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EspañolHIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATION ACT OF 1991
(Redirected from Gore Bill)
The 'High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991' (HPCA) was a bill created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore (it was thus referred to as the ''Gore Bill'' [1]). It was passed on December 9, 1991. [2]
This bill led to the development of the National Research and Education Network (NREN) [3][1][5] (which was referred to with the rhetoric of the Information Superhighway[3]). It also led to the development of the National Information Infrastructure (also discussed through the rhetoric of the Information Superhighway [7]) the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (an off-shoot of the HPCA), the web browser Mosaic[8], and the creation of a high-speed fiber optic network that, when utilized, would help stimulate the economy.
Al Gore developed the ''High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991'' (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill" [9]) after hearing the 1988 report ''Toward a National Research Network''[10] submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet). [10]
The bill was passed on Dec. 9, 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII)[10] which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway". President George H. W. Bush predicted that the bill would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry.[13]
An important result of the Gore Bill was the development of Mosaic in 1993, [14], [15] the World Wide Web browser which is credited by most scholars as beginning the Internet boom of the 1990s:
:Gore's legislation also helped fund the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, where a team of programmers, including Netscape founder Marc Andreessen, created the Mosaic Web browser, the commercial Internet's technological springboard. 'If it had been left to private industry, it wouldn't have happened,' Andreessen says of Gore's bill, 'at least, not until years later.' [16]
Main articles: Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology#1999_CNN_interview
In 1999, various media outlets suggested that Gore claimed that he "invented the internet" [17], [18]
in reference to a CNN interview in which he said, "During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." [19]
In response to this controversy, Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn wrote a 2000-09-29 article (originally sent via email) which described Gore's contributions to the Internet since the 1970s, including his work on the Gore Bill:[10]
★ Gore, Al. "Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." ''Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks,'' September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.
★ ---."Information Superhighways: The Next Information Revolution." ''The Futurist'', January-February 1991, Vol. 25: 21-23.
★ --- and et.al.High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 , (S.272)
★ ---."The Digitization of Schools," ''BusinessWeek'', 10 December 1990.
★ ---."Networking the Future: We Need a National Superhighway for Computer Information", ''The Washington Post'', 15 July 1990:B3.
★ ---."Congressional Record: Presentation on the National High Performance Computer Technology Act" and "Opening Remarks before the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space by Senator Al Gore" in "National high performance computer technology act: SIGGRAPH and nationl high-tech public policy issues" by Donna J. Cox, ''Computer Graphics'', Volume 23, Issue 4, August 1989: 276-280.
★ Agree, Phil. ''Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax''. 17 October 2000
★ Bush, George H.W. "Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991, 09 December 1991.
★ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. ''.'' New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
★ Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. ''The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity.'' In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628-644.
★ Kahn, Bob and Vint Cerf. ''Al Gore and the Internet.'' 29 September 2000.
★ Kleinrock, Leonard, Bob Kahn, Vint Cerf, et. al. '' A Brief History of the Internet.'' 10 December 2003
★ LaQuey, Tracy. ''The Internet Companion:A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition)'', 1994.
★ Lee, Cynthia and Linda Steiner Lee. ''Gore Details Telecommunications Ideas.'' UCLA TODAY, Vol. 14, #9, January 13, 1994:1, 4. (The Superhighway Summit)
★ Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy. ''Scientific American'', May, 1993.
★ Highways of the Mind or Toll Roads Between Information Castles? - ''Whole Earth'' Review (issue #70), 1991.
1. http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml
2. http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00272:@@@L&summ2=m&
3. http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Probe/v1n1_2/info.html
4. http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml
5. http://www.grand.k12.ut.us/district/tech/nren.html
6. http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Probe/v1n1_2/info.html
7. http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v46/no3/blake.html
8. http://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html
9. Computher History Museum Exhibits:1991
10.
11.
12.
13. Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 George H.W. Bush
14. NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo
15. Mosaic -- The First Global Web Browser
16. The Early Adopter - Al Gore and the Internet - Government Activity Keith Perine
17. Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax Phil Agree
18. Al Gore "invented the Internet" - resources Seth Finkelstein
19. Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'
20.
