GOGURYEO LANGUAGE

The 'Goguryeo language' was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of Silla and Baekje, the other two of the Three Kingdoms, and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classify the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists believe that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages out of the Three Kingdoms.
Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla.
Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. [1] Some linguists propose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, and Gojoseon were similar, while the Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe).
Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th to late 14th century) but most were soon replaced with ones of Silla origin.
''See also: Korean language''

Contents

Vocabulary comparison

Further reading

See also

External links

Vocabulary comparison

The tables below provides a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Goguryeo languages and the main Buyeo and Tungusic languages, along with a selection of minority languages.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!width="75"|English
! Goguryeo
Chinese pronun.
! Turkic
! Mongol
! Old Japanese
! Japanese
! Baekje
! Silla
! Middle Korean
! Korean
! Tungusic
! Jurchen
! Manchu
! Evenki
|-
|ruler || k∧i / kai(皆)
kai-sɐ(皆次)
|| qaγan
kagan || kaγan(可汗) || kimi(君) ||
★
★
★ || kan(干)
han(翰)
kisi(吉支)
nirimщ(君)|| kan(干)
kщm(今) || kщi긔(王) || nim kщm 임금
||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|sharp shooter|| jumong,chumo
(朱蒙,鄒牟) ||
★
★
★ || jəmə("noted bow"),
Jobe-Mergen ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || jolin-manga ,
julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿) ||
★
★
★
|-
|gold|| so(蘇)
sol(召尸,silver) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || so
(所) ||so(蘇),
so(素)
sə(徐) ||
★
★
★ || sö 쇠
söh 쇳 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || šun("sun") || sigūn("sun")
|-
|recover territory || da mul(多勿)
復舊土 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|north(back) || je(提)
jwat(絶)
椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部 || Arka("back") || hoina
utara
umara ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 後部 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tui 뒤
tuit 뒷
("back") || xama ||
★
★
★ || amarugi
amasi("back") ||
★
★
★
|-
|south(front) || kuan(灌)
(灌奴部)||kuzey,Ön(front)||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || àrp(front) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|east(left) || źwən (順),
(順奴部) || doğu,sol(left)|| źeü ,
źegün ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ön 왼
("left") || źun ||
★
★
★ || derugi || jun
jəgin("左")
|-
|west(right) || yən (涓),
(涓奴部) ||batı|| barun ,
ürüne ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || orщn 오른("right")
parщn바른("right") || xangid ||
★
★
★ || waragi || anŋū(right)
|-
|stone ||
★
★
★ || taš || cilaun > culuu ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || turak(珍惡) ||
★
★
★ || tōlh (石) || tōl 돌 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|rock, cliff (巌,峴,岑) || pa-・ιəi,pua-・ιəi
★ pàI,pa'i /ｐｕａ-斤ｅｉ,
★ paxe
巴衣,波衣,波兮 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ｉΦａ-Φｏ（巌）
(probably unrelated) || iwao ("great rock, bedrock") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || pahoy（巌）巴衣,바회 || pawi바위|| wehe (Manchu)
pax（石・崖）
(Nivkh) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|land (壌,壤) || no
内/奴～弩/悩
nori
奴閭 ||
★
★
★ || ńurū ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||nu¨～nu¨ri/nε (世）||
★
★
★ || nuri 누리 || na (地,土地） || na || na（土地）,noro(-n) ||
★
★
★
|-
|nation || (nua) > na / no
內,那,奴,惱
ra(羅) || ili || ulus(<
★ hulu-s<
★ bulu-s) || koΦori (郡)
kuni (国) ||
★
★
★ || puri (부리,夫里) ||
★
★
★ ||narah나랏|| nara 나라 || guru-n(<
★ buru-n) || guru-n(<
★ buru-n) || gurun ||
★
★
★
|-
|walled city, fort, castle || hol / holo
(忽)
kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨) || qol-γan || küri-yen '울타리, 방책',/qol-γan || kì/ｋi2 ||
★
★
★ || ki(己,只,支,基)
puri(夫里) || 火(伐. por) || 벌 pəl (野)
재 je || kol（谷・洞）
koщl(郡)
je(城) || kur ~kur ~kuran ||
★
★
★ || kuran~ kuren 城, 柵, /holo（谷）/golo（省） ||
★
★
★
|-
|fire ||
(城) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || pu¨ri（集落） ||火(伐. por), ｐɔ¨ｌ（火）/ｐ∧ｌ（集落） || ｐщｌ（火） || pul ||
★
★
★ || towo ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|so big, best|| māk (莫)
ma(馬)
makara(莫何邏)
莫何邏繡支,莫何何羅支||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || mal-말
mat 맏("first;eldest;oldest") || maŋga ("strong") ||
★
★
★ || maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better") || maŋa ("strong")
|-
|minister|| makakaraji
(莫何何羅支/太大兄)
karaji ("minister")||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||gak gan
(角干) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|leader ,chief|| makli-ji(莫離支)
|| Baš(head) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || malip-kan(麻立干)
