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'Alexandre Gustave Eiffel' (December 15, 1832 – December 27, 1923; French pronunciation in IPA, in English usually pronounced ) was a French structural engineer and architect and a specialist of metallic structures. He is famous for designing the Eiffel Tower, built 1887-1889 for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France, and the armature for the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, U.S..

Contents

Early life

Career

Impact

Buildings and structures

Bridges

Other works

Unrealized projects

Trivia

References

Early life

Eiffel was born in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France. The name ''Eiffel'' was adopted by one of his German ancestors in the early 18th century. The name was taken from his birthplace Marmagen located in the Eifel, as the French could not pronounce his actual name, ''Bönickhausen''. During youth, the two strongest influences on Eiffel were both successful chemists, his uncle Jean-Baptiste Mollerat and Michel Perret. Both men spent a lot of time with young Eiffel, filling his head with everything from chemistry and mining to religion and philosophy. At school, Eiffel was extremely smart, but not very studious. While attending high school at Lycee Royal, Eiffel was bored and felt that the classes were a waste of time. It was not until his last two years at school that Eiffel found his niche; not in engineering, but in history and literature. Eiffel's study habits improved and he graduated with a degree in both science and humanities. Eiffel went on to attend college at Sainte Barbe College in Paris, in order to prepare for the difficult entrance exams into The Ecole Polytechnique. The Ecole Polytechnique was, and still is, the most prestigious engineering institution in France. Ultimately, Eiffel was denied admission to The Ecole Polytechnique, but instead attended the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris. Ecole Centrale was a liberal private school that is now known as one of the top engineering schools in Europe. His mother's coal business provided ample income for the family and provided the funds for Gustave to receive education at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris, where he studied chemistry (the equivalent to a Master of Science). Eiffel graduated from Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in 1855, the same year that Paris hosted the first world's Fair, with a master's degree in chemistry.^[1] After graduation, Eiffel's uncle offered him a job at his vinegar works in Dijon, France. However, a family dispute removed that opportunity, and Eiffel soon accepted entry-level employment with a company that designed railway bridges.
Charles Nepveu provided Eiffel with his first job as one of many project managers for a railway bridge located in France. During the construction process, fellow engineers on the project were steadily quitting, and Eiffel eventually took charge of the entire project. Nepveu saw the work that Eiffel performed on the site, and continued to place Eiffel in other jobs that involved project management of railway bridges and structures. During these projects, Eiffel got to know other engineers of the time, and he would be remembered for his work and allowed to work on other projects. Without the influence of Nepveu and his unwavering support, Eiffel might not have been as successful as he would later become.

Career

''Eiffel et Cie.'', Eiffel's consulting and construction firm, with the support of Belgian engineer Téophile Seyrig, participated in an international bid to design and build a 160-m long railway bridge over the Douro river, between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. His proposal was the winner because it was a beautiful, ''transparent'', structure, it was the least expensive, and it incorporated the use of the ''method of forces'', a then novel technique in structure design developed by Maxwell in 1864. The ''Ponte Maria Pia'' is a double-hinged arch that supports a single-line railway plate through pillars that reinforce the whole of the bridge. The construction proceeded rapidly and the bridge was built in less than two years (5 January 1876 to 4 November, 1877). It was inaugurated by King D. Luís and Queen D. Maria Pia, after whom it was named. The bridge was in use until 1991 (114 years), when it was replaced by the S. John Bridge, designed by engineer Edgar Cardoso.^[2][3] Eiffel built a number of cast iron railway bridges in the Massif Central, such as the viaduct at Rouzat, and Bouble. They are still in use by local trains and were built in the late 1860s.

Gustave Eiffel also designed La Ruche in Paris. This, like the Eiffel Tower, became a city landmark. It is a three-story circular structure that looks like a large beehive and was created as a temporary structure for use as a wine rotunda at the Great Exposition of 1900. He also constructed the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge near Ruynes en Margeride in the Cantal département. In the Americas, Eiffel designed the central railway station in Santiago de Chile (1897) and the lighthouse located on Mona Island, Puerto Rico. The lighthouse was built around 1900 by the United States which acquired the island after the end of the Spanish-American War. It was decommissioned in 1976.^[4]

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French effort to construct a Panama Canal. The French Panama Canal Company, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, had been attempting to build a sea-level canal, but finally came to the realisation that this was impractical. An elevated, lock-based canal was chosen as the new design, and Eiffel was enlisted to design and build the locks. However, the whole canal project suffered from serious mismanagement, and finally collapsed with enormous losses. Eiffel's reputation suffered a severe setback when he was implicated in the financial scandals surrounding de Lesseps and the entrepreneurs backing the project. Eiffel himself had no connection with the finances, and his guilty judgment was later reversed.^[5] However, his work was never realised, as the later American effort to build a canal used new lock designs (see History of the Panama Canal).
After retirement he researched and developed new ideas through practical use of the Eiffel Tower. The tower enabled him to make advancements in aerodynamics, meteorology, and radio-broadcasting. He built a wind tunnel at the base of the tower for his aerodynamic research, had meteorological equipment placed in various locations on the tower, and suggested to the military to have radio equipment installed on the top of the tower. Within the following years the tower would continue to serve as a permanent radio tower and eventually used for television broadcasting. ^[6]
Eiffel died on December 27, 1923 in his mansion on Rue Rabelais in Paris. He was interred in the Cimetière de Levallois-Perret.

Impact

The Industrial Revolution played an important role in Gustave Eiffel's life. People were traveling across the world, new technologies and materials became available, and countries were industrializing. Much of Eiffel's work was affected by one or more of these conditions brought by the Industrial Revolution.
The condition that had the most impact on Eiffel's work was transportation. People around the world were demanding safe passages across rivers and were in need of bridges. Building these bridges is how Eiffel gained a reputation as an engineer, which allowed him to pursue larger and more difficult projects later in life. The bridges that he designed were constructed all over the world. The bridges allowed for easier and faster travel and trade in the geographical area in which they were constructed. Many of Eiffel's bridges did not require skilled workers for assembly, which made his bridges a great economical choice.
The Eiffel Tower had a huge impact on France. The tower was the focal point of the Exposition Universelle (1889) and drew millions of people to Paris. Nearly two million people visited the Eiffel Tower in 1889 alone. The tower quickly became a tourist attraction and brought large amounts of money into France's economy. After originally being thought of as an eyesore (it was actually designed to be torn down easily after the end of the Exposition), the tower quickly became a national symbol of France and brought a sense of pride to the people who live there.
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States. Eiffel's design for the interior structural elements of the statue allowed for the statue to become a reality. The statue showed the friendship and respect that was shared between France and the United States. The Statue of Liberty quickly became a national symbol of freedom in the United States and gave citizens a sense of pride. The statue became a great tourist attraction and brought many people to New York, boosting the economy. Several Americans living in France were pleased by the gift to their country and in turn, built a ¼ scale bronze model which stands approximately 2km north of the Eiffel Tower.
With all the opportunities the Industrial Revolution brought with it, it also had many challenges. Just as Eiffel had the opportunity to work on more projects in different locations, so did other engineers. Competition for projects was extremely high and the reputation of the engineer played a major role for obtaining projects. Yet another challenge during Eiffel's career was the introduction of new construction materials. Since the new materials had not been proven in projects, engineers took a risk in using them. Many of the bridges Eiffel had built were made from steel which Eiffel had helped pioneer. With the thriving Industrial world of the time. Some of his advancements included: designing a system of hydraulic presses which allowed workers to set bridge foundations deep under water, creating sturdy yet lightweight "web-like" trusses and arches to withstand high winds, using wrought iron for bridge construction because its flexibility could withstand high winds, curving the edges of piers to create more stable bases, and the development of "launching" which is a way to more easily move pieces of structures into place. Eiffel's ingenuity and brilliance allowed him to design and build some of the world's most famous structures.

Buildings and structures

★ Eiffel Tower

★ Statue of Liberty

★ Nice Observatory

★ Eiffel Market or Mercado Adolpho Lisboa

★ San Sebastian Church, Manila, Philippines



★ The General Post Office, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Bridges

★ Maria Pia Bridge (Porto Viaduct)

★ Garabit Viaduct

★ Souleuvre Viaduct

★ Long Bien Bridge, Hanoi, Vietnam

★ Birsbrücke, Münchenstein, Switzerland which collapsed on the 14th of June in 1891 killing over 70 people.

★ Garonne River Bridge near Bordeaux was Eiffel's first project at age 25

Other works

★ Viaduct over the Sioule river (1867)

★ Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)

★ Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1868)

★ Swing bridge at Dieppe (1870)

★ Gasworks of La Paz, Bolivia

★ Church at Tacna, Peru (1875)

★ Church in Arica, Chile

★ Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)

★ Hotel Traian, at Iaşi, Romania (1884)


★ Bolivar Bridge, at Arequipa, Peru

★ Fenix Theatre, at Arequipa, Peru

★ San Camilo Market, at Arequipa, Peru

★ Church at Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur

★ Konak Pier, at İzmir, Turkey (1890)

★ Estación Central (main train station), Santiago, Chile (1897)

★ Bridge over the Tisza near Szeged, Hungary

★ Farol de São Thomé in Campos, Brazil

★ The framework of the Western Train station in Budapest, Hungary

★ Great bridge over the Begej in Zrenjanin,built in 1904, disassembled and replaced by concrete bridge in 1969

★ Mona Island Lighthouse at Mona Island, Puerto Rico

★ ''Plaza del Mercado'' (local produce market) at Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

★ Puente Quezon (Quezon Bridge) over Pasig River, Manila, Philippines

★ Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique, Railway Station in Maputo, Mozambique

★ Ajfel Bridge On Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Unrealized projects

★ Trinity Bridge, Saint Petersburg—Eiffel entered a project into the contest, but his project was not realized.

Trivia

★ Gustave's great-great-grandson, Savin Yeatman-Eiffel founded the independent animation company Sav! The World Productions, which has recently finished producing, writing, and directing its first TV production, Ōban Star-Racers. Further, in commemoration, his company's logo features the Eiffel Tower standing atop a globe.

★ The song "Alec Eiffel" by alternative rock band the Pixies is a tribute to Gustave Eiffel.

References

★ Gustave Eiffel: The Man Behind the Masterpiece

★ Gustave Eiffel

★

★ Einsturz der Birsbrücke bei Münchenstein (Basel)

1. "Gustave Eiffel: The Man Behind the Masterpiece" Retrieved April 1, 2007.
2. ''Porto, city of bridges''. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
3. ''Ponte Maria Pia''. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
4. ''Mona Island Lighthouse'', from Lighthouse Digest. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
5. ''Gustave Eiffel'', from the official site of the Eiffel Tower. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
6. "Gustave Eiffel". Retrieved April 1, 2007.