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EspañolFORT WAYNE, INDIANA
(Redirected from Fort Wayne)
'Fort Wayne' is a city in northeastern Indiana, USA and the county seat of Allen County. Fort Wayne is Indiana's second largest city after Indianapolis. As of 2007, the city has an estimated population of 248,637, making it the 70th largest city in the U.S.[1]. In 2005, the combined metropolitan population was 565,606.[2] Nearly equidistant from Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit, it has historically served as a transportation and communications center for the region, and an incubator for many products and companies.
Fort Wayne is named after Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne. The United States Army built this last in a series of forts near the community of Kekionga, the largest of all Miami villages, which is located where the St. Joseph River and St. Marys River join to form the Maumee River.[3]
''See also Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana''
The Miami nation established the first settlement at the Maumee, St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers in the mid 17th Century. Called Kekionga, the village was the traditional capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes. Historians believe that around 1676, French priests and missionaries visited the Miami on their way back from a mission at Lake Michigan. In 1680, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sent a letter to the Governor-General of Canada stating he also stopped there. In the 1680s French traders established a post at the location because it was the main portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The Maumee River is approximately ten miles (16 kilometers) away from the Little River branch of the Wabash River, which flows, in turn, into the Ohio River.[4]
In 1696, Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes as commander of the French outpost in Miami country.[5] The French built the first fort on the site, Fort Miamis, in 1697 as part of a group of forts built between Quebec, Canada and St. Louis.
In 1721, a few years after Bissot's death, Fort Miamis was replaced by Fort St. Philippe des Miamis.[6]
Increasing tension between France and the United Kingdom developed over the territory. In 1760, after defeat by British forces in the French and Indian War, the area was ceded to the British Empire. The fort was renamed "Fort Miami." In 1763, various Native American nations rebelled against British rule and retook the fort as part of Pontiac's Rebellion. The Miami regained control of Kekionga, a rule that lasted for more than 30 years.6
In 1790, President George Washington ordered the United States Army to secure Indiana. Three battles were fought in Kekionga against Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy. The Miami forces defeated American army in the first two battles. Anthony Wayne led a third expedition, destroying the village while its warriors were away. When the tribe returned to their destroyed village, Little Turtle decided to negotiate peace. After General Wayne refused it, the tribe was advanced to Fallen Timbers where they were defeated on August 20, 1794. On October 22, 1794, the United States army captured the Wabash-Erie portage from the Miami Confederacy and built a new fort near the three rivers. [7]
Eventually, the portage was replaced by the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1833. Fort Wayne lost national prominence as the railroad system developed in the United States. Yet it remained an important railroad center between New York and Chicago for nearly a century.
On February 22, 1840, the growing city incorporated as the City of Fort Wayne.
Most of the population growth occurred in the 19th century with immigration from Germany and Ireland. The large numbers of Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches reflect this. German-language newspapers were published into the 20th century.
For a regional summit, Fort Wayne is fairly flat. There are some local wetlands and gravel pits. A few small hills are found around Franke Park and there are some small bluffs near the St. Joseph's River. West of the St. Joseph's River and St. Mary's River is the Tipton Till Plain, with deep dark brown soil. Land east of there is the former Black Swamp, a soil heavy with clay that forms deep cracks in August and must be plowed in the fall because it's too wet in the spring.
Fort Wayne, like most of the Midwest, has a humid continental climate. Summers are hot and humid, and winters are generally cold with frequent snowfall. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Severe weather is not uncommon, and tornadoes occasionally occur in the area, particularly in the spring and summer. The most severe tornado, an F2, struck portions of northern Fort Wayne on May 26, 2001, causing extensive damage but only minor injuries.[8]
The National Weather Service, which maintains an observation station in the control tower of Fort Wayne International Airport (elevation 791 feet), reports the record highest temperature in the city was 106°F on July 14, 1936, and June 29, 1988, and the record lowest temperature was -24°F on January 12, 1918. The wettest month on record was 11.00 inches in July 1986. The greatest 24-hour rainfall was 4.93 inches on August 1, 1926. The snowiest month on record was 29.5 inches in January 1982. The greatest 24-hour snowfall was 12.6 inches on March 10, 1964.
The average annual precipitation (based on the period 1971-2000) ranges from 36.55 inches at the airport to 37.90 inches at the Fort Wayne Disposal Plant (elevation 740 feet). Comparison of observations at the "official" stations with those taken at local television stations (WANE-TV and WPTA-TV), as well as volunteer observers and National Weather Service "spotters," has shown that rainfall can vary dramatically during summer thunderstorms because of typically scattered precipitation throughout the city.
Fort Wayne has an elected mayor, clerk and city council-style of government. As of April 2006, the city was exploring a voluntary government restructuring that included the possible consolidation of its government or parts of its government with Allen County, Indiana. Discussions with the County have been intermittent for several years.
Under the so-called Unigov provision of Indiana Law, City-County consolidation would have been automatic when Fort Wayne's population exceeded 250,000 and became a first class city in Indiana.[10] Fort Wayne nearly met the state requirements for first class city designation in 2006 when the populous portions of Aboite Township were annexed.[11] However, a 2004 legislative change raised the population requirements from 250,000 to 600,000, which ensured
Indianapolis' status as the only first class city in Indiana.[12]
''See List of Fort Wayne, Indiana mayors''
Fort Wayne's mayor is Democrat Graham Richard, who has served in the post since January 2000. In 2003, he was elected to a second term which ends December 31, 2007. He is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[13] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. He has announced he will not seek re-election in the 2007 city election.
Democrat Sandra Kennedy has been Fort Wayne's city clerk since 1983.
The Fort Wayne City Council is a nine-member legislative group that serve four-year terms. Six of the members represent specific districts; three are elected city-wide as at-large council members. The council elected on November 4, 2003 will serve until December 31, 2007:
★ John N. Crawford: At-Large, Republican
★ Samuel J. Talarico, Jr: At-Large, Republican
★ John Shoaff: At-Large, Democrat
★ Tom Smith: 1st District, Republican
★ Donald J. Schmidt: 2nd District, Republican
★ Tom Didier: 3rd District, Republican
★ Tom Hayhurst: 4th District, Democrat
★ Tim Pape: 5th District, Democrat
★ Glynn A. Hines: 6th District, Democrat
In the mid-20th century, Fort Wayne was a major manufacturing center of the northeastern United States. Major employers included General Electric, Westinghouse, International Harvester, and Tokheim gasoline pumps. Phelps Dodge, Rea Wire, and Essex Wire comprised the largest concentration of copper and enamel wire manufacturing in the world.
