HAPLOGROUP E3B (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, 'Haplogroup E3b' ('M35') (previously called 'Hg21') is a Y-chromosome haplogroup with a distribution spreading from Africa around the Mediterranean into Europe and the Middle East. It is defined by the Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations M215 and M35, which are almost always found together.
E3 (defined by SNPs P2, DYS391p) is a branch of the African haplogroup E (defined by SNPs SRY4064 (SRY8299 or M40), M96, P29). The other main branch of E3 is E3a, defined by SNPs M2 (SY81) (DYS271), M180, P1, P46.
E3b is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to the Middle East during the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. From there, it traveled west with the expansion of Neolithic agriculturalists.
Outside of East Africa, its two most prevalent clades are:

Contents

E-M78 (E3b1a)

E-M81 (E3b1b, formally E3b2)

See also

References

External links

E-M78 (E3b1a)

This haplogroup arose ca. 18.6 kya after the spread of E3b1
★ (E-M35) from the Horn of Africa to Egypt, and has been further divided into subclades by Fulvio Cruciani

★ E-V12
★ The oldest sub-clade, found mainly in Southern Egyptians (arose ca. 15.2 kya). Formerly comprised a few of Cruciani's delta cluster.

★ E-V13
★ The most prevalent clade in Europe, having first arose in West Asia ca. 11.5 kya, and equivalent with Cruciani's alpha cluster.

★ E-V22
★ Prevalent in East Africa and Egypt, with higher microsatellite variance (0.35 vs. 0.46, respectively) in Egypt, comprising most of those classified in Cruciani's earlier delta cluster.

★ E-V32
★ Prevalent in East Africa, particularly among Somalis and Borana Oromos, formerly defined as the gamma cluster (arose ca. 8.5 kya).

E-M81 (E3b1b, formally E3b2)

★ E-M81 (E3b2; referred to as the "Berber marker"), which reaches frequencies of up to 80% in North Africa. It is thought of primarily as a Berber haplogroup, and is most common throughout the Maghreb region of North Africa and is absent in Europe, except for the Iberian peninsula and Sicily. It is considered to have entered the European continent as a result of Islamic domination over these regions of Southern Europe.But an earlier arrival may have happened through the late mesolithic Cardium Pottery [1]
Other much earlier figure could be found if related to the Galley Hill men or Combe-Capelle related hunter culture, making its presence in Europe much older than thought before only for north Africa.Physical types of men buried at Long barrows are similar to "mediterranean" or north african types,given support to earlier colonizations by sea or along the coasts of Atlantic Europe by Neolithic mediterraneans from north Africa.

See also

★ Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

References

★ Arredi et al. (2004) A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa

★ Cruciani et al. (2004) Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa

★ Cruciani et al. (2006) Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers

★ Cruciani et al. (2007) Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12

★ Luis et al. (2004) The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations

★ Rosser et al. (2000) Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language

★ Semino et al. (2004) Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area

External links

★ The ISOGG E Haplotype webpage

★ E3b Y-Haplogroup project at FTDNA

★ Jewish E3b Project at FTDNA

★ African Haplogroup project at FTDNA

★ Map of E3b

★ Spread of Haplogroup E3b, from ''National Geographic''