kasa(河西)|| maruha(瑪樓下,抹樓下)
|| məri(head) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|summit(峰) || süni (首泥) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || sora ("sky; tip, top, above (the trees, etc.)") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || sunщrk 수늙 || (j)suri 정수리 ("top of the head") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|high || dat/§ap (or tar)
(達) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || taka-（高） ||
★
★
★ || 達率 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || den ("high")
dekde- ("to rise") ||
★
★
★
|-
|mountain (山) || tara / tal (達)
|| taγ（山） ||
★
★
★ || yama(山)/mure(山)/mori(森) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tara
(多禮,多羅)
("land") || moyh(山)|| me-뫼
tang, tal 땅,달("land")
tuk 둑("hill")
orщm (Jeju dialect)||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || alin ||
★
★
★
|-
| hill || tu (吐)
|| Töpü ||
★
★
★ || take（岳）||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||언덕əntək
둑 tuk ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|tree, wood || knul / naro?
(斤乙) || i¨(森)/i¨γac(木) ||
★
★
★ || kì/ki2/ke2～ko2/ku ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 斤:nal(訓)/kщn근|| kщru 그루 ("stump; unit for counting trees")
namu 나무 ("tree; wood") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|water (水) || mi (米)
mie,moro(買,模盧) ||
★
★
★ || mören뫼렌 (江, 海)
müren (沐漣) /뮈렌moron (木連) (Khitanese) || midu/mi/min- || mizu || mi(彌) ||
★
★
★ || 믈/ｍщl || mul || mu || mu 沒 || muke || mū(水)
|-
|spring water (泉(井)) || əщl(於乙):井
iri(伊梨):泉 || bul-a-q(泉)/bul-a-γ(泉) || ωs (水) || wi ("well; reservoir, irrigation pond") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || щl(乙) || umщl ("well") || umul 우물 ("well") || eri～erri（"small river" 川）
(Nivkh) ||
★
★
★ || üla ("large river" 江) ||
★
★
★
|-
|pond || nemi / naymi
(内米)||
★
★
★ || namug ("marsh, swamp") || ? nami ("wave") ||
★
★
★ || mi(r)ji
(蜜地,彌知) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || mos 못 ("pond")
nщp 늪 ("swamp") || namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海) ||
★
★
★ || mūsa ("swamp") ||
★
★
★
|-
|river || kur(屈)
na(那)|| köl("lake") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || nari(那利)
久麻那利 ||
★
★
★ || krm 가람
nāyh 냏,내 || 가람 karam
n 내 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|sea || pa
(波) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||padl || patah～par∧l || pada 바다 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|mouth || huət-ts‘ii/ku ërtsi/k útsi<
★ kutui, >
★ kolci/ko-ts‘ii
(忽次/古次/串) ||
★
★
★ || 훌츠qurc(Khalka)("skewer, spit" 串) || kutu～kuti/kuti <
★ kutui ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || koc 곶 ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串) || kulrε (Jeju dialect)
kul (South Jeolla dialect) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|to enter || ・ιｉ/
★ i
(伊) ||
★
★
★ || ire-
(to come) || ir-（入） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ip（口）/ip（門戸） ||
★
★
★ || i-（入） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|new || ∫ιəｕ/
★ sü
首 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || say || say (새) || s ||
★
★
★ || iche ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|cow || ∫ιəｕ/
★ sü
首 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || usi ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || syo/쇼 || so ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|pig || ・o-sie/・ｏ-s^i¨Λη
烏斯/烏生 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || usi ("ox; cattle")
wi ("swine") ||
★
★
★ || doh ji
(猪耳) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || dwǣji, doyaji / 돼지,도야지 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|water deer || kosya
(古斯也) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kuzika ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || korani
고라니 ("Manchurian elk")
kōri, kori (Gyeongsang dialect) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|horse ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || mori～muri || uma～muma ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ｍΛｌ/(馬) ||
★
★
★ || mori
(Nanai) ||
★
★
★ || morin ||
★
★
★
|-
|ax || ・ιo-sie ,
nərə-si
(於斯) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ｗｏｎo2 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★ odzgy
(烏子蓋) ("ax")
nlh 날ㅎ ("blade") || nal (칼)날 ("blade")
nas ("sickle; scythe") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || anjikū ("hatchet") ||
★
★
★
|-
|wide (廣) || ə-si , nərə-si,
너러시(於斯) ||
★
★
★ || osy/esy 阿斯(寬大)
nalai ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 어위 (<
★ 어쉬) || nəlbщn 넓은 ||
★
★
★ || 오초očo 我撮(寬) || ončo(廣) ||
★
★
★
|-
|wing || nərəgi
əji(於支) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || nalg 날개 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|transverse (横) || ・ιo-sie/
★ es
(於斯) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || yo2ko2（横)/yo2k-（避） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || əs/엇 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|Lead || nəi-miuət/namer
