العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolHADZABE
The 'Hadzabe' are an ethnic and linguistic group based in central Tanzania. In 2000 the Hadzabe population was estimated to number 800 [1]. The Hadzabe speak the Hadza language. Until recently, the genetic origin of the Hadzabe was a mystery; traditionally, they were considered as a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa, but modern genetic research showed that they are actually more related to Pygmies.
One of the last remaining and oldest hunting-gathering ethnicities in Tanzania, the Hadzabe have existed relatively unchanged for approximately 10,000 years. Apart from a small revenue from tourists, they continue to live as their ancestors did, unlike more modernized ethnic tribes such as the Maasai.
According to Knight et al. (2003), their Y-haplogroups mainly consist of B2b (52%), i.e. the same subclade of Y-haplogroup B that is present in typical Pygmy groups like Mbuti or BiAka. The high presence of E3a (30%) shows a marked Bantu admixture, and the rest is predominantly formed by other E-subclades. Their mtDNA lineages are formed by L2 (mainly a Pygmy lineage L2a1) and L3 (mainly an East African lineage L3g), and none of them is shared with the San from South Africa, who originally belong to L0d/L0k mtDNA haplogroups. The overall genetic picture suggests that the original Hadzabe population, possessing Y-chromosome haplogroup B2b and mtDNA haplogroup L2a1, was influenced by gene flow from the Bantu and East Africans.
The remaining hunting grounds of the Hadzabe are threatened by encroachment. In 2007, the government of Tanzania leased 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) of this land to the Abu Dhabi royal family of the United Arab Emirates, for use as a "personal safari playground". [2]
Men usually forage individually, and during the course of day usually feed themselves while foraging, and also bring home some honey, fruit, or (if they are lucky) some meat. Women forage in larger parties, and usually bring home berries, baobab fruit, and tubers, depending on availability. Men and women also forage cooperatively for honey and fruit, and at least one adult male will usually accompany a group of foraging women. During the wet season, the diet is composed mostly of honey, some fruit, tubers, and occasional meat. The contribution of meat to the diet increases in the dry season, when game become concentrated around sources of water. During this time, men often hunt in pairs, and spend entire nights lying in wait by waterholes, hoping to shoot animals that approach for a night-time drink. The Hadza are highly skilled, selective, and opportunistic foragers, and adjust their diet according to season and circumstance. Depending on local availability, some groups might rely more heavily on tubers, others on berries, others on meat. This variability is the result of their opportunism and adjustment to prevailing conditions.
Traditionally, the Hadza do not make use of hunting dogs, although this custom has been recently borrowed from neighboring tribes to some degree. Most men (80%+) do not use dogs when foraging.
Women's foraging technology includes the digging stick, large fabric or skin pouch for carrying items, knife, shoes, other clothing, and various small items held in a pouch around the neck. Men carry axes, bows, poisoned and non-poisoned arrows, knives, small honey pots, fire drills, shoes and apparel, and various small items.
While men specialize in procuring meat, honey, and baobab fruit, women specialize in tubers, berries, and greens. This division of labor is rather apparent, but women will occasionally gather a small animal or egg, or gather honey, and men will occasionally bring a tuber or some berries back to camp.
When the resources near their shelters have been exhausted the Hadzabe leave their shelters and relocate to a more fertile area. If the men kill a particularly large animal (such as a buffalo) far from home, or the resources near their huts are exhausted, the tribe quickly relocates to a new area. The building of shelters is amazingly fast, with the men erecting semi-permanent huts in a matter of hours.
★ Hadza language
★ A. Knight et al.: African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages. Current Biology, 2003, Vol. 13, p. 464–473.
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2005). Mate preferences among Hadza hunter-gatherers. ''Human Nature, 15,'' 364-375. Full text
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2004). What explains Hadza food sharing? ''Research in Economic Anthropology, 23,'' 69-88. Full text
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2004). Is human ovulation concealed? Evidence from conception beliefs in a hunter-gatherer society: the Hadza of Tanzania. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33,'' 427-432. Full text
★ Frank Marlowe homepage
★ "50,000 Years of Resilience May Not Save Tribe", ''The Washington Post'', 10 June 2007
★ Eric Turpin: Hadzabe, chasseur a l'arc de Tanzanie. Video and audio materials on Hadzabe life.
