Discover

'Giovanni Boccaccio' (June 16, 1313 – December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including ''On Famous Women'', the ''Decameron'' and his poetry in the vernacular. Boccaccio's characters are notable for their era in that they are realistic, spirited and clever individuals who are grounded in reality (in contrast to the characters of his contemporaries, who were more concerned with the Medieval virtues of Chivalry, Piety, and Humility).

Contents

Biography

Early life

Children

The Mature Years

References

Works

Further reading

Biography

The exact details of his birth are uncertain. He was almost certainly illegitimate, the son of a Florentine banker and an unknown woman. An early biographer claimed his mother was a Parisian woman and that the city was also the place of his birth, but this has been largely deprecated as a romanticism and his place of birth is more likely to have been in Tuscany, perhaps in Certaldo, the town of his father.^[1]

Early life

Boccaccio grew up in Florence. His father was working for the Compagnia dei Bardi and in the 1320s married Margherita del Mardoli, of an illustrious family. It is believed Boccaccio was tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326 Boccaccio moved to Naples with the family when his father was appointed to head the Neapolitan branch of his bank. Boccaccio was apprenticed to the bank, but it was a trade for which he had no affinity. He eventually persuaded his father to let him study law at the ''Studium'' in the city. For the next six years Boccaccio studied canon law there. Then from there he pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.^[2]
His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise in the 1330's. At this time he fell in love with a married daughter of Robert the Wise (a.k.a. King Robert of Naples) and she is immortalized as the character ''"Fiammetta"'' in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, particularly ''Filocolo'' (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli and benefited from his influence as administrator and, perhaps, the lover of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counsellor to Queen Joanna and, eventually, her "Grand Seneschal".
It seems Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths, the ''Collectiones''), the humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, and the theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro.

Children

In the 1330s Boccaccio became a father of two illegitimate children, Mario and Giulio. In the 1340's Boccaccio became a father again of still another illegitimate child, Violante. He was born in Ravenna, where the Boccaccio was a guest of Ostasio I da Polenta from about 1345 through 1346.

The Mature Years

In Naples, Boccaccio began what he considered his true vocation, poetry. Works produced in this period include ''Filostrato'' (the source for Chaucer's ''Troilus and Criseyde''), ''Teseida'' (ditto the ''Knight's Tale''), ''Filocolo'' a prose version of an existing French romance, and ''La caccia di Diana'' a poem in octave rhyme listing Neapolitan women.^[3] The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly introducing the Sicilian octave to Florence, where it influenced Petrarch.^[4]
Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague in that city of 1340 but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt. The death of his mother occurred shortly afterwards. Although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, Boccaccio continued to work, producing ''Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine'' (also known as ''Ameto'') a mix of prose and poems, in 1341, completing the fifty canto allegorical poem ''Amorosa visione'' in 1342, and ''Fiammetta'' ^[5] in 1343 The pastoral piece ''Ninfale fiesolano'' probably also dates from this time. In 1343 Boccaccio's father re-married, to Bice del Bostichi. His children by his first marriage had all died (except Boccaccio) and he was gladdened by the birth of a son, Iacopo, in 1344.
In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government ''popolo minuto''. It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence. The city was further hurt in 1348 by the Black Death, later used in the ''Decameron'', which killed some three-quarters of the city's population. From 1347 Boccaccio spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage, and despite his claims it is not certain he was actually present in plague-ravaged Florence. His step-mother died during the epidemic and his father, as Minister of Supply in the city was closely associated with the government efforts. His father died in 1349 and as head of the family Boccaccio was forced into a more active role.
Boccaccio began work on the ''Decameron'' ^[6][7] around 1349. It is probable that the structure of many of the tales dates from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story ''lieta brigata'' of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352 and it was Boccaccio's final effort in literature and one of his last works in Italian, the only other substantial work was ''Corbaccio'' (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote the ''Decameron'' in 1370-1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day.
From 1350 Boccaccio, though less of a scholar, became closely involved with Italian humanism and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and was also sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.
In October 1350 he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarca as he entered Florence and also have the great man as a guest at his home during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and ''magister''. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin laterature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the ''Genealogia deorum gentilium''; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this would remain one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of Boccaccio by Petrarch from the open humanist of the ''Decameron'' to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359 following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle. There is a persistent, but unsupported, tale that he repudiated his earlier works, including the ''Decameron'', in 1362, as profane.
Following the failed coup of 1361, a number of Boccaccio's close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the subsequent purge. Although not directly linked to the conspiracy, it was in this year that Boccaccio left Florence to reside in Certaldo, and became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later then returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once more, in Padua in 1368. Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (July 19, 1374), Boccaccio wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the ''Rime''.
As mentioned he returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. When the papacy returned to Rome in 1367 Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples.
Of his later works the moralistic biographies gathered as ''De casibus virorum illustrium'' (1355-74) and ''De mulieribus claris'' (1361-1375) were most significant.^[8] Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, ''De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus et de nominibus maris liber'' (a title desperate for the coining of the word "geography"). He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed ''Eposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante''.^[9]
Boccaccio's change in writing style in the 1350's was not just due to meeting with Petrarch. It was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why Boccaccio, having previously written always in praise of women and love, came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style. Furthermore, there are signs that he may have taken up religion. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on Boccaccio's death bed sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies.^[10] Petrarch then persuaded Boccaccio from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library so that it would become part of Petrarch's library.^[11]
His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died at the age of sixty-three in Certaldo on 21 December, 1375, where he is buried today.

