(Redirected from Governor-general)A 'Governor-General' (in
Canada always, and frequently in
Pakistan/
India prior to the abolition of the last monarchy, 'Governor General') is most generally a
governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above "ordinary" governors
[1]. The most common contemporary usage of the term is to refer to the royally-appointed territorial governor of a region, or royal representative in a country. The term is thus sometimes taken to be the same as ''
viceroy'' or ''
royal governor.'' Today the term "Governor-General" is most likely to be used in the context of the former British Empire or a former British colony that is now an independent
Commonwealth Realm. The office can be considered equivalent to that of a
Lord Lieutenant in the
Home Nations.
Current uses
Today, the title Governor-General is used in the
Commonwealth Realms (those Commonwealth countries which share the same
monarch, currently
Queen Elizabeth II, as their
head of state), excluding the United Kingdom.
In its modern usage, the term "Governor-General" originated in those British
colonies which became self-governing
Dominions, as they were at one time styled, of the
British Empire; (examples are
Australia,
Canada and
New Zealand). With the exception of
New Zealand, each of these federated colonies' previously constituent colonies already had a
Governor, and the Crown's representative to the federated "Dominion" was therefore given the superior title Governor-General. New Zealand was granted Dominion status in 1907, but as it never was a federal state there was no pressing need to change the gubernatorial title. Finally on
28 June 1917 the
Earl of Liverpool was appointed the first Governor-''General'' of New Zealand. Another non-federal state,
Newfoundland, was a dominion for 16 years with the Kings's representative retaining the title of
Governor throughout this time.
Since the 1950s, the title Governor-General was given to all representatives of the Sovereign in independent Commonwealth Realms. In these cases, the former colonial Governor was promoted (sometimes for the same incumbent) to the title of Governor-General upon independence, as the nature of the office became a universal 'constitutional
figurehead' position, no longer a symbol of colonial rule.
In these countries the Governor-General acts as the Monarch's representative, performing most of the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a Head of state.
British colonialism and the Governor-General
Until the
1920s, Governors-General were British, appointed on the advice of the British Government, acted as agents of the British Government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch. As such they notionally held the prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The Governor-General could be instructed by the Colonial Secretary on the exercise of some of his functions and duties, such as the use or withholding of the
Royal Assent from legislation; history shows many examples of Governors-General using their prerogative and executive powers. The monarch could overrule any Governor-General, though this was cumbersome due to the often large distances from London.
The Governor-General was also the head of the armed forces in his or her territory.
Because of the Governor-General's control of the military in the territory, the post was as much a military appointment as a civil one. Indeed, until the late 20th century, the Governor-General's official attire was the
court dress,
Windsor uniform or other military uniform.
In some colonies, the title of the royal representative was never Governor-General. The King's representative in
New Zealand, for instance, was simply titled Governor (earlier, even Lieutenant-Governor, as in Canadian provinces, still lower in rank) until after the country became a
Dominion.
Modern Commonwealth
In Commonwealth Realms
Following the
Imperial Conference, and subsequent issuing of the
Balfour Declaration in
1926, the role and responsibilities of the Governor-General began to shift, reflecting the increased independence of the Dominions. As the Sovereign came to be regarded as Monarch of each Realm separately, and advised only by the ministers of each country in regard to said country's national affairs (as opposed to a singular British Monarch over all the Dominions, advised only by the Imperial Parliament), so too did the Governor-General become a direct representative of the national monarch only, who no longer answered to the British Government. These concepts were entrenched in legislation with the enactment of the
''Statute of Westminster'' in
1931, and governmental relations with the
United Kingdom were placed in the hands of a British
High commissioner in each country.
Australian Governor-General Sir John Kerr
Kerr controversially dismissed the Australian Prime Minister in 1975.