In the latter half of the 20th century, shifts in manufacturing patterns led to the reduction of the number of manufacturing plants and jobs. However, as of 2006 the top employer of full-time employees in Fort Wayne is General Motors Fort Wayne Assembly (2981 employees) where the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra pickup trucks are assembled.[14]
Reflecting the transition of the city's economy to health services, aerospace and communications engineering, insurance, and consumer services,
other non-governmental employers within the top ten (ranked by number of full-time employees in 2006) are: Lutheran Health Network, Parkview Health Systems, ITT Aerospace & Communications Division, Lincoln Financial Group, and Scott's Food & Pharmacy.
The first census, performed in 1744 on the order by the governor of Louisiana, revealed a population of approximately forty Frenchmen and one thousand Miami.6
As of the census of 2000, there were 205,727 people, 83,333 households, and 50,666 families residing in the city. There are 90,915 housing units at an average density of 444.6/km² (1,151.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 75.45% White, 17.38% Black or African American, 0.39% Native American, 1.56% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.91% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. 5.78% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 83,333 households out of which 31.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% are non-families. 32.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 3.08.
In the city the population is spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $36,518, and the median income for a family is $45,040. Males have a median income of $34,704 versus $25,062 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,517. 12.5% of the population and 9.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.5% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Fort Wayne has a large number of bars and music venues. However, the night life in Fort Wayne does not center around the downtown area like most cities. Although downtown Fort Wayne is home to the Embassy Theater and the Grand Wayne Center, the downtown night life is generally located on the small strip named Columbia Street or "The Landing" near the City County Building. A few dance clubs and the corner bar "Columbia Street West" (Current Name) which is home to the Midwest Original Music Showcase (MOMS) occupy this area.
Fort Wayne is home to Piere's, the largest bar/club in the Midwest. In 2006, Piere's was rated 4th in the entire world for ticket sales in 21+ venues.[18]
Fort Wayne's first park, the 0.2 acre (800 m²) Old Fort Park, was established in 1863. The newest park, the 170 acre (690,000 m²) Salomon Farm Park, was established in 1995. As of 2005, the city had 87 parks covering 2,199.55 acres (8.9 km²).
★ Buckner Farm Park
★ Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory
★ Foster Park
★ Franke Park, the city's largest at 316.4 acres (1.3 km²), home to the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo
★ Freimann Square
★ Headwaters Park
★ Historic Old Fort
★ Hurshtown Reservoir
★ Japanese Garden
★ Johnny Appleseed Park, including the gravesite of Johnny Appleseed
★ Lakeside Park
★ Lindenwood Nature Preserve
★ McMillen Park
★ Little Turtle Memorial
★ Shoaff Park
''For the complete list, see List of media in Fort Wayne, Indiana''
The major newspaper in the city is the independent ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', a daily that has more than twice the circulation of the city's second daily, the Ogden Newspaper Group-owned ''Fort Wayne News-Sentinel''. The two dailies have separate editorial departments, but under a joint operating agreement, printing, advertising, and circulation are handled by Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc., which is 75 percent owned by the News-Sentinel, 25 percent owned by the Journal Gazette.
The city also is served by several free weekly and monthly alternative and neighborhood newspapers, including two that serve the African American community, ''Ink'' and ''Frost Illustrated''. Another independently owned free entertainment weekly, Whatzup, has flourished, boasting a average weekly readership of around 50,000. Whatzup also organizes a popular Battle of the Bands event through each summer, as well as a local art & entertainment awards show called The Whammies.
Nationally, Fort Wayne is the home of the ''Macedonian Tribune'', the oldest and largest Macedonian language publication produced outside of the Balkans.
WGL, Fort Wayne's first radio station, began broadcasting in 1924; it currently broadcasts "oldies" and CBS newscasts. WOWO, the city's second radio station, began broadcasting in 1925; it is now a news and information station, featuring local and network news from Fox and ABC. The city has two National Public Radio stations, WBNI and WBOI, both on FM.
Fort Wayne's first television station was WKJG-TV, which began broadcasting in 1953. Today the city is served by a handful of television stations as the 106th-largest media market. Broadcast network affiliates include WANE-TV (CBS), WFFT-TV (FOX), WISE-TV (NBC), and WPTA (ABC). Fort Wayne's PBS Member station is WFWA. Religious broadcasters include WINM and W07CL.
UPN and The WB were primarily local cable television channels, also broadcast as digital television sub-channels on the WANE and WPTA, respectively. The CW Network and My Network TV also are cable-only for many Fort Wayne market viewers as they are broadcast by digital sub-channels of WPTA and WISE, respectively, and not broadcast on an NTSC channel.
Fort Wayne and its suburbs are the home to a number of notable architectural structures, including:
★ Allen County Courthouse, 700 block of South Clinton Street, government building, by Brentwood S. Tolan, 1897-1902
★ Allen County War Memorial Coliseum, 4000 Parnell Avanue, sports arena
★ Anthony Wayne Bank Building, 203 East Berry Street, commercial highrise, 1960
★ Center School, 1893 schoolhouse restored to its original state
★ Commerce Building, 127 West Berry Street, Beaux-Arts architecture highrise, 1923
★ Concordia Senior College, now Concordia Theological Seminary, by Eero Saarinen,
★ Crooks House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1976
★ Fine Arts Center, School and Performing Arts Theater, theatre, by L. I. Kahn, 1966-1973
★ Old City Hall, government building, 1893
★ J. B. Franke House, residence, 1914
★ Hanselmann House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1967
★ One Summit Square (Chase Bank), tallest building in the city, 1981
★ Richardville House, residence, 1827
★ Haus der Schönen Künste - Fine Arts Center, museum, by L. I. Kahn, 1961-1964
★ Lincoln Bank Tower (Tower Bank), 116 East Berry Street, Art-Deco highrise, by Alvin M. Strauss, 1930
★ Snyderman House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1972
★ Wermuth House, residence, by Eero Saarinen, 1942-42
Fort Wayne International Airport (formerly known as Fort Wayne Municipal Airport from 1946-1991 and Baer Field during World War II) is the only Midwest commercial airport, other than Chicago's O'Hare, with a 12,000-foot runway. As of April 2006, a construction project was underway to strengthen the runway to make it usable by heavier airplanes requiring a longer runway. As of 2007, Passenger service was provided by Air Wisconsin (United Express), Allegiant Air, American Eagle (American Eagle), CommutAir (Continental Connection affiliate), Atlantic Southeast (Delta Connection), Comair (Delta Connection), Mesaba (Northwest Airlink), Pinnacle (Northwest Airlink), and SkyWest (United Express).