References

1. Biographical information by the Brown University, Department of Italian Studies
2. New Standard Encyclopedia 1992. ''Boccaccio, Giovanni.'' Volume B, page 316. Standard Educational Corporation (Chicago).
3. Complete list of Boccaccio works at Decameron
4. Life and complete works of Boccaccio A project of the Department of Italian Studies at Brown University, both in original Italian and in English.
5. Boccaccio, Giovanni ''La Fiammetta'' (1342), Project Gutenburg
6. Boccaccio, Giovanni ''The Decameron'', Volume I, Project Gutenburg
7. Boccaccio, Giovanni ''The Decameron'', Volume II, Project Gutenburg
8. ilboccaccio.interfree.it/index.html The chronological archives of his complete works
9. Works of Giovanni Boccaccio text, concordances and frequency lists
10. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007, ''Petrarch and Boccaccio's mature years.''
11. Library of Liberty.

Works

Alphabetical listing of selected works,

★ ''Amorosa visione'' (1342)

★ ''Buccolicum carmen'' (1367-1369)

★ ''Caccia di Diana'' (1334-1337)

★ ''Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine'' (''Amato'', 1341-1342)

★ ''Corbaccio'' (around 1365, this date is disputed)

★ ''De Canaria'' (within 1341 - 1345)

★ ''De mulieribus claris'' (1361, revised up to 1375)

★ ''Decameron'' (1349-52, revised 1370-1371)

★ ''Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta'' (1343-1344)

★ ''Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante'' (1373-1374)

★ ''Filocolo'' (1336-1339)

★ ''Filostrato'' (1335 or 1340)

★ ''Genealogia deorum gentilium libri'' (1360, revised up to 1374)

★ ''Ninfale fiesolano'' (within 1344-46, this date is disputed)

★ ''Rime'' (finished 1374)

★ ''Teseida delle nozze di Emilia'' (before 1341)

★ ''Trattatello in laude di Dante'' (1357, title revised to ''De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem'')

★ ''Zibaldone Magliabechiano'' (within 1351-1356)
For an exhaustive listing there is ''Giovanni Boccaccio: an Annotated Bibliography'' (1992) by Joseph P. Consoli.

Further reading

★ ''On Famous Women,'' Latin text and English translation, 2001 ISBN 0-674-00347-0

★ ''The Decameron'', ISBN 0-451-52866-2

★ ''The Life of Dante'', ISBN 1-84391-006-3

★ ''The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta'', ISBN 0-226-06276-7