Today in former colonies which are now
Commonwealth realms, the Governor-General may exercise almost all the
reserve powers of the Monarch. Except in rare cases, the Governor-General only acts in accordance with
constitutional convention and upon the
advice of the national
Prime Minister. In particular, see the history of the
Governor-General of Australia. The Governor-General is still the local representative of the Sovereign as Head of state and performs the same duties as they did historically, though their role is almost purely ceremonial. Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in
1926, when
Canadian Governor General Lord Byng refused
Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament, and in
1975, when the Governor-General of Australia,
Sir John Kerr,
dismissed the Prime Minister,
Gough Whitlam.
[2]
In principle, the crown could overrule a Governor-General, but this has not happened in modern times.
The Governor-General is usually a person with a distinguished record of public service, often a retired politician, judge or military commander; but some countries have also appointed prominent figures from
sport,
academia, the clergy, philanthropy or the news media to the office. The Governor-General is formally appointed by the Monarch, generally following the specific request of the
Prime Minister of the country concerned;
Papua New Guinea and the
Solomon Islands are the only realms that elect their Governors-General in some form: selection by a parliamentary vote.
Traditionally, the Governor-General's official attire was the
court dress,
Windsor uniform or other military uniform, but this practice been abandoned in most jurisdictions in modern times. In
South Africa, the
Governors-General of the
Union nominated by the
Afrikaner Nationalist government chose not to wear the uniform. Most Governors-General continue to wear ceremonial
medals on their clothing during special occasions, however.
The Governor-General's official residence is usually called Government House. The
Governor-General of the Irish Free State resided in the then
Viceregal Lodge in
Phoenix Park,
Dublin, but the government of
Éamon de Valera sought to downgrade the office, and the last Governor-General,
Domhnall Ua Buachalla, did not reside there. The office was abolished in
1936.
In most Commonwealth realms, the flag of the Governor-General has been the standard pattern of a blue flag with the Royal Crest (lion standing on a crown) above a scroll with the name of the jurisdiction. In
Canada, however, this was replaced with a lion (with a crown) clasping a maple leaf. In the
Solomon Islands, the scroll is replaced with a two-headed frigate bird motif, while in
Fiji, the former Governor-General's flag featured a
whale's tooth.
Governors-General are accorded the style of ''His/Her
Excellency''. This style is also extended to their spouses, whether female or male (for an example of the latter case, see
Jean-Daniel Lafond).
In former colonies which are now
Commonwealth republics, the Governor-General and Monarch have been replaced by an elected (sometimes non-executive) head of state.
Appointment
Until the 1920s, the Governors-General were British, and appointed on the advice of the British Government.
Following the changes to the structure of the Commonwealth in the late
1920s, in
1929, the Australian Prime Minister
James Scullin established the right of a
Dominion Prime Minister to advise the Monarch directly on the appointment of a Governor-General, by insisting that his choice (Sir
Isaac Isaacs, an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British Government. The convention was gradually established throughout the Commonwealth that the Governor-General is a citizen of the country concerned, and is appointed on the advice of the government of that country, with no input from the British government. Over the decades since 1931, and as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law — no government of any Realm can advise the Monarch on any matters pertaining to another Realm, including the appointment of a Governor-General; today a country's Governor-General is appointed by the Sovereign based only on the advice of the prime minister of the country concerned.
Commonwealth countries with Governors General
''Clicking on the country above will take you the relevant Governor-General article.''
Other attributes
Main articles: Administrator of the Government
Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the Governor-General following his or her death, resignation, or incapacity.
★ In Australia, the government of the day nominates a person as "Administrator of the Commonwealth" to perform the necessary official functions, pending a decision and consultation with the Sovereign about a permanent replacement as Governor-General. By convention, the Administrator has usually been the senior
Governor of the Australian states, but there is nothing to prevent a different person from being appointed.
★ In Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, it is the
Chief Justice.
★ In Papua New Guinea, it is the
Speaker of the House.
★ Many Caribbean countries have a specific office of "Deputy Governor-General".
Former British colonies
The title has been used in many British colonial entities that either no longer exist or are now independent countries.
