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:''This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century, see Gallic Empire.''

The term 'Gallo-Roman' describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire. This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman mores and lifeways in a uniquely Gaulish context.
After the barbarian invasions, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania, Gallia Cisalpina and to a lesser degree, Aquitania. The formerly Romanized north of Gaul, once it had been occupied by the Franks, would develop into Merovingian culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the ''res publica'' and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in the early 5th century.

Contents

Politics

Gallic Empire

Religion

Christianity

Gallo-Roman sites

Towns

Amphitheatres

Aqueducts

See also

Sources

External links

Politics

Gaul was divided at various times into a number of provinces and dioceses. On the local level, it was composed of ''civitates'' which preserved, ''grosso modo'', the boundaries of the independent Gaulish tribes.
Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained Roman citizenship. In 212 the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire.

Gallic Empire

Main articles: Gallic Empire

During the Crisis of the Third Century, from 259 to 274, an independent Gallo-Roman realm, termed the ''Gallic Empire'' by modern historians, was temporarily established. It was formed of the break-away provinces of Gaul, Britain, and Spain. The Gallic emperor Postumus set up the Empire's capital in Trier, in what is now the Rhineland-Palatinate of Germany.

Religion

Main articles: Gallo-Roman religion

The pre-Christian religious practices of Roman Gaul were characterized by syncretism of Graeco-Roman deities with their native Celtic, Basque or Germanic counterparts. In many cases, this took place by interpreting indigenous gods in Roman terms, such as with Lenus Mars or Apollo Grannus. Otherwise, a Roman god might be paired with a native goddess, as with Mercury and Rosmerta. In at least one case – that of the equine goddess Epona – a native Gallic goddess was also adopted by Rome.
Eastern mystery religions penetrated Gaul early on. These included the cults of Orpheus, Mithras, Cybele, and Isis.
The imperial cult, centred primarily on the ''numen'' of Augustus, came to play a prominent role in public religion in Gaul, most dramatically at the pan-Gaulish ceremony venerating Rome and Augustus at the Condate Altar near Lugdunum on 1 August.

Christianity

In the fifth and sixth centuries, Gallo-Roman Christian communities consisted of independent churches in urban sites, each governed by a bishop; Christians experienced loyalties divided between the bishop and the civil prefect, who operated largely in harmony within the late-imperial administration. Some of the communities had origins that predated the third century persecutions. The personal charisma of the bishop set the tone, as fifth-century allegiances, for pagans as well as Christians, switched from institutions to individuals: most Gallo-Roman bishops were drawn from the highest levels of society as appropriate non-military civil roads to advancement dwindled, and they represented themselves as bulwarks of high literary standards and Roman traditions against the Vandal and Gothic interlopers; other bishops drew the faithful to radical asceticism. Miracles attributed to both kinds of bishops, as well as holy men and women, attracted cult veneration, sometimes very soon after their death; a great number of locally-venerated Gallo-Roman and Merovingian saints arose in the transitional centuries 400 – 750. The identification of the diocesan administration with the secular community, which took place during the fifth century in Italy, can best be traced in the Gallo-Roman culture of Gaul in the career of Caesarius, bishop of Arles from (bishop and metropolitan of Arles from 503 to 543. (Wallace-Hadrill).

Gallo-Roman sites

At Périgueux, France, a luxurious Roman villa called the ''Domus of Vesunna,'' built round a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded peristyle enriched with bold tectonic frescoing, has been handsomely protected in a modern glass-and-steel structure that is a fine example of archaeological museum-making (see external link).
Lyon, the capital of Roman Gaul, is now the site of a Museum of Gallo-Roman Civilization (rue Céberg), associated with the remains of the theater and odeon of Roman Lugdunum. Visitors are offered a clear picture of the daily life, economic conditions, institutions, beliefs, monuments and artistic achievements of the first four centuries of the Christian era. The "Claudius Tablet" in the Museum transcribes a speech given before the Senate by the Emperor Claudius in 48, in which he requests the right for the heads of the Gallic nations to participate in Roman magistracy. The request having been accepted, the Gauls decided to engrave the imperial speech on bronze.
In Martigny, Valais, Switzerland, at the Fondation Pierre Gianadda, a modern museum of art and sculpture shares space with Gallo-Roman Museum centered on the foundations of a Celtic temple.
Other sites include:

Towns

★ Arles - remains include the Alyscamps, a large Roman necropolis

★ Autun

★ Glanum, near Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

★ Narbonne

★ Nîmes - remains include the Maison Carrée

★ Orange

★ Vaison-la-Romaine

★ several Roman amphitheatres are still visible in France. (see List of Roman amphitheatres for a list)

Amphitheatres

★ Arelate (modern Arles)

★ Grand

★ Lugdunum (modern Lyon)

★ Nemausus (modern Nîmes)

★ Lutetia (modern Paris): ''Arènes de Lutèce''

★ Mediolanum Santonum (modern Saintes)

Aqueducts

★ Pont du Gard

★ Barbegal aqueduct

See also

★ Culture of Ancient Rome

★ Sidonius Apollinaris

★ Syagrius

★ Via Domitia, the first Roman road built in Gaul

★ Pillar of the Boatmen

★ Thraco-Roman

★ Loupian Roman villa

★ Gallo-Romance languages

★ Gallo language

Sources

★ Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. 1983. ''The Frankish Church'' (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-826906-4, 1983

External links

★ Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon

★ Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum by Jean Nouvel