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EspañolGREAT OFFICES OF STATE
(Redirected from Great offices of state)
The 'Great Offices of State' in the United Kingdom are the four most senior and prestigious posts in the British parliamentary system of government.
They are the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Foreign Secretary[1] and the Home Secretary.[2] Since 27 June 2007, these posts have been held by Gordon Brown, Alistair Darling, David Miliband and Jacqui Smith respectively.
According to convention, when the Prime Minister names his or her Cabinet, either after a general election or mid-term reshuffle, the first announced Cabinet ministers will be the Chancellor, Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary, and usually in that order.
James Callaghan is the only person to date to have served in all four positions.[3] In the past hundred years, several other people came close to approaching this distinction: Herbert Henry Asquith and Winston Churchill both served as Chancellor, Prime Minister and Home Secretary while Harold Macmillan and John Major served as Chancellor, Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary. Rab Butler and Sir John Simon served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary.
Only three women have held any of the Great Offices of State:
★ Margaret Thatcher - Prime Minister (1979-1990)
★ Margaret Beckett - Foreign Secretary (2006-2007)
★ Jacqui Smith - Home Secretary (2007-)
Due to the way politics in the United Kingdom is now structured, with the House of Commons retaining most of the power, it is accepted that it is no longer practical for one of the holders of the Great Offices of State to be a member of the House of Lords. The last holders of each position to have been peers were:
★ Prime Minister: The Earl of Home 20 October-23 October 1963 - The Earl of Home renounced his peerage and was elected as an MP after his appointment as Prime Minister.
★ Chancellor of the Exchequer: The House of Lords has traditionally been restrained in the passage of financial bills, meaning that the office of Chancellor is effectively limited to the House of Commons.
★ Foreign Secretary: Lord Carrington May 5 1979-April 5 1982 - Baron Carrington was the last peer to hold one of the Great Offices of State.
★ Home Secretary: Viscount Cave December 11 1916-14 January 1919 - Sir George Cave was enobled as Viscount Cave while serving as Home Secretary in 1918.
Following the reorganisation of the Cabinet in 2007 which saw the creation of the Secretary of State for Justice, gaining some of the powers previously held by the Home Office, it was agreed that future Lord Chancellors whould be chosen from the Commons for the first time. Jack Straw, the current Justice Secretary, appeared to make reference to the fact that this new post, previously held by Lord Falconer, a member of the House of Lords, could be considered a fifth Great Office, saying that he was "the first holder of this great office of state to sit in the Commons."[4] So far, there is no consensus in favour of such a view among constitutional analysts.
1. Open Politics
2. Article by John Rentoul
3. Lord Callaghan
4. Lord Mayor's annual judges dinner
The 'Great Offices of State' in the United Kingdom are the four most senior and prestigious posts in the British parliamentary system of government.
They are the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Foreign Secretary[1] and the Home Secretary.[2] Since 27 June 2007, these posts have been held by Gordon Brown, Alistair Darling, David Miliband and Jacqui Smith respectively.
According to convention, when the Prime Minister names his or her Cabinet, either after a general election or mid-term reshuffle, the first announced Cabinet ministers will be the Chancellor, Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary, and usually in that order.
James Callaghan is the only person to date to have served in all four positions.[3] In the past hundred years, several other people came close to approaching this distinction: Herbert Henry Asquith and Winston Churchill both served as Chancellor, Prime Minister and Home Secretary while Harold Macmillan and John Major served as Chancellor, Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary. Rab Butler and Sir John Simon served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary.
Only three women have held any of the Great Offices of State:
★ Margaret Thatcher - Prime Minister (1979-1990)
★ Margaret Beckett - Foreign Secretary (2006-2007)
★ Jacqui Smith - Home Secretary (2007-)
Due to the way politics in the United Kingdom is now structured, with the House of Commons retaining most of the power, it is accepted that it is no longer practical for one of the holders of the Great Offices of State to be a member of the House of Lords. The last holders of each position to have been peers were:
★ Prime Minister: The Earl of Home 20 October-23 October 1963 - The Earl of Home renounced his peerage and was elected as an MP after his appointment as Prime Minister.
★ Chancellor of the Exchequer: The House of Lords has traditionally been restrained in the passage of financial bills, meaning that the office of Chancellor is effectively limited to the House of Commons.
★ Foreign Secretary: Lord Carrington May 5 1979-April 5 1982 - Baron Carrington was the last peer to hold one of the Great Offices of State.
★ Home Secretary: Viscount Cave December 11 1916-14 January 1919 - Sir George Cave was enobled as Viscount Cave while serving as Home Secretary in 1918.
Following the reorganisation of the Cabinet in 2007 which saw the creation of the Secretary of State for Justice, gaining some of the powers previously held by the Home Office, it was agreed that future Lord Chancellors whould be chosen from the Commons for the first time. Jack Straw, the current Justice Secretary, appeared to make reference to the fact that this new post, previously held by Lord Falconer, a member of the House of Lords, could be considered a fifth Great Office, saying that he was "the first holder of this great office of state to sit in the Commons."[4] So far, there is no consensus in favour of such a view among constitutional analysts.
| Contents |
| References |
References
1. Open Politics
2. Article by John Rentoul
3. Lord Callaghan
4. Lord Mayor's annual judges dinner
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