In the Americas
★ The
Federation of the West Indies (Antigua, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Turks and Caicos Islands), less commonly referred to as British Caribbean Federation, had a single governor-general during its short existence,
3 January 1958–
31 May 1962: Governor-General Patrick George Thomas Buchan-Hepburn, Baron Hailes (b. 1901–d. 1974).
In Asia
★ British India (the present
India,
Pakistan and
Bangladesh and till 1937 Burma, the present
Myanmar)—see also
Viceroy
★ The Dominon of Ceylon (present
Sri Lanka) (1948-1972)
★
★ The
Governor-General of Ceylon
★
★
★ Sir
Henry Monck-Mason Moore (
4 February 1948–
6 July 1949)
★
★
★
Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury (6 July
1949–
17 July 1954)
★
★
★ Sir
Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke (17 July 1954–
2 March 1962)
★
★
★
William Gopallawa (2 March 1962–
22 May 1972)
In Africa
★
1 August 1953–
31 December 1963 The
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland also called the Central African Federation) comprising Southern Rhodesia (now
Zimbabwe), Northern Rhodesia (now
Zambia) and Nyasaland (now
Malawi).
★
Sudan as
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and
1 January 1956.
★
Nigeria until independence on
1 October 1960.
Former Commonwealth realms
Most Commonwealth countries that are now
republics, with the President as
head of state, were originally Commonwealth realms, with Governors-General. Some became parliamentary republics, like
India, where the presidency is a ceremonial post, similar that of the British monarch, while others, like
Ghana, adopted a presidential system like the
United States.
Australia held a
referendum on becoming a parliamentary
republic in
1999, but this was rejected.
The current governments of
Barbados and
Jamaica have announced plans to hold referendums on becoming republics, in each case with a non-executive President replacing the Queen as
head of state, as occurred in
Trinidad and Tobago in
1976. It is not known whether these plans will proceed, however, nor whether the referendums would approve the changes.
In Africa
★
Gambia, two incumbents:
★
★
18 February 1965–
9 February 1966 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. 1916–d. 2004), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
9 February 1966–
24 April 1970 Sir Farimang Mamadi Singateh (b. 1912); the country became a republic with
Dawda Jawara, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.
★
Ghana:
★
★
6 March 1957–
24 June 1957 Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke (b. 1898–d. 1962), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
24 June 1957–
1 July 1960 William Francis Hare, Earl of Listowel (b. 1906–d. 1997); the country became the first in Africa to become a republic within the Commonwealth, with
Kwame Nkrumah, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.
★
Kenya:
12 December 1963–
12 December 1964 Malcolm John MacDonald (b. 1901–d. 1981), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with
Jomo Kenyatta, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.
★
Malawi:
6 July 1964–
6 July 1966 Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones (b. 1908–d. 1992), formerly the last colonial Governor (until 1963 of "Nyasaland") the country became a republic with
Kamuzu Banda, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.
★
Mauritius: Sir John Shaw Rennie (
12 March–
3 September 1968) formerly the last colonial Governor. The country became a republic on
12 March 1992 with the last Governor General
Veerasamy Ringadoo as the first ceremonial President.
★
Nigeria:
★
★
1 October 1960–
16 November 1960 Sir James Wilson Robertson (b. 1899–d. 1983) Non-party (previously colonial Governor-General)
★
★
16 November 1960–
1 October 1963 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (b. 1904–d. 1996) NCNC; became first ceremonial President of the Federal Republic
★
Sierra Leone ''(See also
Governor-General of Sierra Leone):''
★
★
27 April 1961–
27 April 1962 Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (b. 1902–d. 1993), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
27 April 1962–April 1967 Sir
Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston (b. 1898–d. 1969) (acting to
27 July 1962)
★
★ April 1967–
18 April 1968 Andrew Terence Juxon-Smith (acting) (b. 1933–d. 1996)
★
★
18 April 1968–
22 April 1968 John Amadu Bangura (acting) (b. 1930–d. 1971)
★
★
22 April 1968–
31 March 1971 Banja Tejan-Sie (from 1970, Sir Banja Tejan-Sie) (b. 1917–d. 2000)
★
★
31 March 1971–
19 April 1971 Christopher Cole (acting) (b. 1921–d. after 1990); briefly first President, before being succeeded by Prime Minister
Siaka Stevens, who became executive President.