(乃勿) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || namari ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★ namr || nap/납 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|valley || tan/tuən/t‘ən
(旦,頓,呑) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tani ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || t∧n～tu∧n（"village", 村） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|grain || niəη-biu∧t
仍伐 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ina-Φo（"ear of rice"）
mi2（"fruit, seed, grain"） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || pyə（"rice plant; unhulled rice"） || nuy（"grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice"） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|rough || kuət-・ιəi
(骨衣) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ka¨c¨l || kəcщl- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|plough || ka-∫ιi
(加尸) || kerci-（切る、溝を掘る） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || karai（木[木+欠]・鍬, kal-（耕す, kal（刀） ||
★
★
★ || gerbe-(折る)
(Nanai) ||
★
★
★ || halhan（犂先）/halhan～halgan(犂[金+華]) || gerbe-(折る)
|-
|side edge || ka-(・a)
(加阿) || kera ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || k∧s || kā ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|round (圓)
|| toη-pιuəi
(冬非) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tubura（丸）/maro（丸） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tuηgщl-（圓）|| tuηgщl-（圓} ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|egg (丸)
|| ani, anip, (h)wando
(安市,安十,丸都) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tubura（丸）/maro（丸） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 알 al || (x)elū- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || elū
|-
|iron || mau-・ιet
(毛乙) || ta¨mir（鉄） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|layer (重) || biar/bιεt
(別) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || Φe1 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || p∧l ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|pine tree(松)|| pιu-sie/pιu-so
(扶蘇/扶蘇) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||bu(扶,負)
so(蘇)||
★
★
★ || sol（松）/pos（樺） || sol,sonamu ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|deep || bιuk-sie/puk
(伏斯) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || Φuka-si/puka- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kiph u˙n || kiph- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|foot ||
(廻) || palgan(足) ||
★
★
★ || kuw-（蹴） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 발 pal(足) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || fuli (to walk) ||
★
★
★ || halgan(足)
|-
|weasel (狌) || yia-∫ιi
(也尸) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || yezï ~ yez-
("fox") || yəu ("fox")
여시yəsi(dialect) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|village || ιi-bιu∧t-t∫ιe
(伊伐支) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|frost || sat
(薩) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || sai, see, zai, zae
(dialectal Japanese words for "icicle" or "ice on the branches of trees or on the surface of a body of water") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || səri ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|lush (菁) || ka-t∫ιe
(加支) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kəch-(蕪)
kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|swan (鵠) || ko-・ιəi
(古衣) || qoγu ||
★
★
★ || kukuΦi1～kubi1 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kohay
kon || koni ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|group, tribe || 斤ιu-∫ιi
(于尸)||
★
★
★ || ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde") || udi ("clan, family; the standing of one's family, the social status of one's family, lineage, birth; surname") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ul（"relations; relatives; kinsfolk; clan"）
uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|tooth || k∧i-∫ιi
(皆尸) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ki1 ("fang; tusk") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|flat, level || pii-lιεt / piar
(比烈)|| biri ||
★
★
★ || Φira-(比良) || hirata- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|mother || ya chi
(也次) || Ana ||
★
★
★ || ΦaΦa("mother")/oya("parent") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||어미əｍi|| 어미əmi
아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect)||
★
★
★ || eniyen || a ja ||
★
★
★
|-
|baby|| gιəu-sie / kus / kyus
(仇斯) || koto("son"匈奴語)
kız ("girl; daughter")
O'gul ||
★
★
★ || ko(子) || kodomo ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 가사나해kasanahai ,갓나해kasnahai("female,girl") || kasine,kejibe("female,girl")
atщl
("son") ||
★
★
★ || omo ||
★
★
★ || kuηa (子供)
|-
|bear || komok
(功木) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kuma || kuma || koma ||
★
★
★ || koma || kōm ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|rabbit || ・o-sie-həｍ
(烏斯含)
