GOTHENBURG

'Gothenburg' (Swedish: ) ) is a city and municipality in the province Västergötland on the west-coast of Sweden. As of 2006, the population was 489,787 in the city and 879,000 in the metropolitan area, making it the second largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm. Gothenburg is also a significant university city with Scandinavia's largest university (Gothenburg University) in terms of number of students.
Situated where the Göta Älv discharges into the Kattegat, the river divides Gothenburg in two halves, with the upper part located on the island Hisingen. The inlet of Göta Älv is well suited for a harbor, and Gothenburg has expanded its port to become the largest amongst the Nordic countries.^[1]

Contents

Name

History

Politics and government

Boroughs

Politics

Geography

Transport

Air

Sea

Rail and intercity bus

Freight

Public Transport

Demographics

Economy

Education

International cooperation

Culture

Architecture

Music

Food and drink

Sports

Sites of interest

Image gallery

See also

External links

Notes and references

Name

The city was named after the Geats (Swedish: ''Götar'' varied: Geatas, Gautar, Goths, Gotar, Gøtar, Götar), the inhabitants of southern Sweden - i.e. ''"Defense of the Geats"''.^[2]
In Dutch, Scots, German and English - languages with a long history of being spoken in the trade and maritime-oriented city - the name ''Gothenburg'' has traditionally been used for the city, while the French form of the city name is ''Gothembourg''. These traditional forms are now sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish ''Göteborg''.

History

In the 16th and 17th century, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically important as the Swedish gateway to the west, lying on the west coast in the narrow area between the territories of Denmark-Norway. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf). The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch. Dutch city planners were contracted to build the city as they had the skills needed to build in the marshy areas around the city. The town was planned after Dutch cities to have canals like Amsterdam, and the blueprint for the canals of Gothenburg are actually the same as those used for Jakarta. The Dutchmen initially won political power and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that the Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.^[3] During the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and there were propositions to make Dutch the official language in the town.
The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend against its enemies.
In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark-Norway ceded the then Danish province Halland, to the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or ''Bohuslän'' to the north, leaving Gothenburg in a less exposed position. Gothenburg was able to grow into an important port and trade centre on the west coast thanks to the fact that it was the only city on the west coast that was granted, together with Marstrand, the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.^[4]
In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to Asian countries.

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and with the Swedish emigration to North America increasing, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.
With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900). In the 20th century major companies that developed included SKF (est. 1907) and Volvo (est. 1926).
In more recent years however, the industrial section has faced a recession, which has spurred the development of new sectors such as increased merchandising, tourism and cultural and educational institutions.
In 2001, major protests occurred in the city during the EU summit and the visit by U.S. president George W. Bush.

Politics and government

Boroughs

The municipality is subdivided into 21 boroughs, which carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure, and cultural services within their respective areas. In the election of 1998 three boroughs -- Askim, Torslanda and Älvsborg -- held local referendums on forming their own municipalities, but their petitions were rejected by the Government of Sweden.
Boroughs

★ Askim ★ Backa ★ Bergsjön ★ Biskopsgården ★ Centrum (Downtown) ★ Frölunda ★ Gunnared

★ Härlanda ★ Högsbo ★ Kortedala ★ Kärra-Rödbo ★ Linnéstaden ★ Lundby ★ Lärjedalen

★ Majorna ★ Styrsö ★ Torslanda ★ Tuve-Säve ★ Tynnered ★ Älvsborg ★ Örgryte

Politics

The legislative body of Gothenburg is the Municipal Council (''kommunfullmäktige'') with 81 members elected by proportional representation for a four-year term. It is led by the Lord Mayor (''kommunfullmäktiges ordförande''), currently Jörgen Linder. The council appoints the The City Executive Board, headed by the mayor. Currently, the mayor of Gothenburg is Göran Johansson, from the Social Democratic Party. Deputy mayor and leader of opposition is Jan Hallberg.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Gothenburg


Gothenburg is situated on the western coast by Kattegatt, an arm of the North Sea, at the outlet of the river Göta älv and the Göta Canal. Due to the Gulf Stream the city has a mild climate and quite a lot of rain. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohus County.
The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area extends to the municipalities of Ale, Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum, Mölndal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö in Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka in Halland County.

