FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE

:''"Four horsemen" redirects here. For other uses please see Four Horsemen (disambiguation)
The 'Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse' are the forces of man's destruction described in the Bible in chapter six of the Book of Revelation, the Original Greek Αποκαλυψις Ιωαννου (''Apokalupsis Iōannou''), "Revelation Of John". The four horsemen are traditionally named after the powers they represent: War, Famine, Pestilence, and Death. However, this is slightly at odds with the conventional interpretation of the Bible, which actually only directly names the fourth: "Death".
Consequently, it is not possible to definitively state the intended interpretation of the horsemen; in fact, interpretations frequently reflect contemporary values and issues.

Contents

Horses and their riders

Original text

Interpretations

Red Horse

Black Horse

Pale Horse

Alternative interpretations

Zechariah's Horses

Relationship to the Four Horsemen

See also

Notes

Horses and their riders

In summary, the horses and their riders as described in the Bible are as follows:

Horse	Horse Represents	Rider	Power	Rider Represents	Original Greek Description
White	Victory; Pure Warfare	Carries a bow, wears a crown	Conquest	The Antichrist	'ίππος λευκός' (híppos leukós), [The] White Horse
Red	Blood spilled on the battlefield	Carries a sword	War	War	'ίππος πυρρός' (híppos purrós), [The] Fiery Red Horse
Black	Desolation	Carries scales	Famine, Persecution	Injustice to the poor and scarcity of food	'ίππος μέλας' (híppos mélas), [The] Black Horse
Pale	Paleness of skin in death, decay	Followed by Hell	Kills by war, hunger, plagues, etc.	Death	'ίππος χλωρός, θάνατος' (híppos khlōrós, thánatos), [The] Pale Green Horse, [named] Death

The word used to describe the color of the 'pale' horse is the Greek word chloros or green. It is meant to convey the sickly green tinge of the deathly ill or recently dead. Since the literal translation 'green' does not carry these connotations in English the word is rendered 'pale' in most English translations.

Original text

From the King James Version of the Bible, Revelation chapter 6, verses 1 to 8 (emphasis added):

Interpretations

The image of the white horse is one of God's angels. He was chosen to kill for the lord until Jesus arrived.

Red Horse

The rider of the second horse is generally held to represent War. The red color of his horse represents blood spilled on the battlefield. He carries a great sword, which represents battle and fighting. The Red Horse is also said to represent the Planet Mars. According to astrological beliefs, Mars has quite an ill effect on the Earth when its position is behind us to the Sun, especially when the Moon, The Pale Horse, is between Mars and the Earth. The red planet also represents the God of War in many pre-Christian religions, specifically the Mars of Roman mythology and the Ares of Greek mythology.

Black Horse

The third horseman, riding the black horse, is popularly called Famine or Pestilence. The black color of the third horse could be a symbol of famine. Its rider was holding a scale, which means scarcity of food, higher prices, and famine, likely as a result of the wars from the second horseman. Food will be scarce, but luxuries such as wine and oil will still be readily available. (Or that the rich will be fine but the poor will suffer as wine and oil represented the richer classes)
The "a measure of wheat for a penny" from the King James Version might not sound like a famine to modern ears, but in the NIV we read "a quart of wheat for a day's wages", which is a little clearer.
Again, the poor or comfortable will suffer from prices, while the rich will be fine.

Pale Horse

The fourth horseman (on the pale, or sickly horse, which may be the source of the notion of "pestilence" as a separate horseman) is explicitly named Death. Although Death is popularly represented carrying a scythe, this is not mentioned in the original text.
The Greek word interpreted here as "pale" is elsewhere in the New Testament translated as "green." The horse is sometimes translated as "pale," "pale green," or "green." The pale greenish color of the fourth horse could mean fear, sickness, decay, and death.

Alternative interpretations

An alternative interpretation holds the first Horseman to represent Quicksilver or the Antichrist, the second to represent Pestilence (sometimes called Plague), while the third and fourth riders remain Famine and Death, respectively, though this interpretation is often considered flawed.
One interpretation rearranges the order in which the horsemen arrive to end the world, and a slight change to their personas. The first horseman to appear is Pestilence, who rides upon a sickly, decaying horse. Pestilence causes the decay and imminent destruction of the worlds crops and wildlife. In the wake of Pestilence comes Famine, a large and portly rider riding upon a thin and sickly horse, symbolizing gluttony and the lack of food. In the wake of Famine, due to immense fighting over the remaining food supplies, is War. War rides upon a red horse and wields a tremendous sword which he uses to slay the millions in his path. And in the wake of War, comes the black rider, Death. His horse is, as one would guess, jet black. He is followed by hades and carries the remaining souls to their final destinations.
Another challenged interpretation is that the white horse represents foreign warfare or conquest ("went forth conquering, and to conquer"), the red represents civil war or domestic strife ("that they should kill one another"), the black represents famine ("A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine"), and the pale represents pestilence or disease in its various forms (" to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth").
Yet another interpretation is that the Four Horsemen are the Four Beasts mentioned in the visions of The Book of Daniel, representing four kings (or kingdoms), the last of which devours the world. The more conventional integration of this portion of Daniel with Revelation, however, is that the eleventh king (arising in the fourth kingdom) is the Antichrist.
Some Christian scholars do not interpret ''Revelation'' as prophecy of future events so much as a revealing of God's presence in the current events of the first century.
In this sense the white horseman is a symbol for a conquering force from without. This is symbolized using the image of the feared Parthian mounted archer on his white horse and given the crown of a conqueror. The red rider who takes peace from the earth is the civil strife that ended the pax romana. The black rider is the famine that follows anytime there is foreign invasion or civil war. The final rider is the death that accompanies conflict and famine and the pestilence that springs up in the aftermath of these other tragedies.
While these images, and especially the Parthians, are specific to the Roman Empire of the early Christian era, there is a universality about them. Each new century, Christian interpreters see ways in which the horsemen, and Revelation in general, speaks to contemporary events. Some who believe Revelation applies to modern times can interpret the horses based on various ways their colours are used. Red, for example, often represents Communism, while Black has been used as a symbol of Capitalism. Pastor Irvin Baxter Jr. of Endtime Ministries espouses such a belief.^[1]
Not all interpretations agree that the horsemen are associated with contemporary events; one interpretation suggests that the horseman are each associated with one of the first, four opened seals. ^[2] The white horse represents the first seal in which the city of Enoch^[3] is established in righteous conquest. The red horse represents the second seal in which bloodshed and wickedness reigns. The black horse represents the third seal in which famine, plague, and pestilence take hold of the world. The pale horse represents a time of escalated death and destruction. Further interpretation by scholars suggests that each horse represents a given time: the time of Enoch, the time of Noah, the time of Abraham, and the time of Christ. This interpretation is popular among Mormon scholars, but is not a part of Mormon doctrine.

Zechariah's Horses

Four sets of horses were also mentioned in The Book of Zechariah. The location of the passage, Chapter 6 verses 1-8, is notable to some commentators. (The original writers, of course, did not use the chapter and verse designations of modern Bibles.) The text is as follows, drawn from the King James Version.

Relationship to the Four Horsemen

Zechariah is quoted in the Book of Revelation more than any other book in the Old Testament. The first nine chapters are considered apocalyptic (although the book itself is not) like the Book of Revelation. It is also quoted frequently by many other New Testament authors. These verses are sometimes used to determine whether or not the rider of the white horse is the Antichrist. In Zechariah, all of the horse and riders are servants of the Lord. If these are the same four horses and riders as the Four Horsemen, it would suggest that rider of the white horse is not the Antichrist.
In the King James version, all of the horses are possibly the same color. The fourth set, grisled and bay, are the ones seeing debate. Other translations use the word dapple (or bay) to describe their color. The word grisled is defined by the OED as being "awe-inspiring; horrible; grisly", closer to the "pale" mentioned in Revelation 6:8.

See also

★ Antichrist

★ Apocalypse

★ Book of Revelation

★ Death

★ Death (personification)

★ Eschatology

★ Famine

★ Horsemen of Apocalypse (comics)

★ Pestilence

★ Summary of Christian eschatological differences

★ War

★ The Four Horsemen (song)

Notes

1. Arafat and Jerusalem: The Palestinian Perspective
2. Opening the Seven Seals: The Visions of John the Revelator, , Richard D., Draper, Deseret Book, ,
3. Moses 7:19