★
South Africa from
31 May 1910 when Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal united as a dominion (
Union of South Africa) until the
31 May 1961 declaration of the Republic of South Africa. The last
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa,
Charles Robberts Swart, became the first
State President of South Africa.
★
Tanganyika (now
Tanzania):
9 December 1961–
9 December 1962 Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull (b. 1909–d. 1998), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with
Julius Nyerere, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President.
★
Uganda:
9 October 1962–
9 October 1963 Sir Walter Fleming Coutts (b. 1912–d. 1988), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with
Frederick Mutesa,
Kabaka of
Buganda, as ceremonial President.
★ In
Rhodesia (now
Zimbabwe), a unique situation arose following the
Unilateral Declaration of Independence in
1965, unrecognised by the
United Kingdom. The
Rhodesian Front government of
Ian Smith recognised
Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but refused to recognise the authority of her Governor
Sir Humphrey Gibbs, whose duties were performed by an 'Officer Administering the Government',
Clifford Dupont (b. 1905–d. 1978). Dupont served in the post until
2 March 1970, when Rhodesia was declared a
republic (an act also unrecognised internationally) and he became
President. The country became an independent republic within the Commonwealth as Zimbabwe on
18 April 1980.
Zambia and the
Seychelles became republics within the Commonwealth on independence.
In the Americas
★
Guyana:
★
★
26 May 1966–
16 December 1966 Sir Richard Edmonds Luyt (b. 1915–d. 1994), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
16 December 1966–
10 November 1969 Sir David James Gardiner Rose (b. 1923–d. 1969)
★
★
10 November 1969–
22 February 1970 Sir Edward Victor Luckhoo (acting) (b. 1912–d. 1998); next under a President
★
Trinidad and Tobago:
★
★
31 August 1962–
15 September 1972 Sir Solomon Hochoy (b. 1905–d. 1983), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
15 September 1972–
1 August 1976 Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke (b. 1917)
In Asia
★
India
★
★
15 August 1947–
21 June 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma (s.a.), formerly the last colonial
Viceroy
★
★
21 June 1948–
26 January 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878–d. 1972); became the first republic within the Commonwealth
★
Pakistan
★
★
15 August 1947–
11 September 1948 Mohammad Ali Jinnah (b. 1876–d. 1948) ML
★
★
14 September 1948–
17 October 1951 Khwaja Nazimuddin (b. 1894–d. 1964) ML
★
★
17 October 1951–
6 October 1955 Ghulam Mohammad (b. 1895–d. 1956) ML
★
★
6 October 1955–
23 March 1956 Sikandar Ali Mirza (b. 1899–d. 1969) Mil; since then a republic
★
Ceylon (now
Sri Lanka):
★
★
4 February 1948–
6 July 1949 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (b. 1887–d. 1964), previously the last colonial Governor)
★
★
6 July 1949–
17 July 1954 Herwald Ramsbotham, Baron Soulbury (b. 1887–d. 1971)
★
★
17 July 1954–
2 March 1962 Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke (b. 1892–d. 1978)
★
★
2 March 1962–
22 May 1972 William Gopallawa (b. 1897–d. 1981)); became the first President of the republic of Sri Lanka
In Europe
★
Ireland Governor-General of the Irish Free State dominion
6 December 1922 until
29 December 1937.
★
Malta:
★
★
21 September 1964–
4 July 1971 Sir
Maurice Henry Dorman (b. 1902–d. 1993), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
4 July 1971–
13 December 1974 Sir
Anthony Joseph Mamo (b. 1909); became first
President of Malta
Cyprus became a republic on independence.
