kalmyk
#Vogul (Mansi)
#Ostyak (Khanty)
#Ostiako-Samoed
#Samoyed (Khasava)
#Iurak
#Soiot (Soion, Uriankhai, Tuba)
#Barabin (Barbara Tartar)
#Buknaran (Bukharlyk)
#Cherneviy Tartar (Tubalar, Tuba-Kizhi)
#Altai (AAltai-Kizhi, Mountain or White Kalmyk)
#Teleut
#Telengit (Telengut)
#Kumandin (Lebedin, Ku-Kohzi)
#Shors
#Kharagas (Tuba, Kharagaz)
#(Kızıl) (Kyzyl)
#Kachin
#Sagai
#Koibal
#Beltir
#Dolgan (Dolgan-Iakut)
#Iakut (Sakha, Urangkhai-Sakha)
#Tungus (Ovenk, Murchen)
#Lamut
#Orochon
#Goldai (Nanai)
#Olchi (Mangun, Ulchi)
#Negidal (Negda, Eleke Beye)
#Orochi
#Udegei (Ude)
#Orok
#Manegir
#Samogir
#Manchurian
#Chukchi
#Koryaks
#Kamchadal (Itel'men)
#Giliak (Nivkhi)
#Iukagir
#Chuvan
#Aleut
#Eskimo
#Enisei (Ket, Enisei Ostiak)
#Aino (Ainu, Kuchi)
#Chinese
#Korean
#Japanese
#Georgian (Cartvelian)
#Ajar
#Megeli (Mingrelian)
#Laz (Chan)
#Svan (Svanetian)
#Abkhaz (Abkhazian)
#Cherkess (Adyghe)
#Beskesek-Abaza (Abazin)
#Kabard
#Ubykh
#Chechen (Nakh, Nakhchuo)
#Ingush (Galgai, Kist)
#Batsbi (Tsova-Tish, Batswa)
#Maistvei
#Lezgin
#Tabasaran
#Agul
#Archi
#Rutul (Mykhad)
#Tsakhur
#Khinalug
#Dzhek (Dzhektsy)
#Khaput (Gaputlin,Khaputlin)
#Kryz
#Budukh (Budug)
#Udin
#Dargin
#Kubachin (Ughbug)
#Lak (Kazi-Kumukh)
#Avar (Avartsy, Khunzal)
#Andi (Andiitsy, Kwanaly)
#Botlog (Buikhatli)
#Godberi
#Karatai
#Akhvakh
#Bagulal (Kvanandin)
#Chamalal
#Tindi (Tindal, Idera)
#Didoi(Tsez)
#Kvarshi
#Kapuchin (Bezheta)
#Khunzal (Enzebi, Nakhad)
#Armenian
#Khemshin
#Arab
#Aisor (Assyrian, Syrian, Chaldean)
#Kaitak (Karakaitak)
#Bosha (Karachi, Armenian Gypsy)
#Ossetian (Os)
#Kurd
#Iezid (yezid)
#Talysh
#Tar
#Persian
#Karachai
#Kumyk
#Balkar (Mountain Tartar, Malkar)
#Karakalpaks
#Tiurk
#Osman Turk (Osmanli)
#Samarkand and Fergana Turk
#Turkmen
#Kirgiz (Kyrgyz, Kara-Kirgiz)
#Karakalpak
#Kipchak
#Kashgar
#Taranchi
#Kazakh (Kirgiz-Kazakh, Kirgiz-Kaisak)
#Kurama
#Uzbek
#Dungan ()
#Afghan
#Tajik
#Vakhan
#Ishkashim
#Shugnan
#Iagnob
#Iazgul
#Iranian
#Djemshid
#Beludji
#Berber
#Khazara
#Hindu (Indian)
#Other ''Narodnosti''
#''Narodnosti' not noted or noted inexactly
::a) Tavlin
::b) Kraishen
::c) Teptiar
::d) Uigar
::e) Oirot
::f) Khakass
::g) Others
191. Foreign subjects
1. "Национальный вопрос и национальная култура в Северо-Кавказском крае (Итоги и перспективы): К предстоящему съезду горских народов" (''Natsionalny vopros i natsionalnaya kultura v Severo-Kavkazskom kraye (Itogi i perspektivy): K predstoyashchemu syezdu gorskikh narodov''), Rostov-on-Don, 1926.