|| tawïsγan ||
★
★
★ || usagi1 / wosagi1 || usagi ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || thos-gi 톳기 || tho-ggi 토끼 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|to meet || p∧k/
★ pak
(伯) || bak-（"to see, to look; to find"） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || poizΛp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)") || po-（"to see, to look"）/ poyp-（"to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)"） ||
★
★
★ || baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search") || baha-（"to get, to obtain"） || baka-（"to find"）
|-
|hard || ma
(馬) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ma- ("true, real") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || modir- || mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel") ||
★
★
★ || manga(難) || maηga(堅,難) || maηa
|-
|-
|heart
chest || kιo-∫ιi
(居尸) || göğüs || kökün || ko2ko2ro2("heart")/koro("oneself") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kogäŋi ("core") / kasщm ("chest") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || huhun (乳,乳房) ||
★
★
★
|-
|garlic || mai-t∫ιi
(買尸) ||
★
★
★ || maηgirsun(野蒜) || mi1ra(韮) || nira ("garlic chives") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || man∧l
(蒜) || manщl ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || maca ("garlic chives") ||
★
★
★
|-
|root || ts∧m
(斬) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || pul?(根) || pulhuy(根) || ppuri || t∫amγ（根株）
(Nivkh) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|writing
literature
(文)|| ｋщｌ/ｋιən-∫ιi
(斤尸) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ko2to2（"word, speech, language"） ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ｋщｌ || ｋщｌ ||
★
★
★ || herse || hergen ||
★
★
★
|-
|jade || ko-sie
(古斯) ||
★
★
★ || gas || kusiro2（"bracelet") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kusщl ("jewel") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || γun || gu ||
★
★
★
|-
|hole (孔) || dzei〈tsei〉-ts‘ii
斉次/濟次 ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || suk-(透), suki（隙） || suki ("chink, gap, vulnerable point") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|hole (穴) || kap,kap-pii
甲,甲比 || qapca（峡谷）, qapi¨γ（門蔽い） ||
★
★
★ || kaΦi1 （"gorge, strait, narrow valley") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|three || mir, mil
(密)
siet/s^ïei
(悉/史) || bis(5) || gurav || mi || mi ||
★
★
★ || mil || sei/səih || 셋 sʰet̚ ||
★
★
★ || ilan ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|five || ütsi,uci,üc,
uca,uchha
(于次,弓次) || üç(3) || tabun || itu || itsu ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || tasul (打戌) || 다섯 tasət
닷 tah || dügün || sunja ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|seven || nan-・ιən,
nanən,nanun,
nanin
(難隠)||Yeti ||
★
★
★ || nana ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ìlgщp (一急) || 일곱(닐곱)
(n)ìlgúp || nadan || nadan ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|ten || tək,duk
(德) || on
toquz(9) || arav || tö2wö || tō- ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 열 yəl(10)
온on(100)
즈믄chщmun(1000) || juwa || juwan ||
★
★
★ || uwan
|-
|black ||
★ kəmər, kəmhək
(今勿) || Qara ||
★
★
★ || kuro1 || kuro ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || kəm-/검- || 검 k∧m ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|white || nə γei
∫ιi-lap
(奈兮 / 尸臘)|| Aq ||
★
★
★ || sira(白) || shiro ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || hΛy-(白) ||희 hΛy-
흰 hin
하얀 hayan ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|red || s^a-bιuk
s^a-pιuəi-kιən
sa(i)puk, sa(i)pikon
sapi
沙伏, 沙非斤|| Qyzyl ||
★ hulaan > ulaan || söfo<
★ söpo/so2Φo(赭,朱)/sa(接頭語) ||
★
★
★ || supi(赤鳥) || sapi(泗沘) || pщlgщn || 붉은pulgщn
시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || fulgiyan ||
★
★
★
|-
|yellow || kweyru/kuət
kuër,kuər (骨) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || ki2-~ kú-|| ki(iro) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|green (綠) || puruk/bιu∧t-lιək
(伐力) ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ || 프른 phщrщn ("blue, green") || 파란 pharan
푸른 phurщn ("blue, green") ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★ ||
★
★
★
|-
|}

Further reading

★ Beckwith, C. I. (2004). ''Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese''. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 9004139494

See also

★ Korean language

★ Altaic languages

★ Buyeo languages

★ List of Korea-related topics

★ Old Korean

★ Hou Han Shu

★ San guo zhi

★ Samguk Sagi

★ Christopher Beckwith

External links

★ 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ

★ 高句麗語の研究を勉強する

★ Wa people language(倭人語/古代日本語)

★ Relationship between Koguryoan and other related languages

★ Koguryoan Sillan and Paekchean words

★ Additional Koguryoan and Old Japanese words

★ The Korean language

★ Chinese Forum

★ Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo and the Relationship of Japanese to Korean (Abstract)