In Oceania
★
Fiji:
★
★
10 October 1970–
13 January 1973 Sir Robert Sidney Foster (b. 1913–d. 2005), formerly the last colonial Governor
★
★
13 January 1973–
12 February 1983 Ratu Sir George Cakobau (b. 1912–d. 1989)
★
★
12 February 1983–
6 October 1987 Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau (b. 1918–d. 1993); it became a republic under a President on
5 December 1987
Other colonial and similar usages
Belgian
★
Belgian Congo;
★
Ruanda-Urundi
French
The equivalent word in French is ''gouverneur général'', used in the following colonies:
★ From
1887 to
1945 the French appointed a
Governor-General to govern
French Indo-China (now
Vietnam,
Laos and
Cambodia); the function of
High commissioner in the Pacific Ocean, from 22 March 1907 held by the Governors of
New Caledonia, was used to coordinate that colony, the other French Settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of French Indochina and the
Resident commissioners of the
New Hebrides and the
Residents of
Wallis and Futuna were subordinated to him.
★ From 1699–1947, the French appointed a Governor-General to administer
French India (including
Pondichéry).
★ Governors-general of the
Mascarene Islands (under control of the
chartered Compagnie des Indes to 14 July 1767) from 4 June 1735 (succeeding to governors), and after its split-up of
Mauritius (Réunion and the Seychelles got lower-styled Commandants or Governors) , till 25 September 1803
★
Haiti January 1714 - 31 December 1803; last incumbent Jean-Jacques Dessalines shortly maintained the title after the January I, 1804 independence before proclaiming himself 'emperor' Jacques I
★ Since its creation on
16 June 1895 in
French West Africa (AOF), until
4 April 1957; the last stayed on as first of two
High commissioners
★
Madagascar
★ From
28 June 1908 (previously it had a
Commissaire général, i.e. Commissioner general) to
4 April 1957 (the last stayed on as first of three High commissioners) in
French Equatorial Africa (AEF); during several periods he also acted as Governor of the constitutive colony
Congo Brazzaville.
Furthermore, in Napoleonic Europe successive French Governors-general were appointed by
Napoleon I in:
★ the German states of
Brandenburg (various other got 'mere' Governors), two incumbents during the 27 October 1806 - 10 December 1808 French occupation
★ Province of
Courland under the French occupation (from 1 August 1812, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and District of Pilten nominally re-established under joint French-Saxon protectorate 8 October 1812 - 20 December 1812) : Jacques David Martin, baron de Campredon (b. 1761 - d. 1837)
★
Parma and Piacenza under occupation, (after a Commissioner) 15 February 1804 - 23 July 1808, later annexed as ''département'' under a
Prefect of
Taro
★ principality of
Piombino May 1806 - 1811 : Adolphe Beauvais (d. 1811)
★ annexed
Tuscany, two incumbents, over prefects for Arno, Méditerranée [Mediterranean] and Ombrone: May 1808 - 3 March 1809 Jacques François de Boussay, baron de Menou (b. 1750 - d. 1810) and 3 March 1809 - 1 February 1814 Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte (with courtesy style of Grand Duchess of Tuscany) (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
★ the
Illyrian provinces (comprising present Croatia, Slovenia and even adjacent parts of Austria and Italy), annexed as part of the French Empire proper, 14 October 1809 - August 1813
Netherlands
From
1691 to
1948 the Dutch appointed a
Gouverneur-generaal ("Governor-General") to govern the
Netherlands East Indies, now
Indonesia.
While in the Caribbean, various other titles were used, Curaçao had three Governors-General between
1816 and
1820:
★ 1816–1819 Albert Kikkert
★ 1819–1820 Petrus Bernardus van Starkenborgh
★ 1820 Isaäk Johannes Rammelman Elsevier
Spanish
★ From
21 November 1564 the Spanish colony ''
Islas Filipinas'' had a
Governor-general, subordinated to the
viceroyalty of New Spain (in Mexico) to 1821.
Portuguese
The equivalent word in Portuguese is ''Governador-Geral'', but this style was only used in a few major colonies, other colonies lower titles, mainly ''Governador'' (Governor) or
Captain-major, prevailed
★ In the overseas province of
Portuguese India (''Estado da Índia'', capital Goa) the style was changed repeatedly for another, mostly
Viceroy, or a commission
★ In
Brazil, after a few Governors, from 1578 till its promotion on 13 Jul 1714 to
Viceroyalty
★ in Africa, from 1837 Portugal appointed a Governor-general to govern the colony of
Portuguese West Africa (later
Angola), and another in
Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa); both offices were restyled in full
High Commissioner and Governor-general in 1921, and both existed until their 1975 decolonisation.