2. ''Empire of Nations:Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union'' by Francine Hirsch, Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 329–333
Promotional poster to the 1926 Census
The 'First All Union Census of the Soviet Union' took place in 1926. It was an important tool in the state-building of the USSR, provided the government with important ethnographic information, and helped in the transformation from Imperial Russian society to Soviet society. The decisions made by ethnographers in determining the "nationality" of individuals, whether in the Asiatic or European parts of the former Russian Empire, through the drawing up of the "List of Nationalities (''Narodnosti'') of the USSR", and how borders were drawn in mixed areas had a significant influence on Soviet policies. Ethnographers, statisticians, and linguists were drawing up questionnaires and list of nationalities for the census, which provided crucial information helping the Bolsheviks consolidate Soviet power even in remote villages, towns, and mountain regions of the Soviet Union. Like earlier European colonial empires, Soviet experts created standardised knowable categories in order to better control the varied lands and people of the Soviet Union. However, they also had the more ambitious goal of deliberately transforming their identities according to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. As Anastas Mikoyan put it, the Soviet Union was "creating and organising new nations (''natsii'')"[1]
| Contents |
| Previous censuses |
| Methodology |
| List of ''narodnosti'' |
| References |
Previous censuses
The First All Union Census of the Soviet Union followed two partial censuses carried out by the Bolsheviks following their seizure of power in Russia. The first, the general census of 1920, took place during the Civil War and the Soviet-Polish War and was thus unable to deal with the Crimea, much of Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Belarus, Far Eastern, Siberian, and Central Asian parts of the Soviet Union as well as with its Far Northern parts. The 1923 Census was restricted to cities. Prior to the Russian Revolution, the only Russian Empire Census was done in 1897.
Methodology
By classifying the population in terms of ''narodnosti'' (nationalities)—as opposed to tribe or clan—along with policies which gave these nations land, resources, and rights, experts and local elites were encouraged to interfere with the information collecting. Coercion and deception were used to manipulate the census information on nationality to gain more resources and land, as representatives of different groups tried to swell their groups numbers, or present them as a compact mass,the better to gain territorial rights. As often as not the new census aggravated territorial disputes rather than solving them.
List of ''narodnosti''
This list, called ''Programmy i posobiya po razrabotke Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1926 goda'', vol. 7, ''Perechen i slovar narodnostey'', Moscow 1927, was developed by the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR.[2]
#Russian (Great Russian)
#Ukrainian
#Belarusian
#Pole
#Czech
#Slovak
#Serb
#Bulgarian
#Latvian (151,410)
#Lithuanian
#Latgalians
#Zhmud (Zhmudin, Samogitian)
#German
#English
