GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER

The ' Golden-winged Warbler', ''Vermivora chrysoptera'', is a New World warbler, 11.6 cm long and weighing 8.5 g. It breeds in eastern North America in southeastern Canada and the eastern USA. Its range is extending northwards, but in the south it is being replaced by the very closely related Blue-winged Warbler, ''Vermivora pinus''.

Contents

Life history

References

External Links

Further reading

Book

Thesis

Articles

Life history

It is migratory, wintering in southern Central America. This is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with a single record of a bird wintering in a supermarket car park in Maidstone, Kent in 1989.
The breeding male Golden-winged Warbler is unmistakable. It is gray above and whitish below. The crown and wing patches are yellow and the eye mask and throat are black, separated by white. Females are duller, with the black of the face pattern replaced by gray.
The breeding habitat is open scrubby areas. Golden-winged Warblers nest on the ground or low in a bush, laying 4-5 eggs in a cup nest.
These birds feed on insects, and spiders.
The song is a trilled ''bzzzz buzz buzz buzz''. The call is a sharp ''chip''.
This species forms two distinctive hybrids with Blue-winged Warbler where their ranges overlap in the Great Lakes and New England area. The commoner, genetically dominant ' Brewster's Warbler' is gray above and whitish (male) or yellow (female) below. It has a black eyestripe and two white wingbars.
The rarer recessive ' Lawrence's Warbler' has a male plumage which is green and yellow above and yellow below, with white wing bars and the same face pattern as male Golden-winged. The female is gray above and whitish below with two yellow wing bars and the same face pattern as female Golden-winged.

References

★ Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened

★ ''New World Warblers'' by Curson, Quinn and Beadle, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

External Links

★ Golden-winged Warbler - Vermivora chrysoptera - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

★ Golden-winged Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

★ Golden-winged Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

Further reading

Book

★ Confer, John L. 1992. ''Golden-winged Warbler''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 20 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Thesis

★ Demmons TD. M.Sc. (2000). ''Nest site selection and nest predation patterns at forest-field edges''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

★ Hamel PB. Ph.D. (1981). ''A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO AVIAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE''. Clemson University, United States -- South Carolina.

★ Highsmith RT. Ph.D. (1989). ''Function, form, and recognition of the songs of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and blue-winged (V. pinus) warblers''. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.

★ Will TC. Ph.D. (1986). ''THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF SPECIES REPLACEMENT: BLUE-WINGED AND GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS IN MICHIGAN''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.

Articles

★ Andre JB. (1979). ''The Golden-Winged Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera In Coastal Carolina Usa A Recent Record And Comments On Its Fall Migration''. Chat. vol '43', no 3.

★ Bannon P. (1986). ''Brewster's Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera X Vermivora-Pinus Backcross Breeding In Huntingdon County Quebec Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '100', no 1. p. 118-119.

★ Boal CW, Sibley FC, Estabrook TS & Lazell J. (2006). ''Insular and migrant species, longevity records, and new species records on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands''. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol '118', no 2. p. 218-224.

★ Carpentier AG. (1983). ''Presumed Breeding Record Of Brewsters X Brewsters Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus In Ontario Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '97', no 4. p. 458-459.

★ Confer JL. (1992). ''Vermivora chrysoptera: Golden-winged warbler''. Birds of North America. vol '0', no 20. p. 1-15.

★ Confer JL. (2006). ''Secondary contact and introgression of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera): Documenting the mechanism''. Auk. vol '123', no 4. p. 958-961.

★ Confer JL & Knapp K. (1981). ''Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus The Relative Success Of A Habitat Specialist And A Generalist''. Auk. vol '98', no 1. p. 108-114.

★ Confer JL, Larkin JL & Allen PE. (2003). ''Effects of vegetation, interspecific competition, and brood parasitism on Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) nesting success''. Auk. vol '120', no 1. p. 138-144.

★ Confer JL & Tupper SK. (2000). ''A reassessment of the status of Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers in the Hudson Highlands of southern New York''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '112', no 4. p. 544-546.

★ Dabrowski A, Fraser R, Confer JL & Lovette IJ. (2005). ''Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged (V-pinus) Warblers''. Conservation Genetics. vol '6', no 5. p. 843-853.

★ Doherty P. (1992). ''Golden-winged warbler: New to the western Palearctic''. British Birds. vol '85', no 11. p. 595-599.