U.S.
★ From
1905 to
1935 the
Philippines (since
13 August 1898 a U.S territory; first under three Military and two ordinary Governors) was administered by a series of
Governors General appointed by the
United States.
Other Western usages
★
Governor-General in the Swedish Realm
★ From
1636 to
1815, the
Governors-General of Sweden typically were appointed for the
Swedish Dominions on the eastern side of the Baltic and in northern Germany, but occasionally also for
Scania.
★ From
1809 to
1918 there were
Russian
Governor-General of Finland in the
Grand Duchy of Finland;
Governor-Generals of Poland in
Congress Poland and in various other
Governorates-General.
★ From
1939 to
1944, during the German occupation of
Poland, part of the country was designated the
General Government and the Nazi official
Hans Frank had the title Governor-General (''Generalgouverneur für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete'').
★ the kingdom of
Saxony had a Governor general twice, under Allied control after
Napoleon I's defeat:
★
★ 28 October 1813 - 8 November 1814 Prince Nikolay Grigorievich Repnin-Volkonsky (Russia) (b. 1778 - d. 1845)
★
★ 8 November 1814 - 8 June 1815 Eberhard Friedrich Christoph Ludwig,
Freiherr von der Recke (Prussia) (b. 1744 - d. 1826)
Asian counterparts
★ From
1644 to
1911, in
Qing Dynasty China, a ''Governor General'' or ''
zongdu'' (Chinese: 总督) was the highest official of joint military and civil affairs in one or several
provinces (alternately translated as
Viceroy)
★ Imperial Japan:
★
★ From
1895 to
1945,
Taiwan was administered by the Japanese
Governor-General of Taiwan.
★
★ From
1910 to
1945,
Korea was administered by the Japanese
Governor-General of Korea.
See also
★
Administrator of the Government
★
Governor-in-chief
★
Governor
★
Lieutenant-Governor
★
High Commissioner
★
Governor-General of the Philippines
★
Aruba and the
Netherlands Antilles; territories of the
Dutch Monarchy
★
Guberniya; an administrative sub-division of
Imperial Russia headed by the equivalent of a governor-general
★ Each current Commonwealth realm's Governors-General have their own article:
★
★
List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda
★
★
Governor-General of Australia
★
★
List of Governors-General of the Bahamas
★
★
List of Governors-General of Barbados
★
★
List of Governors-General of Belize
★
★
Governor General of Canada
★
★
List of Governors-General of Grenada
★
★
List of Governors-General of Jamaica
★
★
Governor-General of New Zealand
★
★
Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
★
★
List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia
★
★
List of Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
★
★
List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
★
★
Governor-General of the Solomon Islands
★
★
Governor-General of Tuvalu
★ Some defunct political entities:
Governor-General of the Irish Free State,
Governor-General of the Federation of the West Indies,
Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland,
Governor-General of French Indochina
★ Some former Commonwealth realms in the Americas
Governor-General of Guyana,
Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago
★ Some former Commonwealth realms in Africa:
Governor-General of Nigeria,
Governor-General of Sierra Leone,
Governor-General of Tanzania,
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa,
Governor-General of Uganda,
Governor-General of Gambia,
Governor-General of Kenya,
Governor-General of Ghana,
Governor-General of Malawi
★ Some former Commonwealth realms in Asia
Governor-General of India,
Governor-General of Pakistan,
Governor-General of Sri Lanka
★ Some former Commonwealth realms in Europe
Governor-General of Malta
★ Some former Commonwealth realms in Oceania
Governor-General of Fiji
Sources and references
(incomplete)
1. "Governor General" definition on dictionary.com (retrieved February 14, 2006)
2. Letter from the Queen's Private Secretary to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Australia of 17 November 1975, at ''The Whitlam Dismissal'', retrieved February 15, 2006.
★
WorldStatesmen
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
