'Hamilton' (pronounced: '
IPA' //) (
2006 Population 504,559;
UA population 647,634;
CMA population 692,911) is a port city in the
Canadian province of
Ontario. Conceived by
George Hamilton when he purchased the
Durand farm shortly after the
War of 1812[2] the town of Hamilton has become the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of
Lake Ontario known as the
Golden Horseshoe. The amalgamation of the city with the townships of
Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality in 2001 to form the new City of Hamilton, increased the population within its jurisdiction from 331,121 to 490,268 people, known as ''Hamiltonians''.
[3][ The Hamiltonians, 100 Fascinating Lives, , Margaret, Houghton, James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers Toronto, 2003, ISBN 1-55028-804-0 ] Since 1981, its metropolitan area has been the ninth largest in Canada and the
third largest in Ontario.
Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. Within the last decade, there has been a shift towards the service sector, like health and sciences including the
Hamilton Health Sciences which employs nearly 10,000 staff and serves approximately 2.2 million people in Central South and Central West Ontario.
[ Welcome to Hamilton Health Health Sciences Murray T. Martin ] The
Hamilton Airport is the busiest air cargo hub and fastest growing airport in Canada.
[ John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport Highlights ] Recent construction in Hamilton includes the research campus McMaster Innovation Park, on land formerly belonging to the steel company Camco.
[ McMaster Innovation Park information ]
Hamilton is home to the
Royal Botanical Gardens, the
Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the
Bruce Trail,
McMaster University and several colleges. The
Canadian Football League's
Hamilton Tiger-Cats play at
Ivor Wynne Stadium, close to the
Canadian Football Hall of Fame. Partly because of its diverse locations, numerous
TV and film productions have been filmed in Hamilton regulated by the Hamilton Film Liaison Office.
[ Reel Choices: Film production resource guide ] A growing arts and culture sector has garnered media attention in a 2006 ''
Globe and Mail'' news article, entitled "Go West, Young Artist," focused on the growing art scene in Hamilton which included art galleries, recording studios and centres devoted to acting and independent film production.
History
In pre-colonial times, the
Neutral Indians used much of the land but were gradually driven out by the
Five (later Six) Nations (Iroquois) who were allied with the British against the
Huron and their French allies. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for Mohawk Road, which originally included King street in the lower city.
In 1784, about 10,000
United Empire Loyalists settled in what is now southern Ontario, chiefly in
Niagara, around the
Bay of Quinte, and along the
St. Lawrence River between
Lake Ontario and
Montreal. They were soon followed by many more Americans, some of them not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of inexpensive, arable land. At the same time large numbers of
Iroquois loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario.
[ A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists ]
The town of Hamilton was conceived by
George Hamilton (a son of a
Queenston entrepreneur and founder,
Robert Hamilton), when he purchased farm holdings of
James Durand, the local Member of the British Legislative Assembly, shortly after the
War of 1812.
, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamilton's property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site. Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had been instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly and a new
Gore District was established of which the Hamilton town site was a member.
Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Prince's Square.
Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on
February 13 1833.
[4] Official City status was achieved on
June 9 1846 by an act of Parliament, 9 Victoria Chapter 73.
[ ]
As the city grew several prominent building were constructed in the late 19-century, including the Grand Lodge of Canada in 1855,
A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now (Requires navigation to article).
Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth
Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding Hamilton's population doubled between 1900 and 1914. Two steel manufacturing companies, Stelco and Dofasco, were formed in 1910 and 1912, respectively, and Procter & Gamble and the Beech-Nut Packing Company opened manufacturing plants in 1914 and 1922, respectively, their first outside the US.
History of Industry in Hamilton, Ontario [ ] the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway in 1958, and the first Tim Hortons store in 1964. Since then many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations[ and the economy has shifted more toward the service sector, such as transportation, education, and health services.]