Amtrak does not offer service to Fort Wayne directly. The nearest station to Fort Wayne is in Waterloo, Indiana, 24 miles (38 km) north of downtown Fort Wayne.
Fort Wayne Public Transportation Corporation ''Citilink'' provides bus service between downtown, urban shopping centers and area employment locations.
Major automobile highways and freeways in the Fort Wayne area include Interstate 69, Interstate 469 (named the Ronald Reagan Expressway in 2005[19]), U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 27, U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway), and U.S. Route 33. Fort Wayne is served by a single interstate highway (I-69), which serves as the northern and western portion of the beltway around the metro area (I-469 serves as the southern and eastern portions of that beltway). Inside the beltway, there are no freeways. With one exception (the intersection of Coliseum Boulevard and West Illinois Road/East Washington Boulevard), all major arterial roadway intersections within the beltway are traffic signal controlled at-grade intersections. This includes intersections along the 4-lane Airport Expressway, which extends from the intersection of Paulding Road and Fairfield Avenue to the Lower Huntington Road-Airport Expressway interchange (Exit 99) at I-69. This expressway provides quick and easy access to the Fort Wayne International Airport from the inner city and the southwestern suburbs (including the General Motors Fort Wayne Assembly).
Light rail systems started being built in Fort Wayne in 1872 with horse-drawn cars on Calhoun Street. By 1900, a number of lines had been built, the companies building them consolidated into one, and the lines electrified. The
next step was the interurban, with a line to Huntington in 1901. Many interurban routes were built between 1900 and 1908, and no place was more enthused than Fort Wayne, which had the only full cloverleaf for the interurban in the entire country. A few well-publicized wrecks and the 1910 introduction of the Model T led to a decline of passengers, but even at peak traffic in 1915, most interurban systems were unprofitable, and many filed for bankruptcy in the 1920s.
Author Mabel Thomas, writing under the pen name ''Harriet Housewife'', wrote that in the early 1920s, she was sent as a 4-year-old across Fort Wayne to play with a friend. “I boarded by myself, and told the man where I was to go on 4th Street. When we got downtown, the man told me which car to transfer to. Several hours later, my friend's mother told me that my mother had called, that she wanted me to come home, that she had a surprise for me. I again boarded by myself, went back to Hughes Street, and found a new baby brother waiting for me.”
Between 1940 and 1947, the trolleys were replaced with trolleybuses, and in 1948, the system sold to the city. By 1960, the trolleybuses had all been converted to motor buses. The same electric power plan used to power the trolley system by day was one of two electric systems lighting businesses and houses by night. After years of neglect, the system was in need of major capital expenditures that the city could not afford, and Fort Wayne leased their municipal power system to rival I&M in 1975. Science Central has occupied the old City Light power plant since 1991.
Fort Wayne is the home of Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), with an enrollment of 11,755 is the 5th-largest public university campus in Indiana. The city also holds the main campus of the Northeast Region of Ivy Tech Community College, the second-largest public community college campus in the state. Indiana University (IU) maintains the third public higher educational facility in the city with the Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education, a branch of the IU School of Medicine.
Fort Wayne's private colleges and universities include religious-affiliates and secular institutions. Religious-affiliated schools include the University of Saint Francis (Roman Catholic), Concordia Theological Seminary (Lutheran), an Adult Learning Center of Concordia University Wisconsin (Lutheran) and Taylor University Fort Wayne (Evangelical Christian) and Indiana Wesleyan University (Wesleyan Church). Non-religious colleges and universities include the Indiana Institute of Technology (IIT) as well as regional branches of Tri-State University, Indiana Business College and International Business College.
As the largest city in Allen County, Fort Wayne geographic boundaries extend into each of the four elementary, middle and high school districts in the county. Most of Fort Wayne Community Schools is located within the Fort Wayne city limits; the district also extends into Pleasant Township on the south and into unincorporated areas of Wayne, St. Joseph and Washington Townships. Most of southeastern and parts of eastern Fort Wayne lies within the East Allen County Schools district, while the northern and northwestern part of the city lies in the Northwest Allen County Schools district. The 2006 annexation of a large swath of Aboite Township extended Fort Wayne into the remaining school district in the county, Southwest Allen County Schools.
''See also List of churches in Fort Wayne, Indiana''
Beside its "Summit City" nickname, Fort Wayne also is informally called the "City of Churches" by some of its residents; a nickname that stretches back to the late 1800s when the city was the hub of regional Catholic and Lutheran faiths. Until the building of the Lincoln Bank Tower in 1929, church and cathedral spires dominated the city's skyline.
Fort Wayne is the principal see-city of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend whose region includes Northeastern and North central Indiana. The principal cathedral of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, located in downtown Fort Wayne.
As of May 2006, three national Christian congregations were headquartered in Fort Wayne: the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association, Missionary Church, Inc. and the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches (formerly Evangelical Mennonite Church).
''See also List of famous people from Fort Wayne, Indiana.''
Many celebrities, politicians, writers, inventors and business were born or raised or made their mark in history while living in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Perhaps one of the most enduring famous residents of Fort Wayne was pioneer horticulturalist and Swedenborgian missionary, John Chapman, who is better known in American folklore as Johnny Appleseed, buried in Johnny Appleseed Park. Another famous resident (but also not a native) of Fort Wayne was Philo Farnsworth, best known for inventing the first completely electronic television.