Transport

Air

Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport is an international airport serving the Gothenburg region in Sweden. With 5.2 million passengers in 2005 it is Sweden's second-largest airport. It is operated by the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (Luftfartsverket). The airport is named after the small town of Landvetter, which is located in the municipality of Härryda. It is 20 km east of Gothenburg. It traditionally has had two terminals, domestic and international, but they are now considered one single terminal. There is only one check-in area now, since all luggage has to be screened.
Gothenburg's second international airport is Gothenburg City Airport formerly known as Säve Flygplats and Sweden's 7th largest airport . It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. Prior to the arrival of Ryanair in 2001, the airport had 9000 passengers per year. In 2005, more than 500,000 flew from City Airport. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport is also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard. Due to its location many business jets prefer flying to City Airport rather than Landvetter. Gothenburg City Airport can handle planes up to the size of a Boeing 767, an Airbus A320 or similar jets. The airport also accommodates General Aviation acitivities, including 2 flying clubs, Aeroklubben i Göteborg, one of Europe's oldest flying clubs , and Chalmers flygklubb.

Sea

The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Fredrikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg/Kiel in Germany
The "England ferry" (''Englandsfärjan'') to Newcastle (currently run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways) ceased at the end of October 2006,^[5] after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair, as being the cause. DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, will continue to run scheduled freight ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these have limited capacity for passengers, but not private vehicles. It is unclear if the Gothenburg-Kristiansand route will continue.

Rail and intercity bus

Other major transportation hubs are ''Centralstationen'' ("the Central Station") and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via Malmö).

Freight

Gothenburg is a logistic centre, with transports by train and truck from Sweden and Norway to Gothenburg harbour which is by far the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes a year (2004).^[6]

Public Transport

With about 80 km of double track the Gothenburg tram is the largest tram/light rail network in Northern Europe. The bus network, however, is almost as important. There are also some boat and ferry services.

Demographics

Gothenburg, as with most Swedish metropolitan areas, has a large immigrant population.^[7] According to SCB in 2005, there are 98,480 immigrants resident in Gothenburg,^[8] which is about 20% of the population, out of which 10% are from Iran and 9% from Finland. The Iranian population, as well as other immigrants from the Middle East (notably Iraq) and former Yugoslavia, is concentrated in Angered (most notably Hjällbo and Hammarkullen) and other suburbs in the north east (Bergsjön), while other immigrants from Scandinavia, Southern Europe (notably Portugal, Italy and Greece) and Eastern Europe are far less segregated. Frölunda is also known for its larger Chinese population. Other notable East and South East Asian nationalities are the Thais and the Vietnamese.

Economy

By its naturally advantageous location, Gothenburg houses the largest harbour installation in Scandinavia.^[1] Trade and shipping have always been important businesses and in the 18th century, the city was the home to the Swedish East India Company. Industry developed into an important business, e.g., SKF, Volvo, and Ericsson.
The blue collar industries dominated until the late 1980s when shipyards started to shut down. The traditional industries are still important for the economy, with Volvo Cars being the largest employer, but high tech industries have grown up alongside them, with a number of smaller computer software vendors. Banking and finance are also important trades as well as the event and tourist industry.^[1]

Education

The city has two universities: Gothenburg University and the Chalmers University of Technology. They were both initiated in the 19th century as university colleges on private donations. Gothenburg University has approximately 50,000 students making it the largest university in Scandinavia.^[11]
The Chalmers University of Technology is located in Johanneberg 2 km south of inner city.
There are also four folk high schools (''Arbetarrörelsens Folkhögskola i Göteborg'', ''Folkhögskolan i Angered'', ''Göteborgs Folkhögskola'', and ''Kvinnofolkhögskolan'').
Gothenburg has some 25-30 high schools. One of the more notable is Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, founded in 1647.