On January 1 2001 the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth and its six municipalities: Hamilton, Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, and Stoney Creek.[ Before amalgamation, the "old" City of Hamilton had 331,121 Hamiltonians divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The new amalgamated city has 490,268 people in over 200 neighbourhoods.][ Footsteps In Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods, , Bill, Manson, North Shore Publishing Inc, 2003, ISBN 1-896899-22-6 ]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton is located on the western end of the Niagara Peninsula and wraps around the westernmost part of Lake Ontario; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is situated in the geographic centre of the Golden Horseshoe and is roughly the midway point between Toronto and Buffalo. The major physical features are Hamilton Harbour marking the northern limit of the city and the Niagara Escarpment running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into 'upper' and 'lower' parts.[ About Hamilton; Physical features ]
The first aboriginals to settle in the Hamilton area called this bay ''Macassa'', meaning ''beautiful waters''.[ Hamilton is one of 11 cities showcased in the book, "''Green City'': People, Nature & Urban Places" by Quebec author Mary Soderstrom, which examines the city as an example of an industrial powerhouse co-existing with nature.][ Green City: People, Nature & Urban Places, , Mary, Soderstrom, Independent Pub Group, , ] Soderstrom credits Thomas McQueston and family in the 1930s who "became champions of parks, greenspace and roads" in Hamilton.[ Green City B. Lawson ]
Burlington Bay is a natural harbour with a large sandbar called the Beachstrip. This sandbar was deposited during a period of higher lake levels during the last ice age, and extends southeast through the central lower city to the escarpment. Hamilton's deep sea port is accessed by ship canal through the beach strip into the harbour and is traversed by two bridges, the QEW's Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway and the lower Canal Lift Bridge.[ Burlington Bay/ Beach strip, Hamilton harbour, Skyway Bridge (Requires navigation to relevant articles.)]
The climate of Hamilton is humid continental (Dfa type) and relatively mild compared with most Canadian cities.
Downtown Hamilton at Gore Park, originally known as Barton township.
Between 1788 and 1793 the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.[ John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth...Bears ate pigs, so settlers warred on bears. Wolves gobbled sheep and geese, so they hunted and trapped wolves. They also held organized raids on rattlesnakes on the mountainside. There was plenty of game. Many a time have I seen a deer jump the fence into my back yard, and there were millions of pigeons which we clubbed as they flew low."][ A History of the city of Hamilton ]
Bayfront Park
Webster's Falls.
George Hamilton, a settler and local politician, established a town site in the northern portion Barton Township in 1815. He kept several east–west roads which were originally Indian trails, but the north–south streets were on a regular grid pattern. Streets were designated "East" or "West" if they crossed James Street or Highway 6. Streets were designated "North" or "South" if they crossed King Street or Highway 8.[ Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875), , Thomas Melville, Bailey, W.L. Griffin Ltd, 1981, ] The overall design of the townsite, likely conceived in 1816, was commonplace. George Hamilton employed a grid street pattern used in most towns in Upper Canada and throughout the American frontier. The eighty original lots had frontages of fifty feet; each lot faced a broad street and backed onto a twelve foot lane. It took at least a decade for all of the original lots to be sold, but the construction of the Burlington Canal in 1823, and a new court-house in 1827 encouraged Hamilton to add more blocks around 1828–9. At this time, he included a market square in an effort to draw commercial activity onto his lands, but the natural growth of the town was to the north of Hamilton's plot.[ Dictionary of Canadian Biography: George Hamilton ]
The Hamilton Conservation Authority owns, leases or manages about
of land with the City operating of parkland at 310 locations.[5][6] Many of the parks are located along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from Tobermory at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula in the north, to Queenston at the Niagara River in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at the western end of Lake Ontario. The hiking path Bruce Trail runs the length of the escarpment and through parks with cliffs and waterfalls.[ Bruce Trail Association ] Over 80 waterfalls have been identified here which led to the city being nicknamed "The City of Waterfalls".[ Hamilton - The City of Waterfalls ]
Demographics
| Year | Population |
|---|
| 1816 | 668 |
| 1833 | 1,000 |
| 1841 | 3,000 |
| 1846 | 6,832 |
| 1850 | 10,248 |
| 1861 | 19,096 |
| 1871 | 26,716 |
| 1880 | 35,009 |
| 1890 | 44,643 |
| 1900 | 51,561 |
| 1910 | 70,221 |
| 1914 | 100,808 |
| 1920 | 108,143 |
| 1929 | 134,566 |
| 1939 | 155,276 |
| 1945 | 175,364 |
| 1950 | 192,125 |
| 1960 | 258,576 |
| 1970 | 296,826 |
| 1980 | 306,640 |
| 1990 | 307,160 |
| 2002 | 490,268 |
| 2006 | 504,559 |
[ ][ Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol I, 1791-1875), , Thomas Melville, Bailey, W.L. Griffin Ltd, 1981, ][ Barton township population: 1816 Township of Barton ] |
| †2002=Post-Amalgamation. |
According to the 2001 Canadian Census, one-fourth of the local population was not born in Canada. This is the third highest such proportion in Canada after Toronto, and Vancouver. Hamilton also had a high proportion of British Isles origins (English, Scottish and Irish). Nearly three in ten residents reported English as their sole ethnic origin, or as one of their ancestral origins. As well, nearly one in five reported Scottish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ethnic origin.[ Hamilton: Third highest proportion of foreign-born ]
The top countries of birth for the newcomers living in Hamilton in the 1990s were: former Yugoslavia, Poland, India, China, the Philippines, and Iraq. Hamilton was home to 64,400 visible minorities in 2001, representing 10% of its population, up from 7% in 1991. Visible minorities comprised 19% of Ontario’s population, primarily due to high proportions in Toronto.[ The population is 90% White. It has very small numbers of South Asian/East Indian: 2.10%, Black: 2.00%, Chinese: 1.29%, and mixed race: 1.03%.][ Stats Canada: Population by selected ethnic origins, by census metropolitan areas (Hamilton) ]
Children under 14 accounted for 19.24% of the population while those over 65 years of age constituted 14.26%, resulting in an average age of 37.8 years, slightly above the national average.