A regional center of the arts, Fort Wayne has been the birthplace of stars of Broadway, film and television. These include film actress Carole Lombard, and television actors Shelley Long of ''Cheers'', Dan Butler of ''Frasier'', Dick York of ''Bewitched'', and Jenna Fisher of ''The Office''. Fashion designer Bill Blass was born in Fort Wayne, as was author and mythology expert Edith Hamilton, and her sister, Dr. Alice Hamilton.
Many business leaders were born or raised in Fort Wayne, including Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's International, Angie Hicks, founder of national consumer network Angie's List, and industrialist Fred Zollner, founder of the National Basketball Association and the ''Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons'' (later renamed the Detroit Pistons).
Fort Wayne natives who entered politics include former U.S. Surgeon General Leonard Andrew Scheele, former U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia E. Ross Adair, and former United States Secretary of the Treasury and first Comptroller of the Currency, Hugh McCulloch, the namesake of Fort Wayne's McCulloch Park.
★ Episode 104: "''Wish we Weren't Here''" of ABC series ''Dharma & Greg'' was set in the Fort Wayne International Airport although shot in a studio.
★ Also, the critically-acclaimed, small budget film "In the Company of Men" was filmed in Fort Wayne.
★ Frank Burns, character from the ''M
★ A
★ S
★ H'' series
★ Fawn Liebowitz, character, on Animal House
★ George Taylor, lead astronaut character, on Planet of the Apes
★ ''Topside'', character, on GI Joe
★ Richard Bach's 1977 book Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah in the ''mystical hills'' east of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Ironically, east of Fort Wayne are the remnants of the Black Swamp, the flattest land in Indiana and Ohio.
Fort Wayne has three sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI) and Fort Wayne Sister Cities International (FWSCI):
★ - Gera, Germany since 1992
★ - Płock, Poland since 1990
★ - Takaoka, Japan since 1977
★ Bradley, George K., ''Fort Wayne and Wabash Valley trolleys'', Central Electric Railfans' Association, 1983, ISBN 0-915348-22-5
★ Griswold, Bert J., ''Fort Wayne, gateway of the West'', AMS Press, 1973, ISBN 0-404-07133-3
★ Hawfield, Michael C., ''Fort Wayne Cityscapes: Highlights of a Community's History,'' Windsor Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-89781-244-1
★ Martone, Michael, ''Fort Wayne is seventh on Hitler's list: Indiana stories'', Indiana University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-253-33687-2
★ Paddock, Geoff, ''Headwaters Park: Fort Wayne's Lasting Legacy'', Arcadia Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-7385-1971-5
★ Thornborough, Gayle, ''Letter Book of the Indian Agency At Fort Wayne 1809-1815'', Indiana Historical Society, 1961
★ ''Community Magazine'' segment of the 2006 Verizon Directory
1. Shawgo, Ron, ''We're No. 70: City population leap-frogs 15 spots in 1st census list since adding Aboite'', ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', June 28, 2007. (Accessed July 5, 2007)
2. Shawgo, Ron, ''City count approaches 250,000, census says'', ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', June 21, 2006. (Accessed June 21, 2006)
3. Brice, Wallace A. (1868) "History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of this Point to the Present Period". ''D.W. Jones & son''.
4. Goodrich, De Witt C. and Charles Richard Tuttle (1875) An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. (NP:R. S. Peale & Co., ND).
5. "Vincennes, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste Bissot)," The Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1990), 28:130.
6. Peckham, Howard Henry (2003) "Indiana: A History". ''W.W. Norton'' ISBN 0-252-07146-8.
7. Hoxie, Frederick E. (1996) "Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present". ''Houghton Mifflin Company''. p.343 ISBN 0-395-66921-9.
8. National Weather Service
9. Fort Wayne Weather
10. Indiana Code 36-3-1
11. City planner says state law, not politics, was guide
12. Senate Bill No. 225
13. Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members Retrieved on June 12, 2007
14. Allen County Major Employers
15. Fort Wayne QuickFacts
16. Population of the 100 Largest Cities
17. City of Fort Wayne Website
18. Piere's Website
19. Indiana 114th Senate Concurrent Resolution #11
The following links are references for more information or provided source material for the information provided in the above article:
★ Official city web page
★ 2003 Census adjustment
★ Fort Wayne Comprehensive Plan Profile
★ Ossian, IN Official Site http://www.ossianin.com/ - Ossian, IN
★ Fort Wayne News http://www.wane.com/
'Fort Wayne' is a city in northeastern Indiana, USA and the county seat of Allen County. Fort Wayne is Indiana's second largest city after Indianapolis. As of 2007, the city has an estimated population of 248,637, making it the 70th largest city in the U.S.[1]. In 2005, the combined metropolitan population was 565,606.[2] Nearly equidistant from Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit, it has historically served as a transportation and communications center for the region, and an incubator for many products and companies.
Fort Wayne is named after Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne. The United States Army built this last in a series of forts near the community of Kekionga, the largest of all Miami villages, which is located where the St. Joseph River and St. Marys River join to form the Maumee River.[3]
History
''See also Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana''
The Miami nation established the first settlement at the Maumee, St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers in the mid 17th Century. Called Kekionga, the village was the traditional capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes. Historians believe that around 1676, French priests and missionaries visited the Miami on their way back from a mission at Lake Michigan. In 1680, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sent a letter to the Governor-General of Canada stating he also stopped there. In the 1680s French traders established a post at the location because it was the main portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The Maumee River is approximately ten miles (16 kilometers) away from the Little River branch of the Wabash River, which flows, in turn, into the Ohio River.[4]
In 1696, Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes as commander of the French outpost in Miami country.[5] The French built the first fort on the site, Fort Miamis, in 1697 as part of a group of forts built between Quebec, Canada and St. Louis.