★ Ewert DN. (1981). ''The Occurrence Of Closely Related Species Pairs In Central Michigan Usa Willow Flycatchers Empidonax-Traillii And Alder Flycatchers Empidonax-Alnorum And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus''. Jack Pine Warbler. vol '59', no 3. p. 95-98.

★ Ferguson RS. (1981). ''Summer Birds Of The Northwest Angle Provincial Forest And Adjacent Southeastern Manitoba Canada''. Syllogeus. vol '31', p. 1-23.

★ Gill FB. (1980). ''Historical Aspects Of Hybridization Between Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera''. Auk. vol '97', no 1. p. 1-18.

★ Gill FB. (1987). ''Allozymes And Genetic Similarity Of Blue-Winged And Golden-Winged Warblers''. Auk. vol '104', no 3. p. 444-449.

★ Gill FB. (1992). ''Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera''. Brauning, D. vol 'W', p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

★ Gill FB. (1997). ''Local cytonuclear extinction of the golden-winged warbler''. Evolution. vol '51', no 2. p. 519-525.

★ Gill FB. (2004) ''BLUE-WINGED WARBLERS (VERMIVORA PINUS) VERSUS GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS (V. CHRYSOPTERA)''. The Auk. Vol '121', no 4. p. 1014 (5 pages)

★ Hamel P & Wright LM. (1979). ''Lawrences Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus At Francis-Beidler Forest 1st Sight Record For South-Carolina Usa''. Chat. vol '43', no 3. p. 66-67.

★ Hanowski JM, Christian DP & Nelson MC. (1999). ''Response of breeding birds to shearing and burning in wetland brush ecosystems''. Wetlands. vol '19', no 3. p. 584-593.

★ Highsmith RT. (1989). ''The Singing Behavior Of Golden-Winged Warblers''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '101', no 1. p. 36-50.

★ Klaus NA. (2004). ''Status of the golden-winged warbler in North Georgia, and a nesting record of the Lawrence's Warbler''. Oriole. vol '69', no 1-2. p. 1-7.

★ Klaus NA & Buehler DA. (2001). ''Golden-winged Warbler breeding habitat characteristics and nest success in clearcuts in the southern appalachian mountains''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '113', no 3. p. 297-301.

★ Koonce AE. (2005). ''The role of juvenile dispersal in the replacement of golden-winged warblers by blue-winged warblers''. Natural Resource Modeling. vol '18', no 4. p. 537-547.

★ Lacki MJ. (2000). ''Surveys of bird communities on Little Black and Black mountains: Implications for long-term conservation of Montane birds in Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol '61', no 1. p. 50-59.

★ Leichty ER & Grier JW. (2006). ''Importance of facial pattern to sexual selection in golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera)''. Auk. vol '123', no 4. p. 962-966.

★ Rayner WJ. (1988). ''Male Golden-Winged Warbler Attends Blue-Winged Warbler Nest''. Ontario Birds. vol '6', no 3. p. 106-107.

★ Rich T. (1981). ''The Golden-Winged Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera New-Record In Idaho Usa''. Western Birds. vol '12', no 1.

★ Rossell CR, Jr. (2001). ''Song perch characteristics of Golden-winged Warblers in a mountain wetland''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '113', no 2. p. 246-248.

★ Rossell CR, Jr., Patch SC & Wilds SP. (2003). ''Attributes of golden-winged warbler territories in a mountain wetland''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '31', no 4. p. 1099-1104.

★ Roth AM & Lutz S. (2004). ''Relationship between territorial male Golden-winged Warblers in managed aspen stands in northern Wisconsin, USA''. Forest Science. vol '50', no 2. p. 153-161.

★ Shadick S. (1986). ''Golden-Winged Warbler At Duck Mountain Saskatchewan Canada''. Blue Jay. vol '44', no 4. p. 245-246.

★ Shapiro LH, Canterbury RA, Stover DM & Fleischer RC. (2004). ''Reciprocal introgression between Golden-Winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-Winged Warblers (V. pinus) in eastern North America''. Auk. vol '121', no 4. p. 1019-1030.

★ Stenzler LM, Fraser R & Lovette IJ. (2004). ''Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci from Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) with broad cross-taxon utility in emberizine songbirds''. Molecular Ecology Notes. vol '4', no 4. p. 602-604.