★ 102nd United States Congress
★ List of United States federal legislation
★ Early draft of Gore Bill
★ Introduction of Gore Bill
★ Summary of Gore Bill
★ High Performance Computing Act of 1991
The 'High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991' (HPCA) was a bill created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore (it was thus referred to as the ''Gore Bill'' [1]). It was passed on December 9, 1991. [2]
This bill led to the development of the National Research and Education Network (NREN) [3][1][5] (which was referred to with the rhetoric of the Information Superhighway[3]). It also led to the development of the National Information Infrastructure (also discussed through the rhetoric of the Information Superhighway [7]) the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (an off-shoot of the HPCA), the web browser Mosaic[8], and the creation of a high-speed fiber optic network that, when utilized, would help stimulate the economy.
| Contents |
| Overview |
| Controversy |
| Bibliography |
| Further reading |
| Notes |
| See also |
| External links |
Overview
Al Gore developed the ''High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991'' (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill" [9]) after hearing the 1988 report ''Toward a National Research Network''[10] submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet). [10]
The bill was passed on Dec. 9, 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII)[10] which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway". President George H. W. Bush predicted that the bill would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry.[13]
An important result of the Gore Bill was the development of Mosaic in 1993, [14], [15] the World Wide Web browser which is credited by most scholars as beginning the Internet boom of the 1990s:
:Gore's legislation also helped fund the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, where a team of programmers, including Netscape founder Marc Andreessen, created the Mosaic Web browser, the commercial Internet's technological springboard. 'If it had been left to private industry, it wouldn't have happened,' Andreessen says of Gore's bill, 'at least, not until years later.' [16]
Controversy
Main articles: Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology#1999_CNN_interview
In 1999, various media outlets suggested that Gore claimed that he "invented the internet" [17], [18]
in reference to a CNN interview in which he said, "During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." [19]
In response to this controversy, Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn wrote a 2000-09-29 article (originally sent via email) which described Gore's contributions to the Internet since the 1970s, including his work on the Gore Bill:[10]
Bibliography
★ Gore, Al. "Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." ''Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks,'' September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.
★ ---."Information Superhighways: The Next Information Revolution." ''The Futurist'', January-February 1991, Vol. 25: 21-23.
★ --- and et.al.High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 , (S.272)
★ ---."The Digitization of Schools," ''BusinessWeek'', 10 December 1990.
★ ---."Networking the Future: We Need a National Superhighway for Computer Information", ''The Washington Post'', 15 July 1990:B3.
★ ---."Congressional Record: Presentation on the National High Performance Computer Technology Act" and "Opening Remarks before the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space by Senator Al Gore" in "National high performance computer technology act: SIGGRAPH and nationl high-tech public policy issues" by Donna J. Cox, ''Computer Graphics'', Volume 23, Issue 4, August 1989: 276-280.
Further reading
★ Agree, Phil. ''Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax''. 17 October 2000
★ Bush, George H.W. "Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991, 09 December 1991.
★ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. ''.'' New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
★ Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. ''The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity.'' In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628-644.
★ Kahn, Bob and Vint Cerf. ''Al Gore and the Internet.'' 29 September 2000.
★ Kleinrock, Leonard, Bob Kahn, Vint Cerf, et. al. '' A Brief History of the Internet.'' 10 December 2003
★ LaQuey, Tracy. ''The Internet Companion:A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition)'', 1994.
★ Lee, Cynthia and Linda Steiner Lee. ''Gore Details Telecommunications Ideas.'' UCLA TODAY, Vol. 14, #9, January 13, 1994:1, 4. (The Superhighway Summit)
★ Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy. ''Scientific American'', May, 1993.
★ Highways of the Mind or Toll Roads Between Information Castles? - ''Whole Earth'' Review (issue #70), 1991.
Notes
1. http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml
2. http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00272:@@@L&summ2=m&
3. http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Probe/v1n1_2/info.html
4. http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml
5. http://www.grand.k12.ut.us/district/tech/nren.html
6. http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Probe/v1n1_2/info.html
7. http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v46/no3/blake.html
8. http://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html
9. Computher History Museum Exhibits:1991
10.
11.
12.
13. Remarks on Signing the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 George H.W. Bush
14. NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo
15. Mosaic -- The First Global Web Browser
16. The Early Adopter - Al Gore and the Internet - Government Activity Keith Perine
17. Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax Phil Agree
18. Al Gore "invented the Internet" - resources Seth Finkelstein
19. Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'
20.
See also
★ 102nd United States Congress
★ List of United States federal legislation
External links
★ Early draft of Gore Bill
★ Introduction of Gore Bill
★ Summary of Gore Bill
★ High Performance Computing Act of 1991
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