In 1721, a few years after Bissot's death, Fort Miamis was replaced by Fort St. Philippe des Miamis.[6]
Increasing tension between France and the United Kingdom developed over the territory. In 1760, after defeat by British forces in the French and Indian War, the area was ceded to the British Empire. The fort was renamed "Fort Miami." In 1763, various Native American nations rebelled against British rule and retook the fort as part of Pontiac's Rebellion. The Miami regained control of Kekionga, a rule that lasted for more than 30 years.6
In 1790, President George Washington ordered the United States Army to secure Indiana. Three battles were fought in Kekionga against Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy. The Miami forces defeated American army in the first two battles. Anthony Wayne led a third expedition, destroying the village while its warriors were away. When the tribe returned to their destroyed village, Little Turtle decided to negotiate peace. After General Wayne refused it, the tribe was advanced to Fallen Timbers where they were defeated on August 20, 1794. On October 22, 1794, the United States army captured the Wabash-Erie portage from the Miami Confederacy and built a new fort near the three rivers. [7]
Eventually, the portage was replaced by the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1833. Fort Wayne lost national prominence as the railroad system developed in the United States. Yet it remained an important railroad center between New York and Chicago for nearly a century.
On February 22, 1840, the growing city incorporated as the City of Fort Wayne.
Most of the population growth occurred in the 19th century with immigration from Germany and Ireland. The large numbers of Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches reflect this. German-language newspapers were published into the 20th century.
Physical geography
Fort Wayne suffered disastrous floods in 1982.
St. Joseph River in Fort Wayne. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has constructed a floodwall along the river.
For a regional summit, Fort Wayne is fairly flat. There are some local wetlands and gravel pits. A few small hills are found around Franke Park and there are some small bluffs near the St. Joseph's River. West of the St. Joseph's River and St. Mary's River is the Tipton Till Plain, with deep dark brown soil. Land east of there is the former Black Swamp, a soil heavy with clay that forms deep cracks in August and must be plowed in the fall because it's too wet in the spring.
Climate
Fort Wayne, like most of the Midwest, has a humid continental climate. Summers are hot and humid, and winters are generally cold with frequent snowfall. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Severe weather is not uncommon, and tornadoes occasionally occur in the area, particularly in the spring and summer. The most severe tornado, an F2, struck portions of northern Fort Wayne on May 26, 2001, causing extensive damage but only minor injuries.[8]
The National Weather Service, which maintains an observation station in the control tower of Fort Wayne International Airport (elevation 791 feet), reports the record highest temperature in the city was 106°F on July 14, 1936, and June 29, 1988, and the record lowest temperature was -24°F on January 12, 1918. The wettest month on record was 11.00 inches in July 1986. The greatest 24-hour rainfall was 4.93 inches on August 1, 1926. The snowiest month on record was 29.5 inches in January 1982. The greatest 24-hour snowfall was 12.6 inches on March 10, 1964.
The average annual precipitation (based on the period 1971-2000) ranges from 36.55 inches at the airport to 37.90 inches at the Fort Wayne Disposal Plant (elevation 740 feet). Comparison of observations at the "official" stations with those taken at local television stations (WANE-TV and WPTA-TV), as well as volunteer observers and National Weather Service "spotters," has shown that rainfall can vary dramatically during summer thunderstorms because of typically scattered precipitation throughout the city.
| Monthly Normal and Record High and Low Temperatures | ||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rec High °F | 69 | 73 | 82 | 88 | 94 | 106 | 103 | 101 | 100 | 90 | 79 | 71 |
| Norm High °F | 31 | 35.4 | 47.4 | 59.8 | 71.6 | 80.6 | 84.3 | 81.8 | 75.4 | 63 | 48.5 | 35.8 |
| Norm Low °F | 16.1 | 19.2 | 28.8 | 38.2 | 49.1 | 58.8 | 62.5 | 60.4 | 52.8 | 41.8 | 32.7 | 22.3 |
| Rec Low °F | -22 | -18 | -10 | 7 | 27 | 38 | 44 | 38 | 29 | 19 | -1 | -18 |
| Precip (in) | 2.05 | 1.94 | 2.86 | 3.54 | 3.75 | 4.04 | 3.58 | 3.6 | 2.81 | 2.63 | 2.98 | 2.77 |
| ''Source: US Travel Weather'' [9] | ||||||||||||
Law and government
Fort Wayne has an elected mayor, clerk and city council-style of government. As of April 2006, the city was exploring a voluntary government restructuring that included the possible consolidation of its government or parts of its government with Allen County, Indiana. Discussions with the County have been intermittent for several years.
Under the so-called Unigov provision of Indiana Law, City-County consolidation would have been automatic when Fort Wayne's population exceeded 250,000 and became a first class city in Indiana.[10] Fort Wayne nearly met the state requirements for first class city designation in 2006 when the populous portions of Aboite Township were annexed.[11] However, a 2004 legislative change raised the population requirements from 250,000 to 600,000, which ensured
Indianapolis' status as the only first class city in Indiana.[12]
Executive - Mayor
''See List of Fort Wayne, Indiana mayors''
Fort Wayne's mayor is Democrat Graham Richard, who has served in the post since January 2000. In 2003, he was elected to a second term which ends December 31, 2007. He is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[13] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. He has announced he will not seek re-election in the 2007 city election.
City Clerk
Democrat Sandra Kennedy has been Fort Wayne's city clerk since 1983.
Representatives - City Council
The Fort Wayne City Council is a nine-member legislative group that serve four-year terms. Six of the members represent specific districts; three are elected city-wide as at-large council members. The council elected on November 4, 2003 will serve until December 31, 2007:
★ John N. Crawford: At-Large, Republican
★ Samuel J. Talarico, Jr: At-Large, Republican
★ John Shoaff: At-Large, Democrat
★ Tom Smith: 1st District, Republican
★ Donald J. Schmidt: 2nd District, Republican
★ Tom Didier: 3rd District, Republican
★ Tom Hayhurst: 4th District, Democrat
★ Tim Pape: 5th District, Democrat
★ Glynn A. Hines: 6th District, Democrat
Economy
In the mid-20th century, Fort Wayne was a major manufacturing center of the northeastern United States. Major employers included General Electric, Westinghouse, International Harvester, and Tokheim gasoline pumps. Phelps Dodge, Rea Wire, and Essex Wire comprised the largest concentration of copper and enamel wire manufacturing in the world.
