GALERINA
- + Add to Faves
- + Translate
- + Share
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
(Redirected from Galerina autumnalis)
'''Galerina''' is a genus of small brown-spored saprotrophic agarics, with over 300 species found throughout the world, from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. [1]Wood AE (2001) Studies in the genus ''Galerina''. ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '14', 615–676 This group is most noted for toxic species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of ''Psilocybe''.
''Galerina'' fruiting bodies are typically small, undistinguished mushrooms with a typical "little brown mushroom" morphology and a cinnamon-brown spore print. The pileus is typically glabrous and often hygrophanous, and a cortina-type veil is often present in young specimens, though it sometimes disappears as the mushroom ages. Microscopically, they are highly variable as well, though most species have spores that are ornamented, lack a germ pore, and have a plage. Many species also have characteristic cystidia. However, there are many exceptions, and many species of ''Galerina'' lack one or more of these microscopic characteristics. Ecologically, all ''Galerina'' are saprotrophs, growing in habitats like rotting wood or in moss.
''Galerina'' has recently been found to be polyphyletic, consisting of three unrelated clades. Each of these clades corresponds to a subgenus of ''Galerina'', as outlined by Kühner. [2] The great diversity of found in ''Galerina'' is probably due to the polyphyly of the genus.
''Phaeogalera'' is genus that was segregated from ''Galerina'' by Kühner. ''Phaeogalera'' resemble ''Galerina'' in their habitat, macroscopic appearance, and spore print color, however, their microscopic characteristics (smooth spores with a distinct germ pore and non-tibiiform cystidia) more closely resemble ''Psilocybe''. A recent study [3] confirms the affinity of ''Phaeogalera'' and the non-psilocybin ''Psilocybe''.
Many (though not all) ''Galerina'' contain alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins. [4] ''Galerina steglichii'' contains the hallucinogen psilocybin. [5] [6]
The extreme toxicity of some ''Galerina'' species means that recognition of ''Galerina'' is of great importance to mushroom hunters, particularly those who are seeking hallucinogenic ''Psilocybe''. Species like ''Galerina marginata'' may bear a superficial resemblance to ''Psilocybe cyanescens'' and other ''Psilocybe'' species. ''Galerina'' can be distinguished from psilocybian ''Psilocybe'' by the following characterisics:
★ Spore print color: blackish-brown to lilac-brown in ''Psilocybe'', rusty brown in ''Galerina''. Spore color can be seen by taking a spore print or by looking for evidence of spore drop on the stipe or on surrounding mushrooms.
★ Staining reaction: Psilocybian ''Psilocybe'' fruiting bodies stain blue to varying degrees when bruised, while ''Galerina'' do not. The strength of this reaction varies with the amount of psilocin present in the tissues of the mushroom. Fruiting bodies with little psilocin will stain weakly if at all, while sporocarps with a high psilocin content will stain strongly blue. No ''Galerina'' has blue-staining tissue, though in some cases the flesh will blacken when handled, and this may be misinterpreted as a bluing reaction.[7]
Since mixed patches of ''Psilocybe'' and ''Galerina'' can occur, it is essential to be sure of the identity of each sporocarp collected.
''Galerina'' also present some risk of confusion with several species of small edible mushrooms, notably ''Kuehneromyces mutabilis'' [1] and "candy cap" ''Lactarius'' (''L. camphoratus'', ''L. fragilis'', and ''L. rubidus''). [2] [3]
'''Galerina vittiformis''' is the type species of the genus ''Galerina''. Var. ''pachyspora'' has been collected on Macquarie Island.Wood AE (2001) Studies in the genus ''Galerina''. ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '14', 615–676
'''Galerina marginata''' (also known as 'autumn skullcap,' or 'deadly galerina') is a poisonous species found throughout the temperate regions of the world, in habitats as diverse as forests and urban parklands, wherever rotting wood is found. DNA studies [8] found that ''Galerina autumnalis'' and five other species of ''Galerina'' with similar morphologies were, in fact, synonyms of ''Galerina marginata''.