The most described religion in Hamilton is Christianity though other religions brought by immigrants are also growing. The 2001 census indicates that 77.56% of the population adheres to a Christian denomination, Protestants constituting 37.08% of the population, while Roman Catholics number 35.48% (significantly lower than the national average), while Christ the King Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Hamilton. The remaining 5.0% consists of Orthodox, and independent Christian churches. The largest non-Christian religion is Islam with 12,880 adherents or 1.96% of the total population. Other religions including Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and other consistitute less than one percent each. Those with No religious affiliation account for 115,510 (17.63%) in 2001.[ Community Highlights for Hamilton (Census Metropolitan Area) ]
Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians—who are tech savvy and university educated—choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visit intermittently. More two- and three-storey townhouses and flats will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as Dundas and Westdale to accommodate newly retired seniors; and more retail and commercial zones will be created. The city is also expected to grow by more than 28,000 people and 18,000 households by the year 2012.[ How does your city grow? Paul Choi ]
Economy
The most important economic activity in Ontario is manufacturing, and the Toronto–Hamilton region is the most highly industrialized section of the country. The area from Oshawa, Ontario around the west end of Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls, with Hamilton at its centre, is known as the "Golden Horseshoe" and had a population of 6,704,598 in the 2001 census.[7] "Golden Horseshoe" The phrase was first used by Westinghouse President, Herbert H. Rogge, in a speech to the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce, on January 12 1954. "Hamilton in 50 years will be the forward cleat in a 'golden horseshoe' of industrial development from Oshawa to the Niagara River...150 miles long and 50 miles wide...It will run from Niagara Falls on the south to about Oshawa on the north and take in numerous cities and towns already there, including Hamilton and Toronto."[ Fast Facts from Hamilton's Past ]
Stelco in background, view from Pier 8
With sixty percent of Canada's steel being produced in Hamilton by Stelco and Dofasco the city has become known as the Steel Capital of Canada.[ "Hamlton Steel capital of Canada" ] After nearly declaring bankruptcy, Stelco returned to profitability in 2004.[{{cite web| last = Wines| first = Leslie| title = "Stelco has returned to profitability"| publisher= CBS Market Watch| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid={F484DECA-6A84-4D0C-9D6F-255CF1F2AE27}&dist=ArchiveSplash¶m=archive&siteid=mktw&garden=&minisite=| date=2004-12-24|accessdate = 2006-12-30 }}] Dofasco, in 1999, was the most profitable steel producer in North America and in 2000 the most profitable in Canada. It currently has approximately 7,300 employees at its Hamilton plant and produces over four million tons of steel annually, representing about 30% of Canada's flat rolled sheet steel shipments. Dofasco is one of North America's most profitable steel companies, and Dofasco was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index in 2006 for the seventh year in a row. Dofasco’s produces steel products for the automotive, construction, energy, manufacturing, pipe and tube, appliance, packaging and steel distribution industries.[ "Dofasco one of North America's most profitable steel companies" ]
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport is the busiest air cargo hub in the country and the fastest growing airport in Canada.[ Originally, in the 1940s the airport was used as a wartime air force training station. Today TradePort International Corporation manages and operates the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport. Under TradePort management, passenger traffic at the Hamilton terminal has increased from 90,000 in 1996 to approx. 900,000 in 2002. The airport's mid-term target for growth in its passenger service is five million air-travelers annually. The air cargo sector of the airport has 24-7 operational capability and strategic geographic location allowing its capacity to increase by 50% since 1996; 91,000 metric tonnes (100,000 tons) of cargo passed through the airport in 2002. Courier companies with operations at the airport include United Parcel Service and Cargojet Canada.][ "About the Airport" ] The airport is also home to the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.