In the latter half of the 20th century, shifts in manufacturing patterns led to the reduction of the number of manufacturing plants and jobs. However, as of 2006 the top employer of full-time employees in Fort Wayne is General Motors Fort Wayne Assembly (2981 employees) where the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra pickup trucks are assembled.[14]
Reflecting the transition of the city's economy to health services, aerospace and communications engineering, insurance, and consumer services,
other non-governmental employers within the top ten (ranked by number of full-time employees in 2006) are: Lutheran Health Network, Parkview Health Systems, ITT Aerospace & Communications Division, Lincoln Financial Group, and Scott's Food & Pharmacy.
Demographics
| 'Fort Wayne' Population by year[15] | Rank[16] | |
| 17446 | 1,040 | |
| 1833[17] | 300 | |
| 1850 | 4,282 | |
| 1860 | 10,388 | |
| 1870 | 17,718 | |
| 1880 | 25,880 | |
| 1890 | 35,393 | 83 |
| 1900 | 45,115 | 74 |
| 1910 | 63,933 | 86 |
| 1920 | 85,540 | 83 |
| 1930 | 114,946 | 89 |
| 1940 | 118,410 | 83 |
| 1950 | 133,607 | 72 |
| 1960 | 161,144 | 79 |
| 1970 | 178,269 | 72 |
| 1980 | 172,196 | 80 |
| 1990 | 195,680 | 99 |
| 2000 | 205,727 | 84 |
| 2006 | 248,637 | 70 |
The first census, performed in 1744 on the order by the governor of Louisiana, revealed a population of approximately forty Frenchmen and one thousand Miami.6
As of the census of 2000, there were 205,727 people, 83,333 households, and 50,666 families residing in the city. There are 90,915 housing units at an average density of 444.6/km² (1,151.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 75.45% White, 17.38% Black or African American, 0.39% Native American, 1.56% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.91% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. 5.78% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 83,333 households out of which 31.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% are married couples living together, 14.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% are non-families. 32.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 3.08.
In the city the population is spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $36,518, and the median income for a family is $45,040. Males have a median income of $34,704 versus $25,062 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,517. 12.5% of the population and 9.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.5% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Culture
Night Life
Fort Wayne has a large number of bars and music venues. However, the night life in Fort Wayne does not center around the downtown area like most cities. Although downtown Fort Wayne is home to the Embassy Theater and the Grand Wayne Center, the downtown night life is generally located on the small strip named Columbia Street or "The Landing" near the City County Building. A few dance clubs and the corner bar "Columbia Street West" (Current Name) which is home to the Midwest Original Music Showcase (MOMS) occupy this area.
Fort Wayne is home to Piere's, the largest bar/club in the Midwest. In 2006, Piere's was rated 4th in the entire world for ticket sales in 21+ venues.[18]
Recreation
Located in downtown Fort Wayne, the Allen County Courthouse is listed as a National Historic Landmark. Its attached park, the Courthouse Green is a gathering place for political demonstrations.
Fort Wayne's first park, the 0.2 acre (800 m²) Old Fort Park, was established in 1863. The newest park, the 170 acre (690,000 m²) Salomon Farm Park, was established in 1995. As of 2005, the city had 87 parks covering 2,199.55 acres (8.9 km²).
★ Buckner Farm Park
★ Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory
★ Foster Park
★ Franke Park, the city's largest at 316.4 acres (1.3 km²), home to the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo
★ Freimann Square
★ Headwaters Park
★ Historic Old Fort
★ Hurshtown Reservoir
★ Japanese Garden
★ Johnny Appleseed Park, including the gravesite of Johnny Appleseed
★ Lakeside Park
★ Lindenwood Nature Preserve
★ McMillen Park
★ Little Turtle Memorial
★ Shoaff Park
Sports
Current professional sports teams
Media
''For the complete list, see List of media in Fort Wayne, Indiana''
The major newspaper in the city is the independent ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', a daily that has more than twice the circulation of the city's second daily, the Ogden Newspaper Group-owned ''Fort Wayne News-Sentinel''. The two dailies have separate editorial departments, but under a joint operating agreement, printing, advertising, and circulation are handled by Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc., which is 75 percent owned by the News-Sentinel, 25 percent owned by the Journal Gazette.
The city also is served by several free weekly and monthly alternative and neighborhood newspapers, including two that serve the African American community, ''Ink'' and ''Frost Illustrated''. Another independently owned free entertainment weekly, Whatzup, has flourished, boasting a average weekly readership of around 50,000. Whatzup also organizes a popular Battle of the Bands event through each summer, as well as a local art & entertainment awards show called The Whammies.
Nationally, Fort Wayne is the home of the ''Macedonian Tribune'', the oldest and largest Macedonian language publication produced outside of the Balkans.
WGL, Fort Wayne's first radio station, began broadcasting in 1924; it currently broadcasts "oldies" and CBS newscasts. WOWO, the city's second radio station, began broadcasting in 1925; it is now a news and information station, featuring local and network news from Fox and ABC. The city has two National Public Radio stations, WBNI and WBOI, both on FM.
Fort Wayne's first television station was WKJG-TV, which began broadcasting in 1953. Today the city is served by a handful of television stations as the 106th-largest media market. Broadcast network affiliates include WANE-TV (CBS), WFFT-TV (FOX), WISE-TV (NBC), and WPTA (ABC). Fort Wayne's PBS Member station is WFWA. Religious broadcasters include WINM and W07CL.
UPN and The WB were primarily local cable television channels, also broadcast as digital television sub-channels on the WANE and WPTA, respectively. The CW Network and My Network TV also are cable-only for many Fort Wayne market viewers as they are broadcast by digital sub-channels of WPTA and WISE, respectively, and not broadcast on an NTSC channel.
Architecture
Built in 1930, the Lincoln Bank Tower was the tallest building in the state until 1962.