International cooperation

★ Twin towns

★
★ Bergen, Norway

★
★ Turku, Finland

★
★ Århus, Denmark

★ Partner cities

★
★ Shanghai, China

★
★ Port Elizabeth, South Africa

★
★ Lyon, France
The cooperation with South African City of Port Elizabeth (established 1998) is a partnership fostering development of common fields of interest such as solid waste management, public libraries, sport and tourism.

★ Sister cities

★
★ Chicago, United States (Since 1987)

★
★ Kraków, Poland

★
★ Saint Petersburg, Russia

★
★ Tallinn, Estonia

★
★ Rostock, Germany

★ Regional

★
★ Oslo, Norway

Culture

The sea, trade and industrial history of the city is evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg. The biggest attraction in the city is the amusement park Liseberg (see Sites of interest). Another fact related to the industrial heritage of the city is that many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created thanks to donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhss Museum.
The 1923 Gothenburg Industrial Exhibition saw the creation of the art museum and a number of other institutions. The event culture of the city was an important factor behind the creation of a number of other sport and cultural institutions.
There are many free theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions like Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.
The Gothenburg Film Festival, held each year, is the biggest film festival in Scandinavia. ^[12]

Architecture

There are very few houses left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.^[13] One example is Skansen Crown.

The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses with a Classical look were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses Gothenburg’s City Museum.
In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie begun to move outside the city walls which had protected the city when the Union of Denmark and Norway was still a threat. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat over decorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga, in wooden houses.
In the 19th century the first important town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street Kungsportsavenyn.
The perhaps most significant type of houses of the city, Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century; three story-houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.
A very important period in the architectural history of the city was the early 20th century, when the National Romantic style dominated. Among the many monumental building erected the Masthugget Church can be mentioned.
And in the beginning of the 1920s, when the city celebrated its 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neo-Classical look was built.
After this the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs like Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. In the 1950s the big stadium Ullevi was erected when Sweden hosted the 1958 World Cup in football.
The modern architecture of the city is being formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh who started as a Post-Modernist in the 1980s.
A further remarkable construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.

Music

Gothenburg has a rich music life - the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best known when it comes to classical music. Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg. Bands like The Soundtrack of Our Lives and Ace of Base are well known pop representatives of the city. There is also an active indie scene.
The city is also noted for being the centre of the melodic death metal movement (sometimes even called "The Gothenburg sound"). Gothenburg metal is unique and distinct because of its very melodic and sometimes progressive guitar riffs and solos, and the clean singing that is incorporated (instead of just using the traditional death grunt vocals). Gothenburg's own At the Gates, Soilwork, In Flames, and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering this melodic style. The Gothenburg metal has influenced numerous significant metal scenes across Europe and the rest of the world, including Finland, the United States, and Canada.

Food and drink

Gothenburg, with its location by the North Sea, is famous for its many fish dishes and varieties of these dishes. Various fish restaurants exist in the city, all from low class shacks to world class eateries. The city also has a number of star chefs – over the past decade, 7 of the Swedish Chef of the Year Awards have been won by Gothenburgers. A popular place to buy fish ingredients is the Feskekôrka ("Fish Church"); an indoor fish market, which got it's name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic church. Four Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2006 Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond and Sjömagasinet.^[14]

Sports

;Held events:

★ 1992 European Football Championship

★ 1993 World Men's Handball Championship

★ 1993 World Championships in Table tennis

★ 1995 World Championships in Athletics

★ 1997 World Championships in Swimming (Short track)

★ 1997 Davis Cup Finals, Tennis, Sweden-United States

★ 1997 World Championships in Latin American Dance

★ 1998 World Championships in Latin Formation Dancing

★ 2002 European Men's Handball Championship

★ 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships

★ 2002 Volvo Ocean Race

★ 2003 World Championships in Skating (allround)

