HAPLOGROUP K (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, 'Haplogroup K' (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans. Other lineages derived from Haplogroup K are found among Melanesian populations, indicating an ancient link between most Eurasians and some populations of Oceania.
This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup F (M89). Its major descendant haplogroups are K5 (M230), L (M20), M (M4), NO (M214) (plus NO's descendants N and O), and P (M45) (plus P's descendants Q and R). Haplogroups K1, K2, K3, K4, K6, and K7 are found only at low frequency among various populations of Eurasia, Oceania, and northern Africa.
Its subgroup K2 (M70) is present at a low level throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe, and at a much lower level in Britain. A famous member of the K2 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson; his Y-chromosomal complement received prominence through the Sally Hemings controversy. Haplogroup K2-M70 has been detected in over 7% of men (10 of 139 individuals) in a sample of modern Iraqis and 7% of Northern Somalis, which is much higher than its frequency in other populations.
According to an article by N. Al-Zahery et al., the potentially paraphyletic haplogroup K
★ -M9(xK2, O, P) occurs at a fairly high frequency among the modern population of Turkey. However, the loci of the downstream mutations that define Haplogroup L and Haplogroup N were not tested in this study, and other studies have suggested that these two haplogroups might comprise a substantial minority of the Y-chromosome diversity among modern Anatolian populations, so it is possible that most or all of the reported K
★ -M9 Y-chromosomes might actually belong to Haplogroup L or Haplogroup N.

Contents

Subgroups

External links

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):

★ K (M9) ''Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Melanesia, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Oceania''

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★ K
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★ K1 (M353, M387) ''Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji''

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★ K1
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★ K1a (SRY9138 (M177))

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★ K2 (M70, M184, M193, M272) ''Found in a significant minority of Iraqis, Ethiopians, and Somalians; also found at low frequency throughout Southwest Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe''

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★ K2
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★ K2a (M320)

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★ K3 (M147)

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★ K4 (P60)

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★ K5 (M230) ''Typical of populations of the highlands of New Guinea; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia''

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★ K5
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★ K5a (M254)

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★ K5a
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★ K5a1 (M226)

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★ K6 (P79) ''Found in Melanesia''

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★ K7 (P117) ''Found in Melanesia''

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★ L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) ''Typical of populations of Pakistan''

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★ L
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★ L1 (M27, M76) ''Typical of populations (especially Dravidian castes) of India and Sri Lanka''

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★ L2 (M317)

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★ L2
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★ L2a (M274)

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★ L2b (M349)

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★ L3 (M357)

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★ L3
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★ L3a (PK3)

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★ M (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) ''Typical of Papuan peoples''

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★ M
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★ M1 (P34)

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★ M1
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★ M1a (P51)

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★ M2 (P87)

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★ M2
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★ M2a (M104 (P22))

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★ M2a1 (M16)

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★ M2a2 (M83)

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★ NO (M214)

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★ NO
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★ N (LLY22g, M231)

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★ N
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★ N1 (M128) ''Found at a low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia''

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★ N2 (P43) ''Typical of Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Eskimos''

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★ N2
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★ N2a (P63)

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★ N3 (Tat (M46)) ''Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout North Eurasia''

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★ N3
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★ N3a (M178)

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★ N3a1 (P21)

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★ O (M175)

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★ O
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★ O1 (MSY2.2) ''Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai-Kadai peoples''

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★ O1
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★ O1a (M119)

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★ O1a
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★ O1a1 (M101)

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★ O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)

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★ O2 (P31, M268)

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★ O2
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★ O2a (M95) ''Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia''

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★ O2a
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★ O2a1 (M88, M111)

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★ O2a2 (M297)

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★ O2b (SRY465 (M176)) ''Typical of Koreans, Japanese, and Ryukyuans''

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★ O2b
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★ O2b1 (P49)

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★ O3 (M122) ''Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesian populations of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia''

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★ O3
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★ O3a (M324)

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★ O3a
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★ O3a1 (M121, DYS257)

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★ O3a2 (M164)

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★ O3a3 (LINE1, M159) ''Typical of Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia''

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★ O3a4 (M7)

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★ O3a5 (M134) ''Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia''

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★ O3a6 (M300)

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★ O3a7 (M333)

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★ P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)

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★ Q (M242, MEH2, P36)

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★ Q
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★ Q1 (M120, N14 (M265)) ''Found at a very low frequency among some populations of Central Asia and Northeast Asia''

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★ Q1
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★ Q1a (M378)

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★ Q2 (M25, M143) ''Found at low to moderate frequency among populations of Central Asia and Siberia''

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★ Q3 (M3) ''Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas''

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★ Q3
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★ Q3a (M19)

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★ Q3b (M194)

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★ Q3c (M199)

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★ Q4 (P48)

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★ Q5 (M323)

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★ Q6 (M346)

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★ R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)

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★ R
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★ R1 (M173)

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★ R1
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★ R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))

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★ R1a
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★ R1a1 (M17, M198) ''Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia''

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★ R1b (M343) ''Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of northern Africa''

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★ R1b
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★ R1b1 (P25)

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★ R2 (M124) ''Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus''

External links

★ Spread of Haplogroup K, from ''National Geographic''