A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could generate an estimated 59,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed aerotropolis industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers before embarking on the project.[ Airport land 'key to future' Nicole McacIntyre ]
Government
Main articles: Politics of Hamilton, Ontario
Citizens of Hamilton are represented by three tiers of Government. The federal representation consists of five members of parliament serving in the Parliament of Canada. At the provincial tier there are five elected members who serve in the Legislature of Ontario. The municipal tier is comprised of one mayor, elected city wide, and 15 city councillors, elected individually by each of the 15 ward divisions, to serve on the Hamilton City Council. Additionally, at the municipal tier, each ward elects a school board trustee for each of the school boards serving in their respective area.
The Hamilton City Council is granted authority to govern by the province through the Municipal Act of Ontario.[8] The Province of Ontario has supervisory privilege over the municipality and the power to redefine, restrict or expand the powers of all municipalities in Ontario. Further, the province provides oversight of Hamilton City Council through the Ontario Municipal Board.
The Criminal Code of Canada is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The Hamilton Police Service is chiefly responsible for the enforcement of federal and provincial law. Although the Hamilton Police Service has authority to enforce, bylaws passed by the Hamilton City Council are mainly enforced by Provincial Offences Officers[9] employed by the City of Hamilton.
Education
Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions which has led to numerous direct and indirect jobs in education and research. McMaster University moved to the city in 1930 and today has over 27,000 enrolled student, of which almost two-thirds of the students come from outside the immediate Hamilton region.[ McMaster's Economic Impact on the Hamilton Community ] Brock University of St. Catharines, Ontario has a satellite campus used primarily for teacher education is located in Hamilton.[ Brock University: Official web site ] Colleges in Hamilton include:
★ McMaster Divinity College, a Christian seminary affiliated with the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec since 1957
★ Mohawk College, a college of applied arts and technology since 1967 with 9,500 enrolled students[ Collaborative medical radiation sciences program meets needs of students, Ontarians Office of Public Relations ]
★ Columbia International College, a private boarding university-preparatory school founded in 1979 and has about 1,200 students enrolled[ Columbia International College: At a glance ]
★ Redeemer University College, a private Christian liberal arts and science university with about 800 students, and opened in 1982.[ About Redeemer ]
McMaster University Medical Centre
Public education for students from kindergarten through high school is administered by three school boards. The Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board manages approximately 120 public schools, while the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board operates 60 schools in the greater Hamilton area.[ Hamilton 2007 Gold Book; "The Ultimate Local Directory", , , , Metroland Printing, Publishing and Distribution Ltd., , ] The Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest offers two french immersion schools. Hillfield Strathallan College is the only private K-12 school in the area.
The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school which has serviced the Hamilton region since 1964. Students range from 4-year olds to senior citizens and enrollment at the school as of February 2007 is close to the 4,000-mark. In 1998 a new fulltime diploma programme was launched as a joint venture with McMaster University. The faculty and staff is comprised of highly regarded regional artists.[ Dundas Valley School of Art ]
The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the areas talented young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school is equipped with a Keyboard Studio, spacious dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall. HCA offers over 90 programs for ages 3–93, creating a “united nations” of arts under one roof.[ Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts ]
Culture
Hamilton has built on its historical and social background with attractions including the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, the HMCS Haida National Historic Site (Canada's most famous warship and the last remaining Tribal Class in the world[ Parks Canada HMCS Haida website ]), Dundurn Castle (the residence of a Prime Minister of Upper Canada),[ Dundurn Castle ] the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, the African Lion Safari park, and the Christ the King Cathedral.