Fort Wayne and its suburbs are the home to a number of notable architectural structures, including:
★ Allen County Courthouse, 700 block of South Clinton Street, government building, by Brentwood S. Tolan, 1897-1902
★ Allen County War Memorial Coliseum, 4000 Parnell Avanue, sports arena
★ Anthony Wayne Bank Building, 203 East Berry Street, commercial highrise, 1960
★ Center School, 1893 schoolhouse restored to its original state
★ Commerce Building, 127 West Berry Street, Beaux-Arts architecture highrise, 1923
★ Concordia Senior College, now Concordia Theological Seminary, by Eero Saarinen,
★ Crooks House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1976
★ Fine Arts Center, School and Performing Arts Theater, theatre, by L. I. Kahn, 1966-1973
★ Old City Hall, government building, 1893
★ J. B. Franke House, residence, 1914
★ Hanselmann House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1967
★ One Summit Square (Chase Bank), tallest building in the city, 1981
★ Richardville House, residence, 1827
★ Haus der Schönen Künste - Fine Arts Center, museum, by L. I. Kahn, 1961-1964
★ Lincoln Bank Tower (Tower Bank), 116 East Berry Street, Art-Deco highrise, by Alvin M. Strauss, 1930
★ Snyderman House, residence, by postmodernist architect Michael Graves, 1972
★ Wermuth House, residence, by Eero Saarinen, 1942-42
Transportation
Fort Wayne is the largest city in Allen County, Indiana. This map shows its relations with nearby municipalities and major roadways. Unincorporated towns are marked with a dark red dot.
Fort Wayne International Airport (formerly known as Fort Wayne Municipal Airport from 1946-1991 and Baer Field during World War II) is the only Midwest commercial airport, other than Chicago's O'Hare, with a 12,000-foot runway. As of April 2006, a construction project was underway to strengthen the runway to make it usable by heavier airplanes requiring a longer runway. As of 2007, Passenger service was provided by Air Wisconsin (United Express), Allegiant Air, American Eagle (American Eagle), CommutAir (Continental Connection affiliate), Atlantic Southeast (Delta Connection), Comair (Delta Connection), Mesaba (Northwest Airlink), Pinnacle (Northwest Airlink), and SkyWest (United Express).
Amtrak does not offer service to Fort Wayne directly. The nearest station to Fort Wayne is in Waterloo, Indiana, 24 miles (38 km) north of downtown Fort Wayne.
Fort Wayne Public Transportation Corporation ''Citilink'' provides bus service between downtown, urban shopping centers and area employment locations.
Major automobile highways and freeways in the Fort Wayne area include Interstate 69, Interstate 469 (named the Ronald Reagan Expressway in 2005[19]), U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 27, U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway), and U.S. Route 33. Fort Wayne is served by a single interstate highway (I-69), which serves as the northern and western portion of the beltway around the metro area (I-469 serves as the southern and eastern portions of that beltway). Inside the beltway, there are no freeways. With one exception (the intersection of Coliseum Boulevard and West Illinois Road/East Washington Boulevard), all major arterial roadway intersections within the beltway are traffic signal controlled at-grade intersections. This includes intersections along the 4-lane Airport Expressway, which extends from the intersection of Paulding Road and Fairfield Avenue to the Lower Huntington Road-Airport Expressway interchange (Exit 99) at I-69. This expressway provides quick and easy access to the Fort Wayne International Airport from the inner city and the southwestern suburbs (including the General Motors Fort Wayne Assembly).
Light rail systems started being built in Fort Wayne in 1872 with horse-drawn cars on Calhoun Street. By 1900, a number of lines had been built, the companies building them consolidated into one, and the lines electrified. The
next step was the interurban, with a line to Huntington in 1901. Many interurban routes were built between 1900 and 1908, and no place was more enthused than Fort Wayne, which had the only full cloverleaf for the interurban in the entire country. A few well-publicized wrecks and the 1910 introduction of the Model T led to a decline of passengers, but even at peak traffic in 1915, most interurban systems were unprofitable, and many filed for bankruptcy in the 1920s.
Author Mabel Thomas, writing under the pen name ''Harriet Housewife'', wrote that in the early 1920s, she was sent as a 4-year-old across Fort Wayne to play with a friend. “I boarded by myself, and told the man where I was to go on 4th Street. When we got downtown, the man told me which car to transfer to. Several hours later, my friend's mother told me that my mother had called, that she wanted me to come home, that she had a surprise for me. I again boarded by myself, went back to Hughes Street, and found a new baby brother waiting for me.”
Between 1940 and 1947, the trolleys were replaced with trolleybuses, and in 1948, the system sold to the city. By 1960, the trolleybuses had all been converted to motor buses. The same electric power plan used to power the trolley system by day was one of two electric systems lighting businesses and houses by night. After years of neglect, the system was in need of major capital expenditures that the city could not afford, and Fort Wayne leased their municipal power system to rival I&M in 1975. Science Central has occupied the old City Light power plant since 1991.
Education
Colleges and universities
IPFW's Willis Bridge across Fort Wayne's Crescent Avenue, links the university's main academic campus with its residential campus.
Fort Wayne is the home of Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), with an enrollment of 11,755 is the 5th-largest public university campus in Indiana. The city also holds the main campus of the Northeast Region of Ivy Tech Community College, the second-largest public community college campus in the state. Indiana University (IU) maintains the third public higher educational facility in the city with the Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education, a branch of the IU School of Medicine.
Fort Wayne's private colleges and universities include religious-affiliates and secular institutions. Religious-affiliated schools include the University of Saint Francis (Roman Catholic), Concordia Theological Seminary (Lutheran), an Adult Learning Center of Concordia University Wisconsin (Lutheran) and Taylor University Fort Wayne (Evangelical Christian) and Indiana Wesleyan University (Wesleyan Church). Non-religious colleges and universities include the Indiana Institute of Technology (IIT) as well as regional branches of Tri-State University, Indiana Business College and International Business College.
Primary and secondary education
The above map shows which school district serve various parts of Fort Wayne. The blue section is Northwest Allen County Schools, the yellow section is East Allen County Schools, the dark pink section is Fort Wayne Community Schools and the green section is Southwest Allen County Schools.
As the largest city in Allen County, Fort Wayne geographic boundaries extend into each of the four elementary, middle and high school districts in the county. Most of Fort Wayne Community Schools is located within the Fort Wayne city limits; the district also extends into Pleasant Township on the south and into unincorporated areas of Wayne, St. Joseph and Washington Townships. Most of southeastern and parts of eastern Fort Wayne lies within the East Allen County Schools district, while the northern and northwestern part of the city lies in the Northwest Allen County Schools district. The 2006 annexation of a large swath of Aboite Township extended Fort Wayne into the remaining school district in the county, Southwest Allen County Schools.