★ 2004 O-Ringen - A 5-days orienteering competition

★ 2004 World Championships in Skating (short track)

★ 2004 UEFA Cup Final

★ 2006 Volvo Ocean Race

★ 2006 European Championships in Athletics
;Annual events:


★ Gothia Cup
;Planned events:

★ 2008 World Figure Skating Championships
;Arenas:

★ Scandinavium (ice hockey)

★ Gamla Ullevi (football)

★ Ullevi (multisport)

★ Nya Gamla Ullevi (football)
;Teams:

★ Frölunda HC (ice hockey)

★ GAIS (football)

★ IFK Göteborg (football)

★ BK Häcken (football)

★ Qviding FIF (football)

★ Västra Frölunda IF (football)

★ Örgryte IS (football)

★ Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (women's football)

★ Jitex BK (women's football)

★ Göteborg Berserkers (Australian rules football)

★ Spartacus Rugby Club (Rugby Union)

Sites of interest

Gothenburg has a number of cultural establishments. A new opera house was inaugurated in 1994, the Gothenburg Opera. Museums include art (Gothenburg Museum of Art) and (Göteborgs Konsthall), design and handcrafts (the Röhss Museum), sea history, natural history, science, East India, and the Museum of World Culture [1] inaugurated in 2004.
Kungsportsavenyn, commonly known as just ''Avenyn'', "The Avenue", is the main boulevard. It was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international town planning competition.^[15] With a total length of about one kilometer, it stretches from the old moat at the edge of the older part of Gothenburg, and ends at the Götaplatsen square, where the Gothenburg Museum of Art and several other cultural institutions are located.
Avenyn passes the Stora teatern, a Neo-Renaissance theatre and opera building from 1859, and has the citys biggest concentration of pubs, discoteques and restaurants.
The Göteborg Botanical Garden^[16] is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.
Next to the botanical garden is Gothenburg's largest park, Slottsskogen, where the Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) is located. The park is also home to the city's oldest observatory.
The amusement park Liseberg located in the central part of the city, is the largest in Scandinavia by number of rides,^[17] and the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (>3 millions). Located near Liseberg is a science discovery centre named Universeum.
One of Gothenburg's most popular tourist attractions is the archipelago (Southern Gothenburg Archipelago), which can be reached by boat. Älvsborg Fortress, Vinga and Styrsö islands are popular places to visit.

Image gallery

Images of buildings and places mentioned in the text

See also

★ East Indiaman Götheborg

★ Protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001

★ Metropolitan Gothenburg

★ List of people connected to Gothenburg

External links

★

★ Gothenburg & Co. - Official Tourist site

★ Gothenburg - Official City site

★ Gothenburg Botanic Garden - Official site

★ Architecture in Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English

★ Urban Planning of Gothenburg - Pdf-guide in English

Notes and references

1. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
2. Hellquist, E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv. AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.
3. Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994). ''Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon''. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9
4. Henriksson, Dick and Älveby, Rustan. (1994). ''Vårt Levebröd - Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon''. Publisher: Akademiförlaget. Page 5. ISBN 91-24-16635-9
5. "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line", ''The Local'', 7 September 2006: "Danish shipping company DFDS Seaways is to scrap the only passenger ferry route between Sweden and Britain, with the axing of the Gothenburg-Newcastle route at the end of October."
6. Statistics from the homepage of the Port of Gothenburg
7. Statistics Sweden
8. Exceldocument from the townships homepage
9. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
10. Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
11. http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/
12. http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen
13. Nationalencyklopedin (NE), The Swedish National Encyclopedia (Most of this section is based on NE)
14. Information from the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com
15. Guide till Sveriges arkitektur, red. Waern, Caldenby, Arkitektur förlag
16. Göteborg Botanical Garden
17. [2]