Founded in 1914, the Art Gallery of Hamilton is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The Gallery has 8,500 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th-century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.[ Art Gallery of Hamilton ]
The McMaster Museum of Art, founded on campus in 1967, houses McMaster University’s collection of more than 6,000 works of art, including exhibitions on the historical and contemporary work and the Herman Levy collection of Impressionist painting.[ McMaster Museum of Art ]
Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered high level media attention for Hamilton. A Globe and Mail article in 2006, entitled "Go West, Young Artist," focused on the growing art scene in Hamilton.[10] The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre,[ The Factory: Hamilton Media Arts Centre ] opened up a new home on James Street North in 2006. Art galleries are springing up on many streets across the City: James Street, Locke Street and King Street, to name a few. This, coupled with growth in the Downtown condo market which is drawing people back to the Core, is having an impact on the cultural fabric of the City. The opening of the Downtown Arts Centre[ Downtown Arts Centre, Hamilton, Ontario ] on Rebecca Street has spurred further creative activities in the Core. The Community Centre for Media Arts[ Community Centre for Media Arts ] (CCMA) continues to operate in Downtown Hamilton. The CCMA works with marginalized populations and combines new media services such as website development, graphic design, video, and information technology, with arts education and skills development programming.[Invest in Hamilton, Economic Development Review 2005, Wednesday, 28 June, 2006, "City Remains Committed To Growing Arts & Culture" Page H20]
Sports
:'Professional sports teams'
'''Club''' |
'''League''' |
'''Venue''' |
'''Established''' |
'''Championships''' |
Hamilton Tiger-Cats |
Canadian Football League |
Ivor Wynne Stadium |
1950[11] |
8 |
Hamilton Bulldogs |
American Hockey League |
Copps Coliseum |
1996 |
1 |
:'Amateur and junior clubs'
'''Club''' |
'''League''' |
'''Venue''' |
'''Established''' |
'''Championships''' |
Hamilton Red Wings |
Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey |
Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena |
1973 |
1 |
Hamilton Hornets R.F.C. |
Niagara Rugby Union |
Mohawk Sports Park |
1954 |
? |
Hamilton Wildcats |
Australian Rules Football League |
Mohawk Sports Park |
1997 |
0 |
Hamilton Thunderbirds |
Inter County Baseball League |
Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium |
2005 |
0 |
Hamilton was the host of the first Commonwealth Games, then called British Empire Games in 1930, Canada's first major international athletic event, and bid unsuccessfully for the Commonwealth Games in 2010, losing out to New Delhi in India.[ ]
The Around the Bay Road Race circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay. Although it is not a proper marathon, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America.[ ] The local newspaper also hosts the amateur Spectator Indoor Games.[ ]
Hamilton has representation in two professional sports leagues, the Canadian Football League and the American Hockey League. The major sports complexes include Ivor Wynne Stadium and Copps Coliseum and is also home to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame museum.[ Canadian Football Hall of Fame & Museum ] The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local CFL Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Ivor Wynne Stadium.[ Five more walk into Canadian Football's hallowed shrine ][ Ivor Wynne Stadium Information ]
In addition to team sports, Hamilton is also home to two auto race tracks, Cayuga International Speedway,[ New owners give Cayuga International Speedway its old name ] Flamboro Speedway[ Flamboro Speedway Race Track ] and Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track, Flamboro Downs.[ Flamboro Downs ]
Sister cities
Hamilton is twinned with Flint, Michigan, and its young amateur athletes compete in the Canusa Games, held alternatively in the two cities since 1958.[ ] Flint and Hamilton hold the distinction of having the oldest continuous sister-city relationship between a U.S. and Canadian city, since 1957.[ About Sister Cities of Flint Michigan ]
Cities that are twinned with Hamilton include:[ Hamilton Ontario Sister Cities ]
Other City Relationships:[ Hamilton Ontario Sister Cities ]
★ Porto Alegre, (Brazil)
See also
References
1. Community Highlights for Hamilton (City)
2. Hamilton: an illustrated history, , John C., Weaver, James Lorimer & Company, Publishers, 1985, ISBN 0-88862-593-6 cloth
3. Community Highlights for Hamilton Division
4. Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833 3° William IV pg. 58-68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Public Market therein.
5. HCH History: A Long History... Hamilton Conservation Authority
6. Hamilton Conservation Authority: City Parks City of Hamilton
7. Population and Dwelling Counts, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) Included in the Extended Golden Horseshoe, 2001 and 1996 Censuses
8. Municipal Act, 2001
9. Provincial Offences Act
10. Go west, young artist Bruce Mowat
11. The Tiger-Cats trace their origins to the founding of the Hamilton Foot Ball Club in 1869. See
★ Bay Area Restoration Council
External links
★ City of Hamilton website
★ Head-of-the-Lake Historical Society
★ Waterdown east-Flamborough Heritage Society
★ Glanbrook Heritage Society
★ Dundas Valley Historical Society
★ Photos from the Stelco Steel mill
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