Religion
''See also List of churches in Fort Wayne, Indiana''
Beside its "Summit City" nickname, Fort Wayne also is informally called the "City of Churches" by some of its residents; a nickname that stretches back to the late 1800s when the city was the hub of regional Catholic and Lutheran faiths. Until the building of the Lincoln Bank Tower in 1929, church and cathedral spires dominated the city's skyline.
Fort Wayne is the principal see-city of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend whose region includes Northeastern and North central Indiana. The principal cathedral of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, located in downtown Fort Wayne.
As of May 2006, three national Christian congregations were headquartered in Fort Wayne: the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association, Missionary Church, Inc. and the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches (formerly Evangelical Mennonite Church).
Notable natives and residents
Johnny Appleseed, Harper’s Magazine, 1871
''See also List of famous people from Fort Wayne, Indiana.''
Many celebrities, politicians, writers, inventors and business were born or raised or made their mark in history while living in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Perhaps one of the most enduring famous residents of Fort Wayne was pioneer horticulturalist and Swedenborgian missionary, John Chapman, who is better known in American folklore as Johnny Appleseed, buried in Johnny Appleseed Park. Another famous resident (but also not a native) of Fort Wayne was Philo Farnsworth, best known for inventing the first completely electronic television.
A regional center of the arts, Fort Wayne has been the birthplace of stars of Broadway, film and television. These include film actress Carole Lombard, and television actors Shelley Long of ''Cheers'', Dan Butler of ''Frasier'', Dick York of ''Bewitched'', and Jenna Fisher of ''The Office''. Fashion designer Bill Blass was born in Fort Wayne, as was author and mythology expert Edith Hamilton, and her sister, Dr. Alice Hamilton.
Many business leaders were born or raised in Fort Wayne, including Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's International, Angie Hicks, founder of national consumer network Angie's List, and industrialist Fred Zollner, founder of the National Basketball Association and the ''Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons'' (later renamed the Detroit Pistons).
Fort Wayne natives who entered politics include former U.S. Surgeon General Leonard Andrew Scheele, former U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia E. Ross Adair, and former United States Secretary of the Treasury and first Comptroller of the Currency, Hugh McCulloch, the namesake of Fort Wayne's McCulloch Park.
Cultural impact
TV programs and films set in Fort Wayne
★ Episode 104: "''Wish we Weren't Here''" of ABC series ''Dharma & Greg'' was set in the Fort Wayne International Airport although shot in a studio.
★ Also, the critically-acclaimed, small budget film "In the Company of Men" was filmed in Fort Wayne.
Fictional characters from Fort Wayne
★ Frank Burns, character from the ''M
★ A
★ S
★ H'' series
★ Fawn Liebowitz, character, on Animal House
★ George Taylor, lead astronaut character, on Planet of the Apes
★ ''Topside'', character, on GI Joe
Novels set in the Fort Wayne area
★ Richard Bach's 1977 book Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah in the ''mystical hills'' east of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Ironically, east of Fort Wayne are the remnants of the Black Swamp, the flattest land in Indiana and Ohio.
Sister cities
Fort Wayne has three sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI) and Fort Wayne Sister Cities International (FWSCI):
★ - Gera, Germany since 1992
★ - Płock, Poland since 1990
★ - Takaoka, Japan since 1977
References
★ Bradley, George K., ''Fort Wayne and Wabash Valley trolleys'', Central Electric Railfans' Association, 1983, ISBN 0-915348-22-5
★ Griswold, Bert J., ''Fort Wayne, gateway of the West'', AMS Press, 1973, ISBN 0-404-07133-3
★ Hawfield, Michael C., ''Fort Wayne Cityscapes: Highlights of a Community's History,'' Windsor Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-89781-244-1
★ Martone, Michael, ''Fort Wayne is seventh on Hitler's list: Indiana stories'', Indiana University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-253-33687-2
★ Paddock, Geoff, ''Headwaters Park: Fort Wayne's Lasting Legacy'', Arcadia Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-7385-1971-5
★ Thornborough, Gayle, ''Letter Book of the Indian Agency At Fort Wayne 1809-1815'', Indiana Historical Society, 1961
★ ''Community Magazine'' segment of the 2006 Verizon Directory
Notes
1. Shawgo, Ron, ''We're No. 70: City population leap-frogs 15 spots in 1st census list since adding Aboite'', ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', June 28, 2007. (Accessed July 5, 2007)
2. Shawgo, Ron, ''City count approaches 250,000, census says'', ''Fort Wayne Journal Gazette'', June 21, 2006. (Accessed June 21, 2006)
3. Brice, Wallace A. (1868) "History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of this Point to the Present Period". ''D.W. Jones & son''.
4. Goodrich, De Witt C. and Charles Richard Tuttle (1875) An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. (NP:R. S. Peale & Co., ND).
5. "Vincennes, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste Bissot)," The Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1990), 28:130.
6. Peckham, Howard Henry (2003) "Indiana: A History". ''W.W. Norton'' ISBN 0-252-07146-8.
7. Hoxie, Frederick E. (1996) "Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present". ''Houghton Mifflin Company''. p.343 ISBN 0-395-66921-9.
8. National Weather Service
9. Fort Wayne Weather
10. Indiana Code 36-3-1
11. City planner says state law, not politics, was guide
12. Senate Bill No. 225
13. Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members Retrieved on June 12, 2007
14. Allen County Major Employers
15. Fort Wayne QuickFacts
16. Population of the 100 Largest Cities
17. City of Fort Wayne Website
18. Piere's Website
19. Indiana 114th Senate Concurrent Resolution #11
External links
The following links are references for more information or provided source material for the information provided in the above article:
★ Official city web page
★ 2003 Census adjustment
★ Fort Wayne Comprehensive Plan Profile
★ Ossian, IN Official Site http://www.ossianin.com/ - Ossian, IN
★ Fort Wayne News http://www.wane.com/
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