#Swede
#Dutch
#Italian
#French
#Romanian
#Moldavian
#Greek (Ellino)
#Albanian (Arnaut)
#Jew
#Crimean Jew
#Mountain Jew (Dag Chufut)
#Georgian Jew
#Central Asian Jew (Dzhugur)
#Karaim
#Finn
#Leningrad Finn (Chukhon)
#Karelian
#Tavas
#Estonian (Esti)
#Veps (Chukar, Chud, Kaivan)
#Vod (Vot, Vad, Vad'd'alaiset)
#Izhora (Ingrian)
#Kven
#Lopar (Sami people)
#Zyrian (Komi)
#Permiak
#Votiak (Udmurt)
#Besermian
#Mari (Cheremis)
#Mordva (Moksha, Erzya, Teryukhan, Karatai)
#Magyars (Hungarian)
#Gagauz
#Chuvash
#Tatar
#Misher (Meshcheriak)
#Bashkir (Bashkurd)
#Nagaibak
#Nogai
#Gypsy
#Kalmyk
#Mongol
#Buryat
#Sart-Kalmyk
#Vogul (Mansi)
#Ostyak (Khanty)
#Ostiako-Samoed
#Samoyed (Khasava)
#Iurak
#Soiot (Soion, Uriankhai, Tuba)
#Barabin (Barbara Tartar)
#Buknaran (Bukharlyk)
#Cherneviy Tartar (Tubalar, Tuba-Kizhi)
#Altai (AAltai-Kizhi, Mountain or White Kalmyk)
#Teleut
#Telengit (Telengut)
#Kumandin (Lebedin, Ku-Kohzi)
#Shors
#Kharagas (Tuba, Kharagaz)
#(Kızıl) (Kyzyl)
#Kachin
#Sagai
#Koibal
#Beltir
#Dolgan (Dolgan-Iakut)
#Iakut (Sakha, Urangkhai-Sakha)
#Tungus (Ovenk, Murchen)
#Lamut
#Orochon
#Goldai (Nanai)
#Olchi (Mangun, Ulchi)
#Negidal (Negda, Eleke Beye)
#Orochi
#Udegei (Ude)
#Orok
#Manegir
#Samogir
#Manchurian
#Chukchi
#Koryaks
#Kamchadal (Itel'men)
#Giliak (Nivkhi)
#Iukagir
#Chuvan
#Aleut
#Eskimo
#Enisei (Ket, Enisei Ostiak)
#Aino (Ainu, Kuchi)
#Chinese
#Korean
#Japanese
#Georgian (Cartvelian)
#Ajar
#Megeli (Mingrelian)
#Laz (Chan)
#Svan (Svanetian)
#Abkhaz (Abkhazian)
#Cherkess (Adyghe)
#Beskesek-Abaza (Abazin)
#Kabard
#Ubykh
#Chechen (Nakh, Nakhchuo)
#Ingush (Galgai, Kist)
#Batsbi (Tsova-Tish, Batswa)
#Maistvei
#Lezgin
#Tabasaran
#Agul
#Archi
#Rutul (Mykhad)
#Tsakhur
#Khinalug
#Dzhek (Dzhektsy)
#Khaput (Gaputlin,Khaputlin)
#Kryz
#Budukh (Budug)
#Udin
#Dargin
#Kubachin (Ughbug)
#Lak (Kazi-Kumukh)
#Avar (Avartsy, Khunzal)
#Andi (Andiitsy, Kwanaly)
#Botlog (Buikhatli)
#Godberi
#Karatai
#Akhvakh
#Bagulal (Kvanandin)
#Chamalal
#Tindi (Tindal, Idera)
#Didoi(Tsez)
#Kvarshi
#Kapuchin (Bezheta)
#Khunzal (Enzebi, Nakhad)
#Armenian
#Khemshin
#Arab
#Aisor (Assyrian, Syrian, Chaldean)
#Kaitak (Karakaitak)
#Bosha (Karachi, Armenian Gypsy)
#Ossetian (Os)
#Kurd
#Iezid (yezid)
#Talysh
#Tar
#Persian
#Karachai
#Kumyk
#Balkar (Mountain Tartar, Malkar)
#Karakalpaks
#Tiurk
#Osman Turk (Osmanli)
#Samarkand and Fergana Turk
#Turkmen
#Kirgiz (Kyrgyz, Kara-Kirgiz)
#Karakalpak
#Kipchak
#Kashgar
#Taranchi
#Kazakh (Kirgiz-Kazakh, Kirgiz-Kaisak)
#Kurama
#Uzbek
#Dungan ()
#Afghan
#Tajik
#Vakhan
#Ishkashim
#Shugnan
#Iagnob
#Iazgul
#Iranian
#Djemshid
#Beludji
#Berber
#Khazara
#Hindu (Indian)
#Other ''Narodnosti''
#''Narodnosti' not noted or noted inexactly
::a) Tavlin
::b) Kraishen
::c) Teptiar
::d) Uigar
::e) Oirot
::f) Khakass
::g) Others
191. Foreign subjects
References
1. "Национальный вопрос и национальная култура в Северо-Кавказском крае (Итоги и перспективы): К предстоящему съезду горских народов" (''Natsionalny vopros i natsionalnaya kultura v Severo-Kavkazskom kraye (Itogi i perspektivy): K predstoyashchemu syezdu gorskikh narodov''), Rostov-on-Don, 1926.
2. ''Empire of Nations:Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union'' by Francine Hirsch, Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 329–333
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