'''Galerina sulcipes''', a lethal species found in Indonesia and responsible for deaths there. One study found it more toxic than ''Amanita phalloides''.[9]
Several ''Galerina'' species are listed by the US Forest Service as "species of special concern" in the Northwest Forest Plan. [10] These species are considered indicator species for old growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest: ''Galerina atkinsonia''[11], ''Galerina cerina''[12] ''Galerina heterocystis'', ''Galerina sphagnicola'', and ''Galerina vittiformis''. [13]
1. ''Galerina'' Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics, Gulden GØ, Stensrud K, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Kauserud H., , , Mycologia, 2005
2. Agaricales de la zone alpine: Genres ''Galera'' Earle et ''Phaeogalera'' gen. nov., Kühner R., , , Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France, 1972
3. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, ''et al.'', , , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2002
4. Amatoxins in wood-rotting ''Galerina marginata'', Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Rapior S, Renault C, Chaumont J-P., , , Mycologia, 2004
5. Cultivation and analysis of ''Psilocybe'' species and an investigation of ''Galerina steglichi'', Gartz J., , , Annali Museo Civico di Rovereto, 1995
6. ''Galerina steglichii'' spec. nov, ein halluzinogener Haeubling, Besl H., , , Zeitschrift für Mykologie, 1993
7. ''Galerina marginata'' ("''Galerina autumnalis''") Kuo M.
8. DNA studies in the ''Galerina marginata'' complex, Gulden G, Dunham S, Stockman J., , , Mycological Research, 2001
9. Klan J (1993) A review of mushrooms containing amanitins and phalloidines. ''Cas Lek Cesk.'' '132'(15):449-51.
10. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
11. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
12. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
13. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
★ Gulden G. (1980). Alpine Galerinas (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) with special reference to their occurrence in South Norway at Finse on Hardangervidda. ''Norwegian Journal of Botany'' '27': 219–253.
★ Gulden G, HallgrÃmsson H. (2000). The genera ''Galerina'' and ''Phaeogalera'' (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) in Iceland. ''Acta Botanica Islandica'' '13': 3–54.
★ Gulden G, Vesterholt J. (1999). The genera ''Galerina'' Earle and ''Phaeogalera'' Kuhner in the Faroe Islands. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' '19': 685–706. (abstract)
★ Smith AH, Singer R. (1964). ''A monograph of the genus'' Galerina ''Earle''. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. 384 p. (Full text available through link)
★ Fungus of the Month for May 2003: ''Galerina autumnalis'' by Tom Volk, ''TomVolkFungi.net''
★ Norwegian Fungus of the Month May 2001: ''Galerina pseudomycenopsis'' Pilát
★ ''Galerina autumnalis'' MykoWeb.com
★ ''Galerina'' images, ''MycoSite'', University of Oslo, Norway
'''Galerina''' is a genus of small brown-spored saprotrophic agarics, with over 300 species found throughout the world, from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. [1]Wood AE (2001) Studies in the genus ''Galerina''. ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '14', 615–676 This group is most noted for toxic species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of ''Psilocybe''.
| Contents |
| Biological aspects |
| Chemistry and toxicology |
| Identification |
| Notable species |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Biological aspects
''Galerina'' fruiting bodies are typically small, undistinguished mushrooms with a typical "little brown mushroom" morphology and a cinnamon-brown spore print. The pileus is typically glabrous and often hygrophanous, and a cortina-type veil is often present in young specimens, though it sometimes disappears as the mushroom ages. Microscopically, they are highly variable as well, though most species have spores that are ornamented, lack a germ pore, and have a plage. Many species also have characteristic cystidia. However, there are many exceptions, and many species of ''Galerina'' lack one or more of these microscopic characteristics. Ecologically, all ''Galerina'' are saprotrophs, growing in habitats like rotting wood or in moss.
''Galerina'' has recently been found to be polyphyletic, consisting of three unrelated clades. Each of these clades corresponds to a subgenus of ''Galerina'', as outlined by Kühner. [2] The great diversity of found in ''Galerina'' is probably due to the polyphyly of the genus.
''Phaeogalera'' is genus that was segregated from ''Galerina'' by Kühner. ''Phaeogalera'' resemble ''Galerina'' in their habitat, macroscopic appearance, and spore print color, however, their microscopic characteristics (smooth spores with a distinct germ pore and non-tibiiform cystidia) more closely resemble ''Psilocybe''. A recent study [3] confirms the affinity of ''Phaeogalera'' and the non-psilocybin ''Psilocybe''.
Chemistry and toxicology
Many (though not all) ''Galerina'' contain alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins. [4] ''Galerina steglichii'' contains the hallucinogen psilocybin. [5] [6]
Identification
The extreme toxicity of some ''Galerina'' species means that recognition of ''Galerina'' is of great importance to mushroom hunters, particularly those who are seeking hallucinogenic ''Psilocybe''. Species like ''Galerina marginata'' may bear a superficial resemblance to ''Psilocybe cyanescens'' and other ''Psilocybe'' species. ''Galerina'' can be distinguished from psilocybian ''Psilocybe'' by the following characterisics:
★ Spore print color: blackish-brown to lilac-brown in ''Psilocybe'', rusty brown in ''Galerina''. Spore color can be seen by taking a spore print or by looking for evidence of spore drop on the stipe or on surrounding mushrooms.
★ Staining reaction: Psilocybian ''Psilocybe'' fruiting bodies stain blue to varying degrees when bruised, while ''Galerina'' do not. The strength of this reaction varies with the amount of psilocin present in the tissues of the mushroom. Fruiting bodies with little psilocin will stain weakly if at all, while sporocarps with a high psilocin content will stain strongly blue. No ''Galerina'' has blue-staining tissue, though in some cases the flesh will blacken when handled, and this may be misinterpreted as a bluing reaction.[7]
Since mixed patches of ''Psilocybe'' and ''Galerina'' can occur, it is essential to be sure of the identity of each sporocarp collected.
''Galerina'' also present some risk of confusion with several species of small edible mushrooms, notably ''Kuehneromyces mutabilis'' [1] and "candy cap" ''Lactarius'' (''L. camphoratus'', ''L. fragilis'', and ''L. rubidus''). [2] [3]
Notable species
'''Galerina vittiformis''' is the type species of the genus ''Galerina''. Var. ''pachyspora'' has been collected on Macquarie Island.Wood AE (2001) Studies in the genus ''Galerina''. ''Australian Systematic Botany'' '14', 615–676
'''Galerina marginata''' (also known as 'autumn skullcap,' or 'deadly galerina') is a poisonous species found throughout the temperate regions of the world, in habitats as diverse as forests and urban parklands, wherever rotting wood is found. DNA studies [8] found that ''Galerina autumnalis'' and five other species of ''Galerina'' with similar morphologies were, in fact, synonyms of ''Galerina marginata''.
'''Galerina sulcipes''', a lethal species found in Indonesia and responsible for deaths there. One study found it more toxic than ''Amanita phalloides''.[9]
Several ''Galerina'' species are listed by the US Forest Service as "species of special concern" in the Northwest Forest Plan. [10] These species are considered indicator species for old growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest: ''Galerina atkinsonia''[11], ''Galerina cerina''[12] ''Galerina heterocystis'', ''Galerina sphagnicola'', and ''Galerina vittiformis''. [13]
References
1. ''Galerina'' Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics, Gulden GØ, Stensrud K, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Kauserud H., , , Mycologia, 2005
2. Agaricales de la zone alpine: Genres ''Galera'' Earle et ''Phaeogalera'' gen. nov., Kühner R., , , Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France, 1972
3. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, ''et al.'', , , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2002
4. Amatoxins in wood-rotting ''Galerina marginata'', Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Rapior S, Renault C, Chaumont J-P., , , Mycologia, 2004
5. Cultivation and analysis of ''Psilocybe'' species and an investigation of ''Galerina steglichi'', Gartz J., , , Annali Museo Civico di Rovereto, 1995
6. ''Galerina steglichii'' spec. nov, ein halluzinogener Haeubling, Besl H., , , Zeitschrift für Mykologie, 1993
7. ''Galerina marginata'' ("''Galerina autumnalis''") Kuo M.
8. DNA studies in the ''Galerina marginata'' complex, Gulden G, Dunham S, Stockman J., , , Mycological Research, 2001
9. Klan J (1993) A review of mushrooms containing amanitins and phalloidines. ''Cas Lek Cesk.'' '132'(15):449-51.
10. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
11. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
12. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
13. Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572), Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T., , , Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003,
Further reading
★ Gulden G. (1980). Alpine Galerinas (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) with special reference to their occurrence in South Norway at Finse on Hardangervidda. ''Norwegian Journal of Botany'' '27': 219–253.
★ Gulden G, HallgrÃmsson H. (2000). The genera ''Galerina'' and ''Phaeogalera'' (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) in Iceland. ''Acta Botanica Islandica'' '13': 3–54.
★ Gulden G, Vesterholt J. (1999). The genera ''Galerina'' Earle and ''Phaeogalera'' Kuhner in the Faroe Islands. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' '19': 685–706. (abstract)
★ Smith AH, Singer R. (1964). ''A monograph of the genus'' Galerina ''Earle''. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. 384 p. (Full text available through link)
External links
★ Fungus of the Month for May 2003: ''Galerina autumnalis'' by Tom Volk, ''TomVolkFungi.net''
★ Norwegian Fungus of the Month May 2001: ''Galerina pseudomycenopsis'' Pilát
★ ''Galerina autumnalis'' MykoWeb.com
★ ''Galerina'' images, ''MycoSite'', University of Oslo, Norway
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