★ Hadzabe dance and Hadzabe tribal dance on YouTube
★ Hadzabe - Die letzten Wildbeuter Ostafrika — a film
One of the last remaining and oldest hunting-gathering ethnicities in Tanzania, the Hadzabe have existed relatively unchanged for approximately 10,000 years. Apart from a small revenue from tourists, they continue to live as their ancestors did, unlike more modernized ethnic tribes such as the Maasai.
| Contents |
| Genetic evidence for origins |
| Threats to existence |
| Hunting and Gathering |
| See also |
| Reference |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Genetic evidence for origins
According to Knight et al. (2003), their Y-haplogroups mainly consist of B2b (52%), i.e. the same subclade of Y-haplogroup B that is present in typical Pygmy groups like Mbuti or BiAka. The high presence of E3a (30%) shows a marked Bantu admixture, and the rest is predominantly formed by other E-subclades. Their mtDNA lineages are formed by L2 (mainly a Pygmy lineage L2a1) and L3 (mainly an East African lineage L3g), and none of them is shared with the San from South Africa, who originally belong to L0d/L0k mtDNA haplogroups. The overall genetic picture suggests that the original Hadzabe population, possessing Y-chromosome haplogroup B2b and mtDNA haplogroup L2a1, was influenced by gene flow from the Bantu and East Africans.
Threats to existence
The remaining hunting grounds of the Hadzabe are threatened by encroachment. In 2007, the government of Tanzania leased 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) of this land to the Abu Dhabi royal family of the United Arab Emirates, for use as a "personal safari playground". [2]
Hunting and Gathering
Men usually forage individually, and during the course of day usually feed themselves while foraging, and also bring home some honey, fruit, or (if they are lucky) some meat. Women forage in larger parties, and usually bring home berries, baobab fruit, and tubers, depending on availability. Men and women also forage cooperatively for honey and fruit, and at least one adult male will usually accompany a group of foraging women. During the wet season, the diet is composed mostly of honey, some fruit, tubers, and occasional meat. The contribution of meat to the diet increases in the dry season, when game become concentrated around sources of water. During this time, men often hunt in pairs, and spend entire nights lying in wait by waterholes, hoping to shoot animals that approach for a night-time drink. The Hadza are highly skilled, selective, and opportunistic foragers, and adjust their diet according to season and circumstance. Depending on local availability, some groups might rely more heavily on tubers, others on berries, others on meat. This variability is the result of their opportunism and adjustment to prevailing conditions.
Traditionally, the Hadza do not make use of hunting dogs, although this custom has been recently borrowed from neighboring tribes to some degree. Most men (80%+) do not use dogs when foraging.
Women's foraging technology includes the digging stick, large fabric or skin pouch for carrying items, knife, shoes, other clothing, and various small items held in a pouch around the neck. Men carry axes, bows, poisoned and non-poisoned arrows, knives, small honey pots, fire drills, shoes and apparel, and various small items.
While men specialize in procuring meat, honey, and baobab fruit, women specialize in tubers, berries, and greens. This division of labor is rather apparent, but women will occasionally gather a small animal or egg, or gather honey, and men will occasionally bring a tuber or some berries back to camp.
When the resources near their shelters have been exhausted the Hadzabe leave their shelters and relocate to a more fertile area. If the men kill a particularly large animal (such as a buffalo) far from home, or the resources near their huts are exhausted, the tribe quickly relocates to a new area. The building of shelters is amazingly fast, with the men erecting semi-permanent huts in a matter of hours.
See also
★ Hadza language
Reference
★ A. Knight et al.: African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages. Current Biology, 2003, Vol. 13, p. 464–473.
Further reading
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2005). Mate preferences among Hadza hunter-gatherers. ''Human Nature, 15,'' 364-375. Full text
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2004). What explains Hadza food sharing? ''Research in Economic Anthropology, 23,'' 69-88. Full text
★ Marlowe, F.W. (2004). Is human ovulation concealed? Evidence from conception beliefs in a hunter-gatherer society: the Hadza of Tanzania. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33,'' 427-432. Full text
External links
★ Frank Marlowe homepage
★ "50,000 Years of Resilience May Not Save Tribe", ''The Washington Post'', 10 June 2007
★ Eric Turpin: Hadzabe, chasseur a l'arc de Tanzanie. Video and audio materials on Hadzabe life.
★ Hadzabe dance and Hadzabe tribal dance on YouTube
★ Hadzabe - Die letzten Wildbeuter Ostafrika — a film
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
