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''For a discussion of German Expressionism in painting, see Expressionism.''

'German Expressionism' (also referred to as ''Expressionism in filmmaking'') developed in Germany, especially Berlin, during the 1920s. The Expressionism movement started earlier in about 1905 with the Die Brücke (The Bridge) group, but arose in the filming industry afterward. During the period of recovery following World War I, the German film industry was booming, but because of the hard economic times filmmakers found it difficult to create movies that could compare with the lush, extravagant features coming from Hollywood. The filmmakers of the German UFA studio developed their own style by using symbolism and mise en scène to add mood and deeper meaning to a movie.

Contents

1920s-1930s

German Expressionist Film Today

Other examples

Ties to other media

See also

External links

1920s-1930s

The first Expressionist films, notably ''The Golem'' (1915), ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'' (1920), ''Nosferatu'' (1922), ''Phantom'' (1922), ''Raskolnikow'' (1923) and ''Schatten'' (1923), were highly symbolic and deliberately surrealistic portrayals of filmed stories. Other early examples came from Austria, just as ''Der Mandarin'' (1918) by Fritz Freisler, ''Der Märtyrer seines Herzens'' (1918) with Fritz Kortner, ''Inferno'' (1920) by Paul Czinner and ''The Hands of Orlac'' (1925) by Robert Wiene.
One of the best expressionist actors was Fritz Kortner, who played also in Viennese films and Berlin-films. The dada movement was sweeping across the artistic world in the early 1920s, and the various European cultures of the time had embraced an ethic of change, and a willingness to look to the future by experimenting with bold, new ideas and artistic styles. The first Expressionist films made up for a lack of lavish budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd sets, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. The plots and stories of the Expressionist films often dealt with madness, insanity, betrayal, and other "intellectual" topics (as opposed to standard action-adventure and romantic films); the German name for this type of storytelling was called ''Kammerspielfilm'' (chamber film in English). Later films often categorized as part of the brief history of German Expressionism include ''Metropolis'' (1927) and ''M'' (1931), both directed by Fritz Lang.

The extreme non-realism of Expressionism was short-lived, and it faded away (along with Dadaism) after only a few years. However, the themes of Expressionism were integrated into later films of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in an artistic control over the placement of scenery, light, and shadow to enhance the mood of a film. This dark, moody school of filmmaking was brought to America when the Nazis gained power and a number of German filmmakers emigrated to Hollywood. They found a number of American movie studios willing to embrace them, and several German directors and cameramen flourished there, producing a repertoire of Hollywood films that had a profound effect on the medium of film as a whole.
Two genres that were especially influenced by Expressionism were the ''horror film'' and ''film noir.'' Carl Laemmle and Universal Studios had made a name for themselves by producing such famous horror films of the silent era as Lon Chaney's ''The Phantom of the Opera.'' German emigrees such as Karl Freund (the cinematographer for ''Dracula'' in 1931) set the style and mood of the Universal monster movies of the 1930s with their dark and artistically designed sets, providing a model for later generations of horror films. Directors such as Fritz Lang, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, and Michael Curtiz introduced the Expressionist style to crime dramas of the 1940s, influencing a further line of filmmakers and taking Expressionism through the years.

German Expressionist Film Today

Ambitious adaptations of the style are depicted throughout the contemporary filmography of director Tim Burton. His 1992 film ''Batman Returns'' is often cited as a modern attempt to capture the essence of German Expressionism. The angular building designs and severe-looking city squares of Gotham City evoke the loom and menace present in Lang’s ''Metropolis''. One may even notice the link between the evil character of Max Shreck portrayed by Christopher Walken, and Nosferatu's star, Max Schreck.
Burton's influences are most obvious through his fairy tale suburban landscape in ''Edward Scissorhands'' . The appearance of the titular Edward Scissorhands none too accidentally reflects the look of ''Caligari's'' somnambulist servant. Burton casts a kind of unease in his candy-colored suburb, where the tension is visually unmasked through Edward and his gothic castle perched above the houses. Burton subverts the Caligari nightmare with his own narrative branding, casting the garish “somnambulist” as the hero, and the villagers as the villains.
The familiar look of Caligari's main character can also be seen in the movie "The Crow". With the tight, black outfit, white makeup, and darkened eyes, Brandon Lee's character is obviously a close relative to Burton's film Edward Scissorhands.

Other examples

★ F. W. Murnau's 1924 film ''The Last Laugh''

★ Woody Allen's 1992 film, ''Shadows and Fog'', is a pastiche of expressionism, taking cues from several films, such as the plot of ''M'' (1931) and the look of ''Nosferatu''.

★ The 1967 version of the James Bond film ''Casino Royale'' had an extended sequence set in an 'expressionist' mansion. Being a spoof, it parodied the practicalites of attempting to climb crooked stairs whilst insane.

★ The film version of ''Sin City'' (2005) is also cited as a return to the style.[1]

★ The Red Hot Chili Peppers's video for their song ''Otherside'' (2000) has elements of the German Expressionist style. It can also be seen in the video ''Predictable'' from Good Charlotte and Rob Zombie's music video for ''Living Dead Girl''.

★ The rock videos within the movie ''Queen of the Damned'' by the fictional band "The Vampire Lestat" also share the same German expressionist scenery as ''Otherside'' and ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari''.

★ The 2000 ''Metz'' mixed drink ''Judderman'' advertisement was expressly filmed in the style of 1920s German cinematic expressionism.

★ The film "Dr. Caligari" (1989) Stephen Sayadian. Modern day neo German Expressionism mixed with classic surrealism.
There is also the use of German expressionism in the work of David Lynch, most notably Eraserhead and Lost Highway, both films seemingly bent on insanity created by a lack of being able to cope with adult themes such as fatherhood and infidelity.

Ties to other media

Expressionism as a movement spanned across media to include theater, architecture, music, painting, and sculpture, as well. Architecture, in particular, serves as an iconic way to bring the inner emotions of the individual into the public sphere, and therefore is most closely tied to the concepts of German Expressionism, but film extends the visual strengths of architecture into a more compelling, natural format. Many critics see a direct tie between cinema and architecture of the time, in the sense that the sets and scene artwork of expressionist films often reveal buildings of sharp angles, great heights, and crowded environments, such as the frequently shown Tower of Babel in Fritz Lang’s ''Metropolis''.

See also

★ 1920s Berlin

★ Chiaroscuro

★ Expressionism

★ Expressionist architecture

★ German film history

★ List of films featuring Berlin

★ UFA

External links

★ GreenCine primer on German